Post-war Iraq Research Articles

Lessons Learned on Bubble CPAP Implementation in Post-War Iraq.

Lessons Learned on Bubble CPAP Implementation in Post-War Iraq.

Breathing new life into an old approach: The looking-east policy of the post-war Iraq

After many years of devastating military conflicts and sweeping international sanction, the Middle Eastern country was devoid of sufficient financial and technological resources to rebuild in the post-war era. And since the West did not commit itself to a thorough programme of nation-building and reconstruction as widely expected, the Iraqis had to turn to eastern nations. By embarking upon a looking-east approach, therefore, Iraq aimed to particularly persuade a number of rich and resourceful Asian countries into close cooperation with Baghdad. Many Asian nations were equally interested in rekindling their connections to the post-Saddam Iraq at a critical time when the doubts and reluctance of western businesses could provide them with a potentially unique opportunity to invest especially in the sectors more conducive to their long-term vested interests in the Mideast country.

Gender Equality in the Decision-Making Processes of Post-War Societies: Evidence from Iraqi Kurdistan

Abstract During the war with Islamic State in northern Iraq (2014–17), a notable number of Kurdish women joined the Peshmerga (Iraqi-Kurdish fighters), the military forces of the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) in an effort to prevent Islamic State’s advance into the oil-rich city of Kirkuk. Besides causing international resonance, the presence of women fighters was publicized by the KRG as a sign of modernity and gender equality. However, once the war ended, in the peace negotiations between the KRG and the Iraqi central government, the role of Kurdish women was drastically reduced. By examining the events that took place in Kirkuk before and after Islamic State and the diplomatic follow-up, this article analyses the role of women in a war to peace transition, focusing specifically on the power-sharing process to ensure that their effective and equal participation in decision-making is respected. The article provides an insight into respect for international human rights law, management of gender equality and the role of women in legal and political systems against the backdrop of the clash over Kirkuk and a complex power-sharing process in post-war Iraq.

Book Review: Dai Yamao, Measuring the Impact of Conflict in Post-war Iraq (in Japanese)

Book Review: Dai Yamao, <i>Measuring the Impact of Conflict in Post-war Iraq</i> (in Japanese)

Political mobilization and its impact on voter turnout: A survey experiment in Iraq

This article clarifies how political mobilization affects voter turnout in a post-conflict society by analyzing the Iraqi case using survey data. Voter turnout was high in post-war Iraq. However, the voter turnout in the fourth election, held in May 2018, declined by 20 percentage points from the previous one in 2014, mainly because of widespread political distrust due to corruption among political elites and their embezzlement of public funds, neglect of the people, and the breakdown of social services after the intensive operation against the so-called Islamic State (IS). Political mobilization during electoral campaigns usually encourages voters to go to polling stations. Notwithstanding, amid widespread political distrust in a post-conflict society, how does political mobilization affect voters’ behavior in elections? To answer this research question, we conducted a survey experiment during the 2018 electoral campaign to scrutinize the effects of political mobilization on voters in Iraq. Through quantitative analysis of the survey data, we demonstrated that voters are more likely to refrain from visiting polling stations if they are mobilized by political parties during a campaign. Thus, political mobilization discourages voters from participating in elections when there is extensive political distrust.

Board-certified specialty training program in radiation oncology in a war-torn country: Challenges, solutions and outcomes

BackgroundResidency programs leading to board certification are important for safe and competent Radiation Oncology (RO) practice. In some developing nations, there is a gap in this field. This work addresses the experience that was accomplished to establish such a program in Iraq despite all the challenges that faces a country under war. MethodsDescriptive report of challenges faced in a developing country that is still reeling from war, the steps taken to overcome these challenges and outcomes after graduation of two classes. ResultsAfter over 18 months of prerequisite technical and logistical preparations, a group of local and external faculty members were invited to establish the required syllabus of a structured RO residency program in Iraq. It is comprised of a total of 100 post-graduate academic credits over a 48-months period after clinical internship. First year evaluations included regular practical assessments; seven in-house papers covering RO, cancer and radiation biology, medical physics, radiological anatomy and diagnostic oncology, tumor pathology, onco-pharmacology, and medical statistics, research methodology, and cancer epidemiology, followed by a comprehensive examination. Subsequent evaluations were on an annual bases with enrollment in the American College of Radiology In-Training examination in RO. Final assessment included logbook and skills' reviews, graduation thesis or peer-review publication, two-papers’ written examination, and an exit practical examination. ConclusionsGiven the political, economic and social difficulties in post-war Iraq, it was a major challenge to establish a residency program in RO. Despite the significant difficulties, the first residency program leading to board certification in RO was successfully started in Iraq. The new specialists will help in addressing the shortage of radiation oncologists in the country.

From regional politics to street demonstrations: Changes in the Iraqi Communist Party’s political strategies in the post-war era

Abstract This article analyses how the Iraqi Communist Party (ICP) altered its political strategies in post-war Iraq. After the decline of the political presence, the ICP formed large alliances with small parties in the third round of local and national elections, opting to support candidates on a national scale; in doing so, the ICP achieved significant breakthrough. The party’s election strategy not only led to the ICP’s success but also to the overall stabilization of Iraqi party politics. After the rise of ISIS, the ICP overcame its ideological differences with Sadrist factions that similarly stood alongside the masses; pursuing large-scale demonstrations, the ICP found further opportunities to carry out its political activities. The ICP has thus been adroit in adapting its political strategies according to political and social circumstances. As Islamist groups have seized political power and religious sentiment has spread, the ICP might be seen as pursuing the best of strategies that remain available to it.

The Problems of State Building in Post-war Iraq

The Problems of State Building in Post-war Iraq

An overview of the prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in post-war Iraq

Many modern-day diagnostic tests for parasitic diseases rely on conventional labour-intensive technologies such as serology and microscopy. Although major advances have been recorded in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in humans, parasitic diseases continue to present challenges, particularly in resource-poor countries, and this is mainly attributable to war and famine. Factors such as poverty, deteriorated health facilities and destruction of infrastructure are the consequence of the lack of suitable sanitary practices and proper hygiene, especially in refugee camps, that adversely promote infectious diseases to migrants, particularly among vulnerable children. Generally, the gastrointestinal tract is the predilection site for most helminths and protozoa. They are therefore regarded as a serious public-health problem, as they cause malabsorption, malnutrition and blood loss, leading to anaemia or even death. In addition to their health effects, parasitic infections cause physical and mental impairment in children, retard their educational achievements and hinder economic development. Keywords: Prevalence, Parasitic diseases, Intestinal parasite, Food-borne, Water-borne, Pathogens, Post-war, Iraq

Who is Fighting with whom in Post-War Iraq?: Sectarian Faultlines as the Product of a Web of Interconnection

Who is Fighting with whom in Post-War Iraq?: Sectarian Faultlines as the Product of a Web of Interconnection

Regional Differences in Histological Features of Bladder Cancer Diagnosed in Post-War Iraq

Regional Differences in Histological Features of Bladder Cancer Diagnosed in Post-War Iraq

Erbil

Erbil (Hawler in Kurdish), is the capital and the largest city of Iraqi Kurdistan. Having been continuously inhabited for about 6000years, the city has recently been regarded by UNESCO World Heritage as one of the world’s oldest urban settlements. The city is witnessing remarkable urban growth and rapid spatial expansion compounded by a dramatic increase in population due to emigration from the countryside and rural areas over the last three decades. Following the changing geopolitical landscape of post-war Iraq, urban changes and socio-political transformation are largely driven by Erbil’s growing autonomous status as the capital of northern region of Kurdistan since 2003. This paper explores the layers of historical, spatial and social developments of the contemporary urban context of Kurdistan in general and of Erbil in particular as a reflection of the changing status of the city, as well as the polarization of Iraq and the emergence of neoliberal urbanism. The tension between the global and modern from one side and traditional and authentic from another is ever present and evident in everyday challenges in the planning of the city. In large part, Erbil’s built fabric embodies the dichotomy of identity and contests between its past and future, in which the present remains a transition between two disconnected realities.

Historical dictionary of Iraq

Chapter 1 Editor's Foreword Chapter 2 Preface Chapter 3 Acronyms and Abbreviations Chapter 4 Maps Chapter 5 Chronology Chapter 6 Introduction Chapter 7 THE DICTIONARY Chapter 8 UN Resolutions Chapter 9 Appendix A: Iraqi Cabinets Chapter 10 Appendix B: Revolutionary Command Councils, 1968-2003 Chapter 11 Appendix C: Regional Commands, 1966-2003 Chapter 12 Appendix D: Media in Post-War Iraq Chapter 13 Appendix E: Important Iraqis in Post-War Iraq Chapter 14 Bibliography Chapter 15 Epilogue Chapter 16 About the Authors

ポスト・コンフリクト社会のガバナンスを考える

This study attempts to reconsider governance in a post-conflict society by shedding special light on non-official actors, using the case of Iraq after the U.S. invasion of 2003. Widespread governance indicators such as ‘Worldwide Governance Indicators’ tend to emphasize the abilities of the government to govern a certain country. This cannot, however, be applied while analysing situations in a post-conflict society, as non-governmental or non-official bodies tend to play an important role in organizing the government, as well as in shaping the political institutions that influence the process of state building. Hence, this study tries to clarify the alternative roles played by non-official actors such as tribes, regional governors, and religious establishments by evaluating governance in post-war Iraq. The study concludes that these non-official actors prevented a collapse of governance by the government, and contributed to improving it by maintaining public security, improving public services, and supervising governmental policies in post-war Iraq. This implies that analysing governance by paying attention to non-official actors might also contribute to the research on state building in post-conflict societies.

The Impact of Foreign Actors on Political Conflict in Post-war Iraq: The Iraqi Islamist Parties in International Politics

The Impact of Foreign Actors on Political Conflict in Post-war Iraq: The Iraqi Islamist Parties in International Politics

What Really Happened in Planning for Postwar Iraq?

Political Science QuarterlyVolume 128, Issue 3 p. 455-488 Article What Really Happened in Planning for Postwar Iraq? Stephen Benedict Dyson, Stephen Benedict DysonSearch for more papers by this author Stephen Benedict Dyson, Stephen Benedict DysonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 September 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12073Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume128, Issue3Fall 2013Pages 455-488 RelatedInformation

Foreign Impacts Revisited: Islamists’ Struggles in Post-War Iraq

AbstractA great number of scholarship has been devoted to examining the impacts of domestic politics to foreign policies. Many studies have also examined the impacts of international politics to domestic politics, focusing on democracy-building or constructing political institutions within the framework of the state-building. However, such scholarship has not focused enough on the impacts of international politics to opposition forces and their relationship to political conflict in the post-conflict era. In countries that have experienced regime change, the formerly exiled opposition forces that became the ruling parties had changed their policies under the influence of the host country and other foreign actors in international politics during their exile. This paper sheds light on the two main Iraqi Islamist parties, the Da‘wa Party and the SCIRI, and clarifies their changing policies under the influence of the host countries and international politics. It also makes clear how these changes were reflected by the political conflict in post-war Iraq. Scholars of Iraqi politics have discussed the reasons of political conflict in post-war Iraq as following: (1) sectarian conflicts as a result of the artificiality of the Iraqi state; and (2) struggles for the mobilization of votes in elections. Against these arguments, this paper considers the historical and international impacts on the formerly exiled Islamist ruling parties as a more significant factor in explaining the reasons for political conflict in post-war Iraq.By analyzing primary sources on segments of the Da‘wa Party and the SCIRI after their exile, the following two facts are clarified: First, the two Islamist parties came to have differing ideology as well as policy as a result of the influences from the host country and international politics, which reflected the political conflict in post-war Iraq. The SCIRI maintained good relations with the host country, Iran, and had its original Islamist ideology, while the Da‘wa Party, not being able to maintain cooperative relations with the host country, consequently changed its Islamist ideology to a more nationalist ideology under the direct influence of Western society. In the post-war era, the SCIRI attempted to construct a regional government in the south based on a transnational Islamist ideology, while the Da‘wa Party attempted to construct a centralized government based on a nationalism that aimed to strengthen national unity. Second, the international societies’ intervention into the Iraqi opposition forces created mutual distrust, which in turn prolonged political conflict in post-war era. Therefore, an analysis of the historical and international impacts on opposition forces is necessary to understand the reasons for the political struggles in the post-conflict countries.

The Arab Uprisings and the Geopolitics of the Middle East

The contest between Saudi Arabia and Iran played out in Lebanon, the West Bank and Gaza Strip, postwar Iraq and, to a lesser extent, Yemen and Bahrain, has shaped the geopolitics of the region since the 2003 US invasion and occupation of Iraq. The Arab uprisings intensified this geopolitical contest and spread it to Syria. The sectarianisation of the region’s geopolitical battles, and the instrumental use of some of the uprisings for geopolitical ends, has hardened sectarian sentiments across the region, complicated post-authoritarian democratic transitions, and, at least in Syria’s case, transformed its popular uprising into a veritable civil war.

Environmental characteristics and prevalence of birth defects among children in post-war Iraq: implications for policies on rebuilding the Iraqi education system

This article explores the relationship between the prevalence of ‘birth defects’ and environmental characteristics, and considers implications for targeting resources to establish the educational inclusion of children affected. A household survey in four governorates across Iraq in 2010, conducted under the auspices of CARA, achieved interviews with 6032 households and collected data on more than 10,000 children and young people. Analyses suggested an association between reported presence of potential sources of contamination in local environments from human and domestic waste, and to some extent from naturally occurring contaminants and the detritus of warfare, with higher numbers of resident children having ‘birth defects’. Children living in Basra were found to be most significantly impacted. This finding adds to a growing literature on associations between potential sources of environmental contaminants and impact on the health of children living in affected localities.

A Consideration of Issues in the Government’s Public Housing Projects in Post-War Iraq

Post-war Iraq is a mix of potential opportunities, promising intentions, and difficult challenges. After 2003, the government adopted a program to manage the housing crisis and satisfy housing needs. Through a fieldwork survey, we aimed to present this program by reviewing the government targets, main housing problems, governmental legislations, and construction process. We found that the government abandoned its centralized role in its National Housing Project as it opened the door of Iraqi housing market to foreign and local investors. We also found that, considering the enormous need for housing the occupancy rate of the governmental housing units are so low and construction is also generally slow. We deduced that the pricing model of the government's national housing project is far from our general notion of public housing for low-income post-war people. Moreover, it is necessary for the government to formulate a clearer strategic vision and to adopt more innovative approaches to address effectively and rapidly the trade-offs of the short and long terms objectives of the reconstruction process in post-war Iraq.