Post-war Crisis Research Articles

A Cross-Sectional Study of Anesthesia Safety in Wad Medani, Sudan: A Pre-war Status Indicating a Post-war Crisis.

As the surgical burden grows, increasing patient safety during anesthesia and surgery becomes a major global public health priority. Anesthesia can be safely administered in higher-income countries, yet it is more challenging in third-world countries. This study focuses on Sudan, a third-world country, and its unmet anesthetic needs before the current war and how these needs might compromise the post-war status. The aim of this study is tocompare Sudan's outstanding anesthesia requirements to the World Health Organization's safe anesthesia practice standards in terms of workforce, medications, equipment, and anesthesia conduct. This study was carried out in four hospitals (Wad Medani Teaching Hospital, Wad Medani Maternity Hospital, Gezira Centre for Renal and Urological Surgeries, and the National Centre for Pediatric Surgeries) in Wad Medani, two of which were referral and two were state-run. Each hospital from every category was identified using a convenience sampling technique. The World Health Organization-World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists International Standard and earlier regional African publications were used to determine the minimum predicted safe anesthesia needs. The results of our study demonstrate that overall, the hospitals surveyed fulfilled the minimum standards set by the World Health Organization and the World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists (WHO-WFSA) for safe anesthesia practice by 73% with no significant difference in the safety of anesthesia practice between state and referral hospitals. The state of safe anesthesia care in Wad Medani hospitals surveyed fell well short of the expected minimal criteria due to important requirements such as patient monitoring indicators, the inaccessibility of life-saving facilities such as defibrillators, and difficult intubation instruments. More importantly, the conduct of anesthesia was far below the standard.

Planting the Republic: State Regulation of the Discourse on Food Shortages in Public Communication in Early Czechoslovakia (1918–21)

Abstract Czechoslovakia as a victorious, yet still fragile post-imperial state, considered censorship and state propaganda to be a necessary tool to secure its legitimacy at home and abroad. From the very beginning, Czechoslovakia defined itself as a democracy with freedom of speech as its basic principle, yet at the same time, it had to deal with inner fragility and outer vulnerabilities. The strategic agenda of people's nutrition, which was closely associated with the perceived competence of state institutions, serves as a litmus test for the state's regulation of press and public speech and the implementation of republican practices and acceptable limits on public discourse. This study analyzes how the new republican state regulated information on food supply shortcomings in the press and at public gatherings. It argues that Czechoslovakia maintained the prewar Habsburg practices of censorship; however, instead of the vaguely defined public interest of the multinational monarchy, it was now used to protect the public interest of “the national state of the Czechoslovaks.” This study analyzes how the government thought about the consistency of its communication during the postwar (supply) crisis, and thus also options of how to shape a clear and positive brand of the state.

Recreating the Sacred Urban Space Recreating the Sacred Urban Space Warsaw Churches from the End of the Second Northern War Until the End of the Reign of John II Casimir (1657‑68) in the View of the Urban Onto Ontology

During the Second Northern War (1655-60) the sacred urban space of Warsaw was demolished. Only four out of 20 church buildings survived the war intact. The others were totally destroyed or severely damaged. The aim of this article is to verify whether the continuity of the functioning of Warsaw churches was maintained in the post-war crisis period until the abdication of King John II Casimir Vasa in 1668. The analysis of changes in urban space is based on the Urbanonto ontology, which is used to describe the changes taking place within the space of the European town between the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the twentieth century.

ФОРМУВАННЯ МАРКЕТИНГОВОЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ ВИХОДУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ СФЕРИ ПОСЛУГ З ПІСЛЯ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ КРИЗИ

Taking into account the critical state of Ukraine caused by the state of war and the occupation of the Russian Federation, the article examines the current state of activity of enterprises in the service sector. The political and economic crisis had a significant impact on the service sector. Organizational changes took place in it, the entire sector was directed to provide everything necessary for the civilian population and the defense forces of Ukraine. It has been established that these political and economic changes caused the modification and transformation of the service sector. The study of the scientific space led to the conclusions that the issues of the development of enterprises in the service sector received quite a lot of attention from scientists, but their activities in the modern crisis state of war were not revealed. Therefore, the methods of strategic analysis are applied in the article, namely: SWOT-analysis and PEST-analysis of macro-environmental factors were carried out. The SWOT analysis showed that commercial risks, which reflect the positive and negative aspects of the activities of enterprises in the service sector, are currently playing a greater role. But the main risks in the conditions of war can be defined as risks of three levels, which significantly affect the situation of enterprises in the service sector. It is important to note that the current economic and political situation contributes to the financial success of the service sector, the growth of its profits and the increase of loading capacities. Precisely, the invasion of the Russian Federation turned the service sector into one of the supporting components of the armed forces of Ukraine and the civilian population. In order to form a strategic direction and choose a marketing strategy for the further development of enterprises in the service sector in the post-war period, it became necessary to conduct an additional study using the SPACE-analysis method. It was this scientific approach that provided the basis for determining the main strategy for exiting enterprises from the post-war crisis. It has been established that service sector enterprises are currently in a state of saturation or reduction in demand for services; the current business exceeds the cash flow needs that can be invested in other innovative services. Therefore, it is recommended that enterprises in the service sector use the specific development strategy presented in the article in modern conditions and in the future for a gradual exit from the post-war crisis.

Features of digitalization for the restoration of agribusiness in Ukraine

The article considers the definition and analysis of the features of digitization in the domestic agricultural sector. The aggravation of the economic crisis in Ukraine as a result of military operations has led to the urgent need to resolve the issues of restoring the functioning of the agricultural sector in the economy, which makes this topic of research extremely relevant. The assessment areas of the development of the agricultural sector in the conditions of the digital environment are defined: implementation, use and adaptation of digital technologies in the production systems of the agricultural sector of various complexity (at enterprises, in agricultural combines and agricultural holdings); the impact of digitization on the organization of small and medium-sized businesses in different regions of the country; automation and improvement of the quality of working conditions; positive effects and limitations associated with digitalization of agricultural production; economics and management of digital systems of agricultural production and optimization of production costs. The problems of implementing digital innovations in the activities of agricultural enterprises are related to the immaturity of the institutional market environment and the internal organizational environment of enterprises in relation to a significant transformation that affects all functional areas of activity and requires significant costs. In our opinion, a promising way to solve this problem is the digitization of the agricultural industry as a guarantee of its exit from the post-war crisis and the preservation of the economic stability of the country in general, as well as ensuring sustainable development in the future. The article examines current directions for assessing the development of agriculture in the digital environment. The scientific and theoretical directions of the implementation of digital technologies in the agricultural sphere are highlighted. Possible positive and negative effects of the introduction of digital innovative technologies in the agricultural sphere are analyzed. The results of the implementation of platform solutions in the field of digitalization of the agricultural sector have been determined. Keywords: digitalization, smart production, smart office, Big Data, cloud technologies

Mocking the Dictatorship: Symbolic Resistance in Everyday Life During Francoism in the 1960s

This article analyses the forms of symbolic resistance in everyday life in Francoist Spain during the 1960s, when the post-war crisis had been relegated to the past and the concerns and interests of Spanish society had begun to diversify. Firstly, it examines the way in which day-to-day resistance functioned under dictatorial regimes. Secondly, it studies the anti-Franco expressions of popular culture, including insults and blasphemies. Finally, it focuses on other manifestations of symbolic resistance hostile to the regime, such as toasts to political dissidents who were victims of reprisals; insults aimed at the Spanish and Falange flags; and subversive cries and slogans. To this end, this article examines a large number of archival sources, mainly documentation from the Ministry of Information and Tourism available in the General Archive of the Administration (AGA).

Catalan Nationalism and the Establishment of the Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera

The dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera was marked by a struggle with the Catalanists, despite the fact that initially relations with them were extremely warm. The Catalan Regionalist League not only supported the 1923 coup d’état, but even took part in its preparation. Catalonia, as the most industrialized region of the country, felt the consequences of the post-war crisis and the resulting social discontent to the greatest extent. The wave of strikes frightened representatives of big business. The central authorities were not consistent in their policy towards the workers. Harsh repression alternated with concessions, which disappointed both the protesters and business owners and the middle class — the layers that made up the main support of the Regionalist League. As a result, a search began for an alternative, which turned out to be the military, who proved themselves in the suppression of workers' protests. The captain-general of Catalonia, Miguel Primo de Rivera, was able to receive the greatest support. He was able to win the Catalonists over to his side, convincing them of his respectful attitude towards the Catalan culture. Having come to power, he almost immediately issued a series of laws imposing serious restrictions on it.

Національний банк України та його роль у реалізації грошово-кредитної політики у воєнний час

The article examines the purpose, methods and tools of the monetary and credit policy of the National Bank of Ukraine. It is determined that the NBU is the main State-authorized institution in Ukraine, which is responsible for planning and implementing monetary and credit policy. Monetary and credit policy is a complex of measures in the field of money circulation and credit, which are intended to ensure the stability of the monetary unit of Ukraine due to the introduction of regulated by law funds and techniques. It is established that the financial sector is the key element of the national economy; its vital functions ensure the sustainable development of the economy, the creation and distribution of financial resources and services, the accumulation of investment capital, as well as the improvement of macroeconomic and monetary indicators. In today's harsh conditions such as: rising inflation, destruction of transport infrastructure, decline of business, reduction of sown areas, blockade of ports, devaluation of the UAH, growth of the budget deficit, issues of monetary regulation are becoming extremely important. The war projected on the country's economy, has become a difficult challenge for the National Bank in improving and adjusting the current monetary and credit policy, finding innovative mechanisms for its implementation. Carrying out an active foreign policy, attracting funds from the IMF, the World and European Banks, opening a special account to raise funds from individuals - these are some of the tools used by the NBU in wartime. On the other hand, the pressure on the world community is aimed at ending trade relations with the aggressor country, helping to minimize any attraction of funds into the Russian budget, thus depriving them of the opportunity to finance the war. Another important tool is the analysis of the world experience of countries in resolving the postwar crisis, and the adoption of their tools and mechanisms for economic recovery - all this is the purpose of this article.

Surviving peace: Resilience and production decentralization in the Italian gun-making district, 1945–1970

This article analyzes the key resilience factors of the Italian firearms district after World War II structured around four main questions: resilience of what, to what, by what means, and with what outcome. This study aims to improve and expand knowledge about the capacity and difficulties of industrial districts to adapt to market changes and maintain their competitiveness. Our findings highlight that the successful recovery was based on the conquest of a new market segment and a novel decentralised and flexible—although hierarchical—production structure achieved through the reorganisation of know-how and resources accumulated in the district. The advantages of local clustering and elevated levels of specialisation provided the district with an effective short-term adaptation to the post-war crisis and a stable long-term growth path.

THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORIES - THE GOLD OF YAKUTIA: KОCHULUKAN AND YNYKCHAN IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD (MEMOIRS OF THE OWNER)

The paper is devoted to a part of A. M. Ozhigov‟s memoirs, recently found in the family archives of the authors. The memoirs describe the working conditions at the gold mines of the Dzhugdzhurzoloto trust in 1947. The post-war period required an urgent replenishment of the state gold reserves, which was reflected in the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1946) on increasing the production of gold and platinum in the country. As a result, the Special Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (Glavspetstsvetmet) has been created. The activity of this Directorate was focused on the search and exploration of new deposits, technical modernization and improvement of working conditions in mines This period of profound post-war crisis of gold industry, entirely determined by the war efforts, was characterized by a high share of manual labor, labor of prisoners and special settlers, low qualifications of workers and arduous living conditions. Here, we have evaluated reliability of the above memoirs using a comparative historical method. The factual knowledge of the memoirs was confirmed in open official sources. However, these sources are rather scarce in terms of human relations directly in gold mines and newly discovered areas. New names and circumstances of the everyday life of gold prospectors developing the deposit of the Kоchulyukan spring, brightly presented in the memoirs of A. M. Ozhigov, reveal the unknown details of the Soviet history of the industrial development of the northern territories. The psychological aspect of the recollections, expressed in the author's vivid subjectivism in relation to the organizers of the works (managers), also brightly show the opposition of the "worker-boss" type. Scanned copies of A. M. Ozhigov‟s memoirs are kept in the V. F. Vereshchagin Museum of Local Lore, Bodaibo town, Irkutsk region.

Exhibition Making in Crisis: Professional Identity and Radical Museum Exhibition Design in Britain after the Second World War

Abstract This article examines the shifting professional identities and forms of exhibition design that were activated by the post-war crisis in UK museums. Drawing on professional publications and museum archives across the UK, it focuses on museum exhibition design for ‘ethnographic collections’ between 1945 and 1965. It documents the sense of collections excess that occurred as objects returned from war-time storage to their bomb-damaged museums; it highlights how – as funding, materials and government attention turned to reconstruction elsewhere – museum staff faced this crisis alone. The article identifies two key tropes in post-war museum exhibition design that relate to this crisis. Both draw upon a ‘makeshift’ approach and both can be aligned with a ‘Do-It-Yourself’ ethic associated with a shortage of professional labour and more democratic modes of production. Firstly, some exhibition makers responded with creativity and innovation, drawing on new materials and commercial and artistic practices to design exhibitions that were radical for museums at this time. Without external support, museum technicians took a leading role in this experimental practice. Secondly, curatorial apathy towards display temporarily carved out inclusive spaces for artists, academics and local communities to design their own exhibitions in ways that remain radical in museums even today.

The Changes of Household Food Expense During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study in Indonesia and Armenia

The Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the availability and distribution of food, but its impact on food consumption at the household level was not much known. The aim of the research was to analyze changes in food expense during the Covid-19 pandemic of cases in Indonesia and Armenia. Indonesian case used primary data in April-May 2020, at the beginning of the pandemic. Data were analyzed descriptively and paired t statistic test. The results showed that there was a change in consumption during the pandemic. The significant changes were an increase in the amount of rice consumption, an increase in food expense, and a decrease in the purchase of cooked meal. Snack purchases during the pandemic increased but not significantly. The Armenia case used secondary data from FAO. Regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the post-war crisis in the Republic of Armenia, it has had a negative impact on transportation, storage, sales, financial situation, access, and availability of agricultural products and labor markets. Thus, digital solutions for agricultural marketing, that is Digital Agriculture Marketplace Platform have been adopted. The conclusion was that the impact of the pandemic actually increased consumption needs. The recommendation that given was the support for food logistics transportation which very much needed in the pandemic era and more specifically supported by food distribution security.

“STARING INTO THE SINGULARITY” AND OTHER POSTHUMAN TALES: TRANSHUMANIST STORIES OF FUTURE CHANGE

ABSTRACTIn this article, I conduct a contextual analysis of transhumanist conceptions of posthuman futures. Focusing on cryonics, nanotechnology, and artificial superintelligence technological projects through a study of primarily American sources from the 1960s onward, I identify three distinct conceptualizations of the posthuman future: Promethean, spontaneous, and scalar. I argue that transhumanists envision posthumanity as resulting from a transition that involves both continuity and radical change. Although these three posthuman futures appear to share an interest in predicting a superior “cosmic” realization of human destiny, they involve distinct “liberal” conceptions of historical agency. These include the unlimited individual liberty of the technologized self, the knowledge‐ordering properties of the market, and the rational aggregation of individual interests over the long term. I locate these heterogeneous and partly conflicting conceptions of historical agency in the context of the postwar crisis and remaking of liberalism's future. I argue that transhumanist ideas about the transition toward a more‐than‐human or beyond‐human future are best understood as manifesting a wide range of attempts at thinking about horizons of unprecedented change within the terms of postwar liberal projects. Ultimately, transhumanist futures shed light on the multiplicity of political temporalities that are required for thinking and writing stories about unprecedented futures.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The crisis of parliamentary systems in Europe: Italy in the interwar period, 1918–38

“We, the Editors and Publisher of Parliaments, Estates and Representation, have retracted the following article: Rosamaria Alibrandi, ‘The crisis of parliamentary systems in Europe: Italy in the interwar period, 1918–38’, Parliaments, Estates and Representation, 41, 2 (2021) 226 – 243. The Editors of Parliaments, Estates and Representation, and Taylor & Francis as Publisher of Parliaments, Estates and Representation, originally accepted this article in good faith, following scholarly peer review. It has subsequently been brought to our attention that passages in this article were substantially reproduced and reworded without correct and proper attribution in direct contravention with academic practice and publication ethics. Most of the passages in question were derived from the following works: Andrew Sayers, “The Failure of the Italian Socialist Movement”, International Socialism, June/July 1969, International Socialism (1st series), No.37 and Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (London: The Penguin Press, 1998). In accordance with our policy on publishing ethics and integrity, and the COPE guidelines on retractions, the retracted article will remain online, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as ‘RETRACTED’.”

‘Thrills Sweep Like Electric Currents through Multitudes’: Spectacle, Sociality, and Media Competition in Mid-Century America

This article analyses contemporaneous debates over the competing screen formats, venues, and technological platforms designed to deliver moving images to domestic and public audiences in mid-twentieth century America. The postwar crisis in the American theatrical box office witnessed changes in film gauges, aspect ratios, and theater sound as well as in the architectural design of motion picture theaters, and the article examines the failed innovation of theater television and the explosive growth of the drive-in theater in the 1950s as responses to rising competition from advertising-supported domestic television. Drawing upon the rich technical, trade, and popular press literature of the period, the author argues for the relevance of the postwar debates over moving image reception for contemporary controversies over the viability of theatrical exhibition in the era of streaming video and global pandemic.

Red Silk: Class, Gender, and Revolution in China’s Yangzi Delta Silk Industry by Robert Cliver

Reviewed by: Red Silk: Class, Gender, and Revolution in China’s Yangzi Delta Silk Industry by Robert Cliver Juanjuan Peng Robert Cliver. Red Silk: Class, Gender, and Revolution in China’s Yangzi Delta Silk Industry. Harvard East Asia Monographs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2020. 436 pp. $75.00 (cloth). Robert Cliver’s new study of the Yangzi delta silk industry during the mid-twentieth century focuses primarily on the silk workers and their experiences in the Revolution. As an effort to revise the Cold War narrative of the history of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) that emphasizes the party and its policies, the book aims to “bring society back in” to the story and to study how ordinary people resisted, embraced, and adapted to changing political conditions during the 1950s. It is therefore an important addition to a growing body of academic studies on Chinese society and economy in the PRC’s early years. As Cliver points out in the introduction, these new, revisionist histories of the Chinese Revolution have been fueled largely by a more relaxed academic environment and the opening of Chinese archives to both foreign and Chinese scholars in recent years, although, as Cliver further adds, that window may be closing as the current leadership tightens restrictions on scholarship again. In the case of this book, Cliver has done extensive research in Chinese archives. Although his main sources are the Shanghai and Wuxi municipal archives, especially the archival documents produced by unions and industry associations during the 1950s, the archival material is supplemented by interviews with former workers and managers, a small number of company documents from the Meiya Factory in Shanghai, and contemporary news articles from popular newspapers such as Renmin ribao. The book is organized very roughly in chronological order. At the same time, each chapter focuses on a specific topic, although there are often overlapping themes. In some cases, Cliver returns to the same events in more than one chapter in order to present multiple perspectives. The story starts with two chapters that offer the historical background. Chapter 1 traces the development of China’s silk industry from ancient times to the Japanese occupation and the postwar crisis of the 1940s. Chapter 2 examines the labor movements among the Yangzi delta silk workers during the first half of the twentieth century. The same chapter also suggests that the Yangzi delta silk workers can be divided into two groups: silk weavers, mostly male and located in Shanghai, and filature workers, largely young women and located outside Shanghai. Their experiences were very different prior to the Communist Revolution. As the following chapters further reveal, the division between these two groups continued through the 1950s, although the new Communist policies gradually but slowly brought the circumstances of silk weavers and filature workers closer together. This seems to be the key argument of the book. The following four chapters, from chapter 3 through chapter 6, present a multilayered narrative of Yangzi delta silk workers during the tumultuous years of the early 1950s. Chapter 3 examines the first years of transition to Communist rule, dealing with issues [End Page E-9] such as Liberation and economic recovery, policies defining New Democracy in the new sociopolitical context, and the formation and early activities of industry-wide unions of Shanghai silk weavers and Wuxi filature workers. Chapter 4 focuses on the Shanghai silk-weaving industry’s labor-capital consultative conference, explaining how it was established and what role it played in promoting labor insurance and other welfare provisions in the factories. Chapter 5 moves on to the mass mobilization during the Korean War and the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, the Three Antis campaign, and the Five Antis campaign. Since these three chapters focus mostly on Shanghai—though Cliver repeatedly brings Wuxi back to the story and makes comparisons between the two groups of workers and the conditions they were facing—the next chapter is exclusively about the female workers at filature factories in Wuxi. Both the poor working conditions and the limitations of the Democratic Reform campaign in the Wuxi filatures are highlighted to tell a very different story of the Revolution as compared to...

Conditions of Democracy in German Austria and Hungary, 1918–1919

Conditions of Democracy in German Austria and Hungary, 1918–1919

Sulla (vera o presunta) necessità di abbandonare il giuspositivismo

The transformations of constitutionalism that occurred after the Second World War represent an unresolved challenge for Legal positivism. According to some authors, the very meaning of these changes is that the core postulates of Legal positivism (law as a product of human will and the distinction between law and morality) have failed. Consequently, according to such scholars as Atienza, Ruiz Manero and Alexy, this current of thought has lost all its explanato-ry capacity, and it should therefore be abandoned in order to embrace another one. The aim of this essay is to examine these theses, especially Atienza’s, also by highlighting the post-war crisis of Legal positivism, and finally argue that a renewed Legal positivism, in the light of rigid constitutionalism, is, in any case, a theory against any forms of - more or less veiled - Natural Law, which is able to account for today’s legal experience.

Willy Loman and Postwar Jewish Insecurity

Abstract Willy Loman’s cryptic Jewish identity, recognizable but absent, has long been considered an act of ethnic betrayal, evidence of Arthur Miller’s inauthenticity as a Jewish writer. However, as scholars recently have explored the undercurrent of anxiety running beneath the surface of postwar Jewish life, Willy’s feelings of rootlessness, and his worries over American success, seem now particularly “Jewish.” Arguing that Willy Loman represents a postwar Jewish-American identity crisis, not a suppressed Jewish essence, the article analyzes the reception of Death of a Salesman (1949) in the Jewish press, from the pulpit, and within the synagogue community. Throughout, Willy’s preoccupation with acceptance and his eventual self-destruction resonate uncomfortably with the nightmare of European catastrophe that American Jews were then processing. In this context, the article claims that Biff’s attempt to counter his father’s world of selling by laboring in Texas, an action usually interpreted through myths of the American West, may have been read by Jewish Salesman audiences through a discourse of postwar Zionism they knew well: namely, the resettlement of Holocaust refugees in the land of Israel.

Koreans Educated in Germany under the Japanese Colonial Period, and their Recognition about Germany

이 논문은 1차 세계대전 이후 나치 시기까지 독일로 유학한 식민지 지식인들의 독일인식을 분석하고 있다. 일제강점기에 독일인식은 유학생들이 한국에 보낸 글과 귀국 후 회고, 설문 등이 실린 잡지 및 일간지를 중심으로 조사되었다. 일제강점기 독일로의 유학은 의외로 일본과 독일관계가 좋지 않았던 바이마르공화국 시기에 활발히 이루어졌다. 바이마르 공화국 시기 독일은 유학생들에게 매력적인 곳이었다. 독일은 저렴한 비용으로 유학할 수 있었던 곳이자 배일감정을 공유한 곳이었고, 사회주의 운동을 비롯해 정치활동의 실험장이었다. 이곳에서 유학생들은 전후 정치적 혼란과 경제위기를 이겨 내는 독일인의 국민성을 보았고, 공화국을 지키려는 청년들의 기개를 느낄 수 있었다. 이러한 독일의 국민성에 대해 유학생들은 조국의 재기를 위해 본받아야할 것으로 한국에 소개했다. 국민성은 나치 시기에도 독일유학 지식인들 사이에서 높이 평가받았던 요소였다. 차이가 있다면, 바이마르공화국에서 국민성은 전후 위기의 독일을 재기시킬 수 있던 힘인 반면, 나치 시 기에는 히틀러와 나치로 대변되어 전쟁을 이끄는 힘이 되었다. 일독관계가 동맹체제로 바뀌고 2차 세계대전이 전개되면서 독일의 이미지는 그에 따라 전이되어 식민지에서 소개되었다.This article aims to examine the recognition about Germany under the Japanese colonial period, focused on Koreans educated in the Republic and Nazi Germany. The analysis-sources are magazines and newspapers, to which Koreans studying in Germany contributed and after their return Korea did. After the first World War, the German-Japanese relationship went to worse. And the Weimar Republic had political and economic crisis. But some Korean students went to Germany. The Weimar Republic was attractive to them. The cost of living was lower than other countries. German people had anti-Japanese feeling. And Germany was the testing ground for political systems and ideologies. There, the Korean students were impressed by the German national character that could overcome the crisis. They informed the colonized homeland of the German national character which was worth to learn for the Korean Independence. The national character under the Nazi also was praised by the Koreans educated in Germany. In the Weimar Republic, the German national character was introduced as a power to overcome the post-war crisis, while in the Nazi regime, that was introduced as a power to go for a victory of war. The image of Germany in colonial Korea has been changed in the line with the German-Japanese new alliance-system.