Postwar Year Research Articles

Pomery medzi slovenskými gážistami československej brannej moci po druhej svetovej vojne z pohľadu Úradu štátneho tajomníka MNO generála Mikuláša Ferjenčíka

The documents submitted vividly illustrate the negative tendencies associated with the acti vities of Slovak salaried employees (gážisti) who served during World War II and continued serving in the post-war Czechoslovak Army. In the first post-war year, these issues were openly pointed out and severely criticized by the State Secretary of the Ministry of National Defence, General Mikuláš Ferjenčík. As a Slovak, he was actively involved in decision-making concer ning the Slovak portion of the Army. Moreover, as a non-partisan individual, he aimed for an objective assessment of the situation. These documents offer a unique period testimony to the character and mentality of the former Slovak defence salaried employees. Keywords: Slovaks in CS Army, command corps of the CS Army, national question in the CS Army

“We Managed to Transport Furniture and Even a Cow, Sheep, and Goats”: the Personal Belongings of the Rural Immigrants Who Came to the Kaliningrad Region in 1946

The article deals with the problem of provision with personal property of rural settlers in the Kaliningrad region after World War II. A significant role in the material well-being of workers of collective and state farms was played by subsidiary farms. Basing on materials included in the database of immigrants to the new Russian region, the presence of cows, calves, goats, sheep, pigs, poultry, forage, food and household items in the immigrant families is analyzed for the year 1946. Well-being of households arriving in the region from different regions is compared according to each type of possessings. Taking into account the places of exit, the resettlement families are divided into further groups: low-income, medium-income, and high-income households with livestock and belongings. Property disproportions are explained by the consequences of the Great Patriotic War and the specifics of the places of exit. The study of migrants’ interviews made it possible to determine the composition of the items included in the “household possessions” category. In the difficult first post-war year, not all the villagers who came to domesticate the Kaliningrad region were provided with cattle, furniture and utensils, food stock. There was not enough roughage for domestic animals. However, half or more of the migrating families had cows, sheep, goats and poultry in their private farms, which was one of the factors that helped them to survive the post-war famine.

Reflections on Henrikas Nagys’ Life and Works in “Diary”

The article discusses the “Diary” (1944–1946) by Henrikas Nagys (1920–1996), а diaspora poet, translator, literary critic, a member of a movement of zemininkai-lankininkai and Doctor of Humanities, as one of the objects of ego-documentary heritage, kept in the Maironis Museum of Lithuanian Literature. It records the period of one post-war year, which became a decisive turning point for his generation. Applying the descriptive and interpretive methods of analysis of the archival material, the philosophical, existential and personal aspects that have formed in the writer‘s mind are revealed; the historical, social and cultural context is assessed, revealing the value criteria of the generation. Via texts, the scenario of Henrik Nagys’ personality becomes clearer. The diary text in scientific discourse is revealed for the first time.

COURTS OF THE KHANTY-MANSI AUTONOMOUS OKRUG IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE POST-WAR FIVE-YEAR PLAN

The judicial system and the judicial authority in any state and in any society perform very important socially significant functions. That is why the issues of evolvement, formation, as well as the legal regulation of the court system, improving the legislative framework of the judicial system’s activity are a serious link in the construction of a democratic state governed by the rule of law. A comprehensive and complete study of construction and transformation of the Soviet judicial system in this context is extremely relevant and is of paramount importance both for the Russian society and for the Russian state, since it was the Soviet judicial system that was the basis for constructing the current Russian judicial system. In this aspect, the post-war stage in the formation of the judicial system in the USSR is of particular interest, its study requires a particularly careful attention and detailed analysis, including due to its originality and uniqueness in the context of world history. The article considers the features of the formation and activity of the judicial bodies in the Khanty-Mansi National District, as well as the problems faced by the district courts after the end of the Great Patriotic War in the first year of the post-war five-year plan of 1946–1950, aimed at restoring the national economy. The article shows the specifics and uniqueness of the district judicial system functioning, reflects the main directions to which the district courts directed their efforts, describes the main problems that the courts faced in their work. The article presents statistical data on key positions that characterize both criminal judicial and punitive policy and civil law proceedings. Problems and shortcomings in the activity of the Soviet judicial system in the territory of the district are reflected. It is noted that the courts made a significant contribution to the national economy restoration and the establishment of peaceful life in the region. Despite the existence of certain problems in the activities of the district courts, despite the difficulties in their work, including due to the geographical features of the district, the judicial authorities ensured the fulfillment of their extremely important tasks in the field of both administration of justice and ensuring punitive policies and, consequently, following the party’s policies. At this, despite the increase in crime in the first post-war year, the growth of criminal cases, the district courts improved the quality of proceedings conduct.

«ВЕЛЕНИЯ ПАРТИИ ИЛИ ВЕЛЕНИЯ СЕРДЦА…»: НЕСКОЛЬКО СТРАНИЦ ИЗ ИСТОРИИ СВЕРДЛОВСКОГО ОТДЕЛЕНИЯ СОЮЗА СОВЕТСКИХ ПИСАТЕЛЕЙ (1946 г.)v

The article considers the traces of external influences on the works of Soviet (including Ural) writers in the first post-war year, which marked the end of the so-called first thaw period (1943–1946), a brief spiritual upsurge in the society recovering from the global catastrophe. In this article, the term external influence refers to the ideological pressure coming from the literary critics, colleagues, and other similar phenomena of Soviet culture expressed in ideological discourse. Addressing historical materials that preserved such evidence makes it possible to see the goals of the authorities aiming to control creative processes and, to a certain extent, intellectual and moral level of the authorities themselves as well. The protocols of general and party meetings of the Sverdlovsk branch of the Union of Soviet Writers for 1946 used in this study can be attributed to this kind of documentary sources. Theoretically, the analysis builds on E. A. Dobrenko’s ideas about “formation of the Soviet writer” and on the concept of “ideal type of social realism writer” proposed by T. A. Kruglova, as well as on the understanding of socialist realism as a method of structuring a literary work within the framework of socialist ideology. It was impossible to ignore the impact that the resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party on the journals “Zvezda” and “Leningrad” (August 14, 1946) had made on the Soviet writers. It provoked numerous discussions on “insufficiently high ideological level” of fiction in the regional branches of the Union of Soviet Writers, and restricted the course of national literature that impeded its development for years. Much attention is paid to the discussion of the unpublished short story “Meeting” (1946) by the Ural writer Nina Popova that took place in the Sverdlovsk regional organization of the Union of Soviet Writers and at the Moscow regional seminar of prose writers, as well as to the analysis of the text of the story.

RESTORATION OF THE DONBASS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
 NETWORK IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD (1943–1954)

The article is devoted to the peculiarities pointed out in the process of restoration of universities network, vocational and comprehensive schools in the post-war period, namely, the legislative activity in the educational field, the revival
 of the educational and technical base, recruitment of the teaching staff. The importance of a comprehensive research of the period under the study is vital due to the social and political events and their impact on the revival and development of the Donbass region, as well as the USSR as a whole. Teachers and pupils of schools, professors and students of secondary
 and higher educational institutions began to restore the educational institutions immediately after the Donbass liberation from the Nazis in 1943. In the first post-war year, due to common efforts, it was possible to resume the educational process almost in all educational institutions. In connection with the law «On
 Compulsory Education for Children from the Age of Seven», the educational system was given a task to cover all school-age children and adolescents who had not attended school for several years because of hostilities and occupation. Consequently, every month the number of students increased, which led to an
 acute shortage of teaching staff. This problem was insoluble, since many teachers continued to serve in the Red Army or died while doing military duties to the Motherland. In restoration of the regional industry there was need for highly
 qualified personnel, who were able to fill the reviving Donbass enterprises thanks to the well-established work of secondary and higher vocational educational institutions. In disclosing the topic, a special place is given to archival sources, the analysis of which made it possible to comprehensively study the problematic issues
 of that period and determine future prospects of the research.

Crimes Committed by U.S. Soldiers in Europe, 1945–1946

Accounts from victims and observers, including new research in the U.S. National Archives and the Bavarian National Archives, suggest that American soldiers committed crimes against persons—especially rape and various forms of assault—and against property in Europe after World War II more often than statistics about charges and prosecutions at the time indicated. More importantly, previously unexamined statistical summaries of crimes committed by American troops, as recorded by the U.S. Provost Marshal, provide unprecedented quantitative information about these crimes in the European Theater of Operations (eto) during the first postwar year, May 1945 to June 1946. The absolute number of crimes decreased as the number of troops declined, but the rate of crime (number per 10,000 troops) increased during the same period.

The epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in Kosovo.

The purpose of this study was to present the epidemiologic features of bacterial meningitis in the developing country of Kosovo. Data were collected from active surveillance of bacterial meningitis cases treated at the University Clinical Center of Kosovo in the years 2000 (first post-war year) and 2010. Meningitis cases in 2000 compared with 2010 showed a 35.5% decline in incidence (from 4.8 to 3.1 cases per 100,000 population) and a decrease in the case fatality rate from 10% to 5%. In children, there was a lower mortality rate (5% versus 2%) and a lower incidence of neurological complications (13% versus 16%) as compared to adults (32% versus 10% and 16% versus 35%, respectively). Neisseria meningitidis was the most common pathogen of bacterial meningitis in both study periods. Bacterial meningitis was most prevalent in the pediatric population, and showed an increase in the median age, from three years in 2000 to seven years in 2010. A steady number of bacterial meningitis cases in adults throughout last decade (around 20 cases per year) was recorded. During the last decade, gradual changes have been observed in the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis that are unrelated to the introduction of new vaccines, but are partly due to the improvement of living conditions.

Šerinatal Mortality During Fifteen-year period in Tuzla Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina

To determine the incidence of perinatal mortality, as well as the frequency of premature deliveries. We analyzed the data of birth protocol at the Clinics for Gynecology and Obstetrition at the University Clinical Centre in Tuzla in period 1992-2006. Perinatal mortality gradually declines in the period of 1992-2000. The decline owns mostly to early neonatal mortality more than to fetal which also shows the trend of decrease. During the first analyzed years (1992 and 1993) the incidence of premature deliveries was below 10% but that number increased during 1994 and 1995 (15.8%). The most interesting finding is that the highest level of incidence of premature deliveries was registered in the first postwar year--1996 (16.4%) when we also noted the largest number of deliveries for the analyzed period and most of which were finished between 32 and 36 weeks. The frequency of delivery of underweight babies (500-2499 g) was between 3.8 to 12.2%. The highest frequency was registered during the 1994 and 1995 when it reached 12.2%. The frequency of delivery of extremely underweight babies (500-999 g) for the analyzed period was about 0.1% with significant increase during the wartime (1995 even 0.6%). We found that during the period of 15 years a significant decline of perinatal mortality is registered, due to early neonatal death. Limited accessibility and quality of perinatal health care during the war period had detrimental effects on the healt and survival of newborns.

The heroic age of Celtic Philology

This article is based on a lecture I was originally invited to deliver at Aberystwyth in the University of Wales in honour of the late Sir Thomas Parry-Williams (one of my earliest University teachers) and to do so on a topic which, I feel sure, would have met with his approval. He had himself studied with several of the most renowned and gifted scholars of the early part of this century, Edward Anwyl at Aberystwyth, John Rhys at Oxford, Rudolf Thurneysen at Freiburg im Breisgau, and Joseph Loth and Joseph Vendryes at the Sorbonne in Paris. He was one of the great scholarly and cultural heroes of my boyhood days and of my youth, a truly renowned scholar, literary figure and critic. His teaching days in the Department of Welsh at the University College of Wales at Aberystwyth spanned five decades, from 1914 to 1952 (he held the Chair of Welsh there with great distinction from 1920 to 1952). I treasure the memory of having been a member of a large post-war first year undergraduate class in his Department as long ago as 1947.

Risk of cardiovascular disease measured by carotid intima-media thickness at age 49-51: lifecourse study

Objective: To quantify the direct and indirect effects of fetal life, childhood, and adult life on risk of cardiovascular disease at age 49–51 years.Design: Follow up study of the “Newcastle...

History, He Wrote: Murder, Politics, and the Challenges of Public History in a Community with a Secret

Day at Black Rock, the city of Centralia, Washington would rather forget an event that occurred there more than 70 years ago. In the movie, which is set in the West during the postwar year of 1945, the townspeople of Black Rock struggle to prevent an outsider from learning that a murder in their community has gone unpunished. In the course of the film, the outsider discovers that a Japanese-American farmer has been killed four years earlier by a leading citizen in a misdirected fit of patriotic anger following the attack on Pearl Harbor. Eerily, this plot echoes events that actually occurred in a small Washington lumber town during another postwar year, 1919. In Centralia shortly after World War I, fervent patriotism and intolerance-both fueled by war-time passions-inspired a violent labor confrontation that killed at least six people. Unlike the unseen killing at Black Rock, however, the socalled Centralia Massacre made national headlines and precipitated a crackdown on radicals across the country. Only in the intervening decades did the painful events of the past become a secret within the community, and an entire chapter of municipal history disappear. Many details of this historical murder mystery remain unknown and possibly unknowable, but the concern here is not with what happened so

Chapter I. The Home Economy

The growth of output last year is now estimated at 4.7 per cent. This is higher than the rate recorded in any postwar year except 1960, 1964 and 1973. We ask in this chapter whether the ‘Lawson boom’ is different in character from earlier periods of rapid expansion. As in most periods of rapid growth, unemployment is now falling fast, helped on this occasion by significant changes in the administration of benefits. The boom is also running true to form in that the balance of payments position is deteriorating. But this time the rate of inflation has not so far accelerated.

Stalin, the Politburo, and the Onset of the Cold War, 1945-1946

The precise function that Marxist-Leninist ideology serves in the formation and conduct of Soviet foreign policy remains a highly contentious question among Western scholars. In the first postwar year, however, few senior officials or Soviet specialists in the West doubted that Communist ideology served as the constitutive element of Soviet foreign policy. Indeed, the militant revival of Marxism-Leninism after the Kremlin had downplayed it during 'The Great Patriotic War" proved to be an important factor in the complex of causes that led to the breakup of the Grand Alliance. Moscow's revival of that ideology in 1945 prompted numerous top-level Western leaders and observers to regard it as heralding a new wave of Soviet world-revolutionary messianism and expansionism. Many American and British officials were even alarmed by the claim, renewed, for example, in Moscow's official History of Diplomacy, that Soviet diplomacy possessed a "scientific theory," a "weapon" possessed by none of its rivals or opponents. This "weapon," Marxism-Leninism, Moscow ominously boasted, enabled Soviet leaders to comprehend, foresee, and master the course of international affairs, smoothing the way for Soviet diplomacy to make exceptional gains since 1917. Now, in the postwar period, Stalinist diplomacy opened before the Soviet Union "boundlesshorizons and the most majestic prospects."

Spatial variations in the Soviet health service.

According to the familiar propaganda, the Soviet Union is a of nations and, to quote from the state anthem, a union of indissoluble republics. Arguably, it might also be identified as the last of the great empires, in which one half of the population rules over the numerous ethnic groups making up the other half. These mutually irreconcilable views are relevant to this article, since they both allow for a degree of autonomy in the development of health services in different parts of the USSR. We analysed data on the numbers of doctors, middle grade staff, and hospital beds in each of the 15 Union republics, which are the main divisions of the Union's territorial-administrative rtructure. (In constitutional theory they enjoy the status of sovereign nation states and have the right to secede from the USSR.) The period covered ran from 1950 to 1980, respectively the first and, currently, the last postwar year for which pub? lished data are available.1 During this period no discontinuity or historic break with the past occurred comparable with the inception of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom.

The Future of Social Control in Japan

occurring among the younger generation connected with what are perceived to be fundamental values. Their anxiety is heightened by the haunting example of the United States. Is Japan fated to become more and more like the U.S.-violent, fearful, and unsafe? Japanese professionals in law-enforcement wonder about the significance of recent small changes in criminality: rising juvenile delinquency, an increased proportion of crime committed by women, and greater difficulties in protecting property in apartment communities in major cities. Many foreign observers, confronted with Japan's remarkable record of low criminality, seem to believe that Japan is going through a unique phase that will give way inevitably to patterns of crime conforming to Western experience. This article examines the features of Japanese that account for its record of low criminality and points out the signs that indicate whether the system is being undermined. According to figures provided by the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), Japan has the lowest crime rate of any modern industrial nation. The only nations with lower rates are less developed countries where the accuracy of crime reporting is suspect. Not only is the Japanese crime rate low, but it has been declining for several years. In 1948, the peak post-war year for crime, non-traffic offences under the Penal Code numbered i,599,968; in 1975 the figure was i,232,353.' The crime rate was I, I 22 per ioo,ooo. The contrast with the United States could not be more dramatic: considering only the seven categories of serious crime that comprise the F.B.I.'s index, the U.S. had 4,120 crimes per ioo,ooo. There are four times as many serious crimes per person in the United States as there are crimes of all sorts in Japan. An individual is ten times more likely to be murdered in the U.S. than in Japan; thirteen times more likely to be

International variations in the relative ages of brides and grooms.

SummaryData showing the relative ages of husbands and wives at marriage in one post-war year are available for many countries, and show that the age distribution of wives for men of a given age varies appreciably from country to country. So also does the age distribution of husbands for a given age of bride. The range of the average ages of marriage partners, from country to country within Europe, is about 2 years for either sex.The first part of the paper investigates how far these variations are associated with the corresponding international differences in the supply of men and women available for marriage. There is some correlation—mostly positive at the younger and older marriage ages and negative at the central marriage ages. The results show an affinity with those of a similar study based on time trends in one country alone: England and Wales.In so far as age distributions at marriage are not directly associated with the supply of people available as partners, international variations may be regarded as the expression of differences in social custom, in economic history or in taste. In the second part of the paper such differences are exhibited and discussed. For a given age of one spouse, partners in most countries are older than in Britain but younger wives are found in some Communist countries and also in the Commonwealth.In the final section, the development of the marriage age experience in two countries—France, and England and Wales—is compared over the period 1911–61, and some interesting differences are revealed, especially in relation to the effects of world wars, of economic depressions and the history of contraceptives. In 1911, appreciably older husbands and younger wives were found in France than in Britain, but today the differences between the two countries are much smaller.

The Collective-Farm Village in the First Postwar Year

The condition of agriculture and the position of the collective-farm peasantry in the early postwar years constitute one of the least investigated questions in the history of our country. True, in recent years interesting studies have appeared which illuminate the rehabilitation of agriculture in certain parts of the country, or certain aspects of postwar village life. (1) But there is not yet any research that can provide an integrated picture of the condition of agriculture in that period. Moreover, many writings on this subject underestimate the difficulties of the postwar period, and the complex processes involved in the rehabilitation and development of agriculture are interpreted in simplified fashion. (2) This leads, voluntarily or involuntarily, to an underestimation of the heroic feat of the collective-farm peasantry and the strength and viability of the collective-farm system manifested in the course of the restoration of agriculture. We must also consider the important circumstance that study of the history of agriculture in the early postwar years assists in understanding the special features of its development and the reasons for its lag in the subsequent period.

Primary and secondary syphilis in the United States

T IHE REPORTED incidence of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States continued to increase sharply and steadily during the 1959 and 1960 fiscal years following a slight increase in 1958. The increase continued in the first 9 months of fiscal year 1961; 14,019 cases of primary and secondary syphilis were reported during that period. Prior to 1958, a level trend appeared to be developing in the United States following the continuous decline from the postwar peak year of 1947 with the advent of mass penicillin chemotherapy. Figure 1 compares the trend of primary and secondary syphilis and gonorrhea case rates in the United States during fiscal years 1941 through 1960. The reported incidence rate of gonorrhea has only increased moderately during 1959 and 1960 in comparison with the increase in the reported incidence rate of primary and secondary syphilis. Venereal disease control personnel are confronted with the implications of the reported level of 12,000 cases in 1960 to a projected 19,000 cases in 1961 in the United States. What do the reported increases mean in terms of the present control program and what additional control measures are needed? Some statistical data on a na.tional scope related to this situation are presented in this report.

Primary and Secondary Syphilis in the United States

T IHE REPORTED incidence of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States continued to increase sharply and steadily during the 1959 and 1960 fiscal years following a slight increase in 1958. The increase continued in the first 9 months of fiscal year 1961; 14,019 cases of primary and secondary syphilis were reported during that period. Prior to 1958, a level trend appeared to be developing in the United States following the continuous decline from the postwar peak year of 1947 with the advent of mass penicillin chemotherapy. Figure 1 compares the trend of primary and secondary syphilis and gonorrhea case rates in the United States during fiscal years 1941 through 1960. The reported incidence rate of gonorrhea has only increased moderately during 1959 and 1960 in comparison with the increase in the reported incidence rate of primary and secondary syphilis. Venereal disease control personnel are confronted with the implications of the reported level of 12,000 cases in 1960 to a projected 19,000 cases in 1961 in the United States. What do the reported increases mean in terms of the present control program and what additional control measures are needed? Some statistical data on a na.tional scope related to this situation are presented in this report.