Post Vaccination Research Articles

IMMUNOLOGICAL INFLUENCES OF THE CALENDULA OFFICINALIS TEA TREATMENT IN DAIRY COWS

The influence of environmental factors and growth technologies has a substantial impact on health and immunization of animals following antigenic stimulation, so the way vaccine protection is provided cannot be evaluated outside the habitat framework. Medicinal plants have often been used to augment the immune response in humans or animals. In the case of bovine, due to technologies where access to grazing is increasingly available, the animals can benefit directly from the adjuvant influences of medicinal plants in the spontaneous flora. This research aimed at quantifying the effects of orally administered Calendula officinalis aqueous extract (tea) on the innate and adaptive cell-mediated immunity under vaccination conditions, trying to define its immune modulating effect in young bovine. For that, an experiment was performed by administering Calendula officinalis tea perorally to a batch of bovine vaccinated with a complex vaccine for a week post vaccination. On days 0, 7 and 14, in vitro leukocytes blast transformation, and the stress level expressed by the N / L ratio were determined. Vaccination is a stressful event for animals, however, the animals subjected to tea treatment had a higher initial N/L index, which decreased considerably, supporting the decrease in the level of stress by administering marigold tea. The in vitro capacity of the mononuclear cells sampled from the marigold tea treated group was higher towards the standard mitogens PHA M and LPS (p

A Comparative Study of AEFI (Adverse Events Following Immunization) in BCG Vaccinated Children at Birth and at 6 Weeks

Background: Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) is not uncommon following BCG vaccination. However, incidence of post vaccination adverse event in relation of time of administration are not elucidated yet in our perspective. Therefore, the study was designed to observe AEFIs following BCG vaccination at birth and at 6 weeks. Methods: This hospital based Comparative observational study was conducted at the EPI center, Department of Paediatrics in Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital, for a period of 12 months from January 2019 to December 2019. Child attending in the EPI center for vaccination was approached for inclusion following consenting their parents. Results: Among the child who received BCG vaccination at birth there were 65.3% males and 34.7% were female while at 6 weeks group-male vs female was 57.3 vs 42.7%. No significant difference was noted across the group (p>0.05). Development of redness, ulceration and scarring at inoculation site were almost present in all cases in both groups but these developed earlier who took at 6th week. No incidence of post vaccination abscess, lymphadenitis, osteomyelitis and disseminated BCG disease in both groups. Conclusion: This study found no adverse effects following BCG immunization but redness, ulceration and scarring appeared earlier in 6th week group. However, further studies are needed to establish and use the findings.

The Microbiology of Acute Mastoiditis Infections Presenting to a large UK Tertiary Paediatric ENT centre in a post Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination era.

The Microbiology of Acute Mastoiditis Infections Presenting to a large UK Tertiary Paediatric ENT centre in a post Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination era.

Epilepsy adverse events post vaccination

Aim: Seizure and epilepsy adverse events (AEs) can occur following vaccination. For epilepsy AEs, they are generally expected to only occur at background population frequencies without associations with immunizations. The Vaccine AEs Reporting System (VAERS) collects a subset of AEs experienced by vaccinees, including multiple epilepsy related AEs. This study examines the possibility of immunization associated epilepsy AEs in VAERS occurring above background rates. Methods: Herein, VAERS is retrospectively examined for epilepsy and seizure AEs following immunizations (AEFIs). Reported AEFIs are normalized by total AEFIs for each vaccine. VAERS data is examined by vaccine type, vaccine source, vaccinee gender, and age-stratified for infants. Results: Association signals for examined epilepsy and seizure AEFIs are identified for multiple vaccines when compared to other vaccines with normalized frequencies above expected population background frequencies. Normalized epilepsy AEFI frequencies for children less than 1 year are higher than children aged 1 year for several vaccines. For pairs of matched vaccines from different manufacturers, statistically different epilepsy AEFI normalized frequencies were observed. These matched pairs for multiple vaccines implicate likely vaccine contaminations (e.g., endotoxins) as likely candidates for causing elevated epilepsy and seizure AEFIs. Conclusions: Based on the reported results, delaying some immunizations of a small set of vaccines until children are 1 year of age is predicted to reduce epilepsy AEFI occurrences for these vaccines. For several vaccines, statistically significant differences in epilepsy AEFI normalized frequencies were detected for the same (or similar) vaccine from different manufacturers; this suggests that possible manufacturing contaminant(s) (e.g., endotoxins) as the likely causative agent(s) for observed epilepsy AEFIs above background rates. Eliminating or reducing these possible contaminants is predicted to reduce the observed associations closer to background population levels observed for other vaccines with very low epilepsy AEFI normalized frequencies.

Meningitis after COVID-19 vaccination, a systematic review of case reports and case series

IntroductionVaccination is considered as one of the most promising strategies to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it could be associated with rare but serious complications. In the present study, we aimed to review the clinical course and etiology of post COVID-19 vaccination meningitis.MethodsAfter a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences online databases as well as Google Scholar, documents were screened and qualified. Then data extraction was performed and the most frequent underlying agent of meningitis was found based on the reported cases.ResultsOverall, 35 cases of post COVID-19 vaccination meningitis from 33 articles were included in the review. Among them, 12 cases had proven viral diagnosis and 23 of them were reported to be vaccine-induced. The most frequent viral pathogen among the cases was VZV. The most prevalent symptom was headache, and the most common time of appearance symptoms was one week after vaccination.ConclusionOverall, our study suggested meningitis as a critical but not devastating complication of COVID-19 vaccination. Almost all patients responded well to common agents used to manage viral or vaccine-induced meningitis. It is recommended to monitor patients with a history of chickenpox after COVID-19 vaccination regarding the development of meningitis.

Influencing Canadian young adults to receive additional COVID-19 vaccination shots: the efficacy of brief video interventions focusing on altruism and individualism.

Younger adults, aged 18-39 years, exhibit low COVID-19 additional vaccine (i.e., vaccination beyond the original 2-dose series) uptake recommended in Canada. No study has examined how altruistic and individualistic messaging can influence COVID-19 additional dose intentions. The present study aimed to estimate the efficacy of altruism and individualism-based videos on vaccine intentions and to explore the multivariable associations between vaccine related individual psychosocial factors and intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Using a web-based survey in a three-arm, pre-post randomized control trial design, we recruited Canadians aged 18-39 years in both English and French. Participants were randomly allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive the active control (COVID-19 general information), control + altruism or control + altruism + individualism. The video interventions were developed with a media company, based on results of a focus group study conducted previously. The measurement of COVID-19 additional dosage intentions before and after completing the interventions was informed by the multistage Precaution Adoption Process Model. The McNemar Chi-square was used to evaluate within-group changes, and the Pearson Chi-square test was used to evaluate between-group changes post-intervention. The measurement of various psychosocial factors was informed by use of validated scale and self-report questions. We employed a generalized Structural Equation Model to evaluate the associations between COVID-19 vaccine intentions and the psychosocial factors. Analyses were performed on 3,431 participants (control: n = 1,149, control + altruism: n = 1,142, control + altruism + individualism: n = 1,140). Within-group results showed that participants transitioned significantly in all three groups in the direction of higher intentions for receiving additional COVID-19 vaccine doses. The between-group differences in post intervention vaccine intentions were not significant. We found that psychosocial factors that include, collectivism, intellectual humility, intolerance to uncertainty, religiosity, identifying as gender diverse, and being indigenous were associated with higher vaccine intentions, whereas pandemic fatigue was associated with lower vaccine intentions. Our study highlighted that a short video that includes altruism and individualism messaging or general COVID-19 information can increase intentions to vaccine among young adults. Furthermore, we gained a comprehensive understanding of various psychosocial factors that influence ongoing COVID-19 vaccination. Our findings can be used to influence public health messaging around COVID-19 vaccination.

Effectiveness of zero dose HBV vaccine on prevention of HBV breakthrough infection among vaccinated Egyptian children

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a vaccine preventable disease. Sufficient post vaccination response is critical step to achieve infection eradication. Vaccine hypo-responsiveness is a major risk factor for HBV chronic infection. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of birth dose HBV vaccine in preventing perinatal HBV infection and to detect the rate of HBV surface antibody (HBs-Ab) seroconversion and its relation to interleukin-4 polymorphism (IL-4 PM) among a group of vaccinated Egyptian infants. This observational analytical study involved 77 infants aged 6 to 12 months who received 4 doses of HBV vaccine including a zero dose. We measured serum levels of HBV-DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as markers of infectivity, and the level of (HBsAb) to assess vaccine responsiveness. Cytokine gene analysis to detect IL-4 gene polymorphism and its association with vaccine un-responsiveness were investigated. We observed that none of the vaccinated infants acquired HBV infection. Of the included 77 infants, seroconversion against HBV was detected in 72 (93.5%), 28 (36.4%) had low response and 44 (57.1%) had high response. While 5 (6.5%) were non responders. There was significant association between IL-4 gene polymorphism and the poor seroconversion after HBV vaccination. (p=0.03). Furthermore, HBsAb titer was significantly lower in children who have IL-4 gene polymorphism (p=0.014). In conclusion, implementation of birth-dose HBV vaccination is effective for prevention of perinatal infection, but seroconversion rate may be insufficient to induce long term protection. IL-4 gene polymorphism is associated with poor response to HBV vaccine.

Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease-causing lineages among South African children

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) due to non-vaccine serotypes after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) remains a global concern. This study used pathogen genomics to evaluate changes in invasive pneumococcal lineages before, during and after vaccine introduction in South Africa. We included genomes (N = 3104) of IPD isolates from individuals aged <18 years (2005–20), spanning four periods: pre-PCV, PCV7, early-PCV13, and late-PCV13. Significant incidence reductions occurred among vaccine-type lineages in the late-PCV13 period compared to the pre-PCV period. However, some vaccine-type lineages continued to cause invasive disease and showed increasing effective population size trends in the post-PCV era. A significant increase in lineage diversity was observed from the PCV7 period to the early-PCV13 period (Simpson’s diversity index: 0.954, 95% confidence interval 0.948-0.961 vs 0.965, 0.962-0.969) supporting intervention-driven population structure perturbation. Increases in the prevalence of penicillin, erythromycin, and multidrug resistance were observed among non-vaccine serotypes in the late-PCV13 period compared to the pre-PCV period. In this work we highlight the importance of continued genomic surveillance to monitor disease-causing lineages post vaccination to support policy-making and future vaccine designs and considerations.

Orthopoxvirus-specific antibodies wane to undetectable levels 1 year after MVA-BN vaccination of at-risk individuals, the Netherlands, 2022 to 2023.

In response to the mpox outbreak in 2022 and 2023, widespread vaccination with modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN, also known as JYNNEOS or Imvanex) was initiated. Here, we demonstrate that orthopoxvirus-specific binding and MVA-neutralising antibodies waned to undetectable levels 1 year post vaccination in at-risk individuals who received two doses of MVA-BN administered subcutaneously with an interval of 4 weeks, without prior smallpox or mpox vaccination. Continuous surveillance is essential to understand the impact of declining antibody levels.

Enhanced Antimicrobial Peptide Response Following Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccination in Elderly Individuals.

Antimicrobial peptides are an important component of host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the ability of BCG to induce AMPs as part of its mechanism of action has not been investigated in detail. We investigated the impact of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination on circulating plasma levels and TB-antigen stimulated plasma levels of AMPs in a healthy elderly population. We assessed the association of AMPs, including Human Beta Defensin 2 (HBD-2), Human Neutrophil Peptide 1-3 (HNP1-3), Granulysin, and Cathelicidin (LL37), in circulating plasma and TB-antigen stimulated plasma (using IGRA supernatants) at baseline (pre-vaccination) and at Month 1 and Month 6 post vaccination. Post BCG vaccination, both circulating plasma levels and TB-antigen stimulated plasma levels of AMPs significantly increased at Month 1 and Month 6 compared to pre-vaccination levels in the elderly population. However, the association of AMP levels with latent TB (LTB) status did not exhibit statistical significance. Our findings indicate that BCG vaccination is linked to heightened circulating levels of AMPs in the elderly population, which are also TB-antigen-specific. This suggests a potential mechanism underlying the immune effects of BCG in enhancing host defense against TB.

Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in People with Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Prior to the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines, patients with severe mental illness (SMI) were at greater risk of COVID-19-related outcomes than the general population. It is not yet clear whether COVID-19 vaccines have reduced the risk gap. We systematically searched nine international databases and three Chinese databases to identify relevant studies from December 2020 to December 2023 to compare the risk of COVID-19-related outcomes for SMI patients to those without SMI after vaccination. Random effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias analysis were conducted with R software 4.3.0. A total of 11 observational studies were included. Compared with controls, SMI patients were associated with a slightly increased risk of infection (pooled OR = 1.10, 95% CI, 1.03-1.17, I2 = 43.4%), while showing a 2-fold higher risk of hospitalization (pooled OR = 2.66, 95% CI, 1.13-6.22, I2 = 99.6%), even after both groups have received COVID-19 vaccines. Limited evidence suggests a higher mortality risk among SMI patients compared to controls post vaccination, but the findings did not reach statistical significance. SMI patients remain at increased risk compared to their peers in COVID-19-related outcomes even after vaccination. Vaccination appears an effective approach to prevent severe COVID-19 illness in SMI patients, and actions should be taken by healthcare providers to improve vaccination coverage in these vulnerable groups.

A Modified SIVR Mathematical Model of Covid-19 Post-vaccination Stability Analysis in Kenya

In this paper, the study focused on carrying out a stability analysis on a modified SIR model for the COVID-19 pandemic for the period after vaccination in Kenya. The purpose of the work was to show that whereas the rate and the extent of disease spread amongst the Kenyan people was not as wide spread as happened in other parts of the world, it was necessary for government and policy makers to roll out a robust civic education to convince the majority of the Kenyan population to embrace vaccination as a major containment measure in curbing the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases since the study revealed that the infections drastically reduced to near zero after vaccination except for a few isolated cases that were and still continue to exhibit mild symptoms to none at all. This was attributed to the development of the vaccine which upon a massive campaign by the Kenyan government, led into a significant portion of the population being vaccinated. It is believed this vaccination drive enhanced herd immunity amongst the population. This development has had a significant effect in the control of more recent COVID-19 variants like JN-1 that have remained largely mild and undetected in the country. Both local and global post vaccination stabilities were analyzed for the system using the Lyapunov function. The main objective of the study was therefore to carry out a post vaccination stability analysis by estimating key parameters such as the basic reproduction number, ( R0) and herd immunity threshold (HIT) for infectious diseases by fitting data into the model to enable predictions of future dynamics of the disease. The study used the Next Generation matrix and the least square method besides the Python software to solve generated differential equations of the model for and HIT parameters. Results obtained showed that, there was a significant reduction in infections due to enhanced herd immunity attributed largely to the roll out of vaccination.

Immune thrombocytopenia exacerbation post COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Immune thrombocytopenia exacerbation post COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Endurance Exercise Does Not Exacerbate Cardiac Inflammation in BALB/c Mice Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination.

The mechanism underlying myopericarditis associated with mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, including increased susceptibility in young males, remains poorly understood. This study aims to explore the hypothesis that engaging in physical exercise at the time of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination may promote a cardiac inflammatory response, leading to the development of myopericarditis. Male BALB/c mice underwent treadmill running or remained sedentary for five weeks. Subsequently, two doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine or vehicle were administered with a 14-day interval, while the exercise regimen continued. The animals were euthanized days after the second vaccination. Vaccination was followed by body weight loss, increased hepatic inflammation, and an antigen-specific T cell response. Small foci of fibrovascular inflammation and focal cell loss were observed in the right ventricle, irrespective of vaccination and/or exercise. Vaccination did not elevate cardiac troponin levels. Cardiac tissue from the vaccinated mice showed upregulated mRNA expression of the genes IFNγ and IL-1β, but not IL-6 or TNFα. This pro-inflammatory signature in the heart was not exacerbated by endurance exercise. Ex vivo vascular reactivity remained unaffected by vaccination. Our data provide evidence for the cardiac safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. The role of exercise in the development of pro-inflammatory cardiac changes post mRNA vaccination could not be established.

Antibody gene features associated with binding and functional activity in malaria vaccine-derived human mAbs

The impact of adjuvants on malaria vaccine-induced antibody repertoire is poorly understood. Here, we characterize the impact of two adjuvants, Alhydrogel® and AS01, on antibody clonotype diversity, binding and function, post malaria vaccination. We expressed 132 recombinant anti-Pfs230D1 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from participants immunized with malaria transmission-blocking vaccine Pfs230D1, formulated with either Alhydrogel® or AS01. Anti-Pfs230D1 mAbs generated by Alhydrogel® formulation showed higher binding frequency to Pfs230D1 compared to AS01 formulation, although the frequency of functional mAbs was similar between adjuvant groups. Overall, the AS01 formulation induced anti-Pfs230D1 functional antibodies from a broader array of germline sequences versus the Alhydrogel® formulation. All mAbs using IGHV1-69 gene from the Alhydrogel® cohort bound to recombinant Pfs230D1, but did not block parasite transmission to mosquitoes, similar to the IGHV1-69 mAbs isolated from the AS01 cohort. These findings may help inform vaccine design and adjuvant selection for immunization with Plasmodium antigens.

Early COVID-19 XBB.1.5 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalisation Among Adults Targeted for Vaccination, VEBIS Hospital Network, Europe, October 2023-January 2024.

We conducted a multicentre test-negative case-control study covering the period from October 2023 to January 2024 among adult patients aged ≥ 18 years hospitalised with severe acute respiratory infection in Europe. We provide early estimates of the effectiveness of the newly adapted XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccines against PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 hospitalisation. Vaccine effectiveness was 49% overall, ranging between 69% at 14-29 days and 40% at 60-105 days post vaccination. The adapted XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccines conferred protection against COVID-19 hospitalisation in the first 3.5 months post vaccination, with VE > 70% in older adults (≥ 65 years) up to 1 month post vaccination.

Beyond the needle: a qualitative exploration of Sierra Leonean healthcare workers' post COVID-19 vaccination experiences.

The global health crisis precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the necessity of swift vaccine development and distribution to curb virus transmission. However, discussions on vaccine acceptance and hesitancy have predominantly focused on pre-vaccination attitudes, often overlooking the significance of post-vaccination experiences in shaping individual and communal attitudes toward vaccines. This oversight is particularly critical among healthcare workers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), who play a dual role in combating the pandemic and influencing public vaccine sentiment. Using the theory of planned behavior, this study explores the post-vaccination experiences of healthcare workers in Sierra Leone and assesses how these experiences influence their attitudes toward vaccine safety, efficacy and their advocacy for vaccine uptake within their communities. Employing a qualitative design, the study interviewed 24 healthcare workers, 21 of whom were vaccinated against COVID-19. Semi-structured interviews, conducted in English or Krio, were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key themes. Three themes were identified: positive vaccination experiences exceeding initial expectations, strong belief in the vaccine's protective benefits and active roles in vaccine advocacy. Despite initial hesitations due to concerns over potential adverse effects, participants reported no significant issues post-vaccination, fostering trust in vaccine safety and effectiveness. Healthcare workers' positive post-vaccination experiences significantly bolster their vaccine advocacy, influencing their recommendations to patients, friends, families, colleagues and community members. This study highlights the importance of understanding and leveraging healthcare workers' experiences to enhance public trust and vaccine uptake, crucial for pandemic response efforts in LMICs.

A randomized, double-blind phase 2b trial to evaluate efficacy of ChAd63-KH for treatment of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis

In a recent Phase IIa clinical trial, the candidate leishmaniasis vaccine ChAd63-KH was shown to be safe and immunogenic in Sudanese patients with post kala- azar dermal leishmaniasis. However, its value as a stand-alone therapeutic was unknown. To assess the therapeutic efficacy of ChAd63-KH, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase IIb trial (Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT03969134). Primary outcomes were safety and efficacy (≥90% improvement in clinical disease). Secondary outcomes were change in severity grade and vaccine-induced immune response. 86 participants with uncomplicated post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis of ≥ six months duration were randomised to receive ChAd63-KH (7.5x1010 viral particles once i.m.) or placebo. 75 participants (87%) completed the trial as per protocol. No severe or serious adverse events were observed. At day 90 post vaccination, 6/40 (15%) and 4/35 (11%) participants in the vaccine and placebo groups respectively showed ≥ 90% clinical improvement (RR 1.31 [95% CI, 0.40 to 4.28], p=0.742). There were also no significant differences in PKDL severity grade between study arms. Whole blood transcriptomic analysis identified transcriptional modules associated with interferon responses and monocyte and dendritic cell activation. Thus, a single vaccination with ChAd63-KH showed no therapeutic efficacy in this subset of Sudanese PKDL patients.

Efficacy and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Vectored Marburg Vaccine in Cynomolgus Macaques.

Filoviruses, like the Marburg (MARV) and Ebola (EBOV) viruses, have caused outbreaks associated with significant hemorrhagic morbidity and high fatality rates. Vaccines offer one of the best countermeasures for fatal infection, but to date only the EBOV vaccine has received FDA licensure. Given the limited cross protection between the EBOV vaccine and Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF), we analyzed the protective efficacy of a similar vaccine, rVSV-MARV, in the lethal cynomolgus macaque model. NHPs vaccinated with a single dose (as little as 1.6 × 107 pfu) of rVSV-MARV seroconverted to MARV G-protein prior to challenge on day 42. Vaccinemia was measured in all vaccinated primates, self-resolved by day 14 post vaccination. Importantly, all vaccinated NHPs survived lethal MARV challenge, and showed no significant alterations in key markers of morbid disease, including clinical signs, and certain hematological and clinical chemistry parameters. Further, apart from one primate (from which tissues were not collected and no causal link was established), no pathology associated with Marburg disease was observed in vaccinated animals. Taken together, rVSV-MARV is a safe and efficacious vaccine against MHF in cynomolgus macaques.

Genetic characteristic of mumps virus from 2012 to 2016 and its serum antibody level among general healthy population during 2018–2020 in Jiangsu Province, China

Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease with high contagious capability. Its incidence declined rapidly since one dose of mumps vaccine was introduced into Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) in 2008 in China. Nonetheless, the outbreaks of mumps remain frequent in China. Here we aim to assess herd immunity level followed by one-dose mumps ingredient vaccine and to elucidate the genetic characteristics of mumps viruses circulating in the post vaccine era in Jiangsu province of China. The complete sequences of mumps virus small hydrophobic(SH) gene were amplified and sequenced; coalescent-based Bayesian method was used to perform phylogenetic analysis with BEAST 1.84 software. Commercially available indirect enzyme-linked immune-sorbent IgG assay was used for the quantitative detection of IgG antibody against mumps virus. Our results show that genotype F was the predominant mumps viruses and belonged to indigenous spread, and most of Jiangsu sequences clustered together and formed a monophyly. The prevalence of mumps reached a peak in 2012 and subsequently declined, which presented an obvious different trajectory with virus circulating in other regions of China. The gene diversity of viruses circulating in Jiangsu province was far less than those in China. The antibody prevalence reached 70.42% in the general population during 2018 to 2020. The rising trend of antibody level was also observed. Although mumps antibody prevalence does not reach expected level, mumps virus faces higher pressure in Jiangsu province than the whole of China. To reduce further the prevalence of mumps viruses, two doses of mumps vaccine should be involved into EPI.