Post Type Research Articles

Self-created or collaborative? The effects of virtual influencers' identity type and post type on purchase intentions

PurposeConsidering that when endorsing the same product, virtual influencers with different identity types (self-created, collaborative) can have different impacts on consumers' purchasing behaviors, this paper aims to explore how to maximize the impact effects of the VIs' respective identities. It provides companies with new perspectives on endorsement strategies.Design/methodology/approachThe interaction between VI identity type and post type (informational, storytelling) on purchase intention was analyzed in four experiments (N = 1,007), considering informational and normative social influence as intermediate mechanisms and consumer self-construal as moderators.FindingsThe findings show that self-created VI is suited to informational posts and collaborative VI to storytelling posts. This identity-content match effectively triggers the social influence mechanism: informational posts of self-created VI significantly enhance informational social influence. In contrast, storytelling posts of collaborative VI primarily stimulate normative social influence. Consumer self-construal also moderates the process of influencing mechanisms.Originality/valueBased on social influence theory and matching theory, this paper confirms the existence of an interaction between VI identity types, which influences consumers' purchase intention through informational and normative social influence. This finding fills the research gap in the field of VI endorsement strategy. It also emphasizes the importance of consumer self-construal and contributes new insights into the related field.

TV Mon - post mass transfer Algol type binary with δ Scuti pulsations in primary component

TV Mon - post mass transfer Algol type binary with δ Scuti pulsations in primary component

Coexistence of horizontal bone loss and dehiscence with the bundle and conventional fiber post: a finite element analysis

Horizontal bone loss (HBL) and dehiscence are common supportive tissue defects. This study evaluated the stress distribution in the presence of HBL or dehiscence and two types of fiber posts. Twelve premolars that were endodontically treated (Model-E), restored with conventional (Model-C), and bundle (Model-B) post were modeled. Bone defects were created as control (Model-1), with 4 mm (Model-4) and 8 mm (Model-8) HBL, and dehiscence involving two-thirds of the root (Model-D). HBL was included in all aspects of the models, while dehiscence was confined to the buccal aspect. The models were subjected to a 200 N force, and von Mises stress was analyzed. Model-B1 showed higher stress than Model-C1 but was more homogeneous. In Model-D, the stress was limited to the area without bone and only occurred at the buccal aspect. The highest stress was observed in Model-B8. The presence of a post caused a 2–5.8 times increase in stress. When the crown–root ratio was 1:0.8, stress was in the coronal two-thirds of the root, while at a ratio of 1:0.3, stress was distributed throughout the entire root. Bundle post with 8 mm HBL increased the stress 5.8 times. HBL resulted in stress extending beyond the marginal bone, while dehiscence did not.

Effectiveness of mobilization on cranio– –mandibular index in temporomandibular joint dysfunction among collegiates

Background: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD), according to the American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP), is a collection of painful and/or dysfunctional diseases affecting the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joints (TMJs), and associated tissues. This can be treated effectively by the manual mobilization. Objective: To find out the effectiveness of mobilization on craniomandibular index in Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction among college students. Methods: It is a quasi-experimental pre and post type study performed among 40 college students, both boys and girls, with Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction, selected through convenient sampling of the age group 18–25 years, with a Craniomandibular index score of more than 0.50. The selected group is treated with a 4 week mobilization to see the effectiveness of the treatment. Outcome measure: Cranio Mandibular Index which encloses of the mandibular movement, range of motion, joint palpation ,muscle palpation, TMJ noise. Results: The results show that there was a significant improvement in the mean values of the craniomandibular index score after mobilization, with a mean difference of 0.32 ± 0.05. Conclusion: The study concluded that mobilization is an effective treatment approach for temporomandibular joint dysfunction among college students.

Use of a Facebook Support Group for Kidney Transplant Patients

Background: Facebook groups have been used to foster social support of transplant patients. Examining the use and content strategies for generating member interactions within transplant-specific groups can inform how we leverage these groups to expand access to social support resources. This study characterizes the use of a closed Facebook group for kidney transplant patient support linked to a hospital in Buffalo, NY to identify the most engaging content. Methods: The sample consisted of 387 individuals (372 patients/family, eight transplant professionals, and seven community advocates) and the administrator. Content analysis was conducted of posts and comments made to the group. Descriptive measures of post content associated with interactions (reactions and comments) were computed. Results: Between 5/2020 and 5/2023, there were 484 posts with 8233 interactions (2793 comments, 5440 reactions). Half of the posts (n = 241) were made by the administrator, 166 (34%) by patients/family, 70 (14%) by community advocates, and 7 (1%) by transplant professionals. Content analysis revealed that post types with the most interactions were personal experiences, monthly transplant volume, and monthly new members added; the least interactions involved posts about holidays, observances, and information. Conclusions: The interaction metrics varied according to the content strategies used by members and provided insights into the types of content members interact with.

Determinants of successful transition from adolescent to adult HIV treatment in Zambia: a facility-level based comparative study

Background: Successful transition from adolescent to adult care has not been extensively evaluated, in Zambia. The study aimed to assess the relationship between facility-based socio-demographic traits and successful transition to adult HIV care, in Zambia. Methods: A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional analysis of 7275 patient files from 718 PEPFAR sponsored facilities. Data was extracted from the National Electronic Health Record (EHR) system and imported into STATA SE v-16 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated on socio-demographic features and facility-level performance. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between level of facility and successful transition to adult care, comparing third level facilities to lower-level facilities. Chi-square was employed to evaluate the association between socio-demographic traits and effective transition outcomes at a significance level of 0.05. Results: 43.2% had successfully transitioned to adult care. Health posts performed the best, with 57.3% of patients successfully transitioning to adult care. The study found that health post type, private ownership, rural location, and province were significant factors in successful transition. Adolescents in lower-level facilities had a 59.9% success rate compared to those in third-level facilities. Conclusions: The study stresses the importance of health system structure and posits that successful transition depends on many factors, not simply adolescent traits.

Analyzing Engagement: A Study of Teething-Related Discussions and Trends on Facebook.

Caregivers often use Facebook to seek advice on children's health issues, including teething. However, the lack of professional oversight on this platform can lead to the spread of misinformation, emphasizing the need for research on user engagement with teething content. This longitudinal study assesses public interaction with teething-related information on Facebook, aiming to inform children's health organizations about creating accurate social media content. A year-long analysis of English-language Facebook posts tagged "teething" was conducted, focusing on public pages and groups, while excluding unrelated or private content. Sources were categorized, and engagement was measured against page likes or group memberships. Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate statistical differences in post types and engagement by source (P < 0.05). Out of 193 relevant posts, interactive content was the most common (112 posts (58%)), followed by miscellaneous (59 posts (30.6%)) and educational content (22 posts (11.4%)). Noticeable confusion among users was observed concerning teething symptoms and processes. Misinformation was prevalent, particularly regarding the use of amber necklaces, amber teething toys, topical anesthetics, and nocturnal bottle feeding for relief. The engagement rate for teething content was low at 1.09%, with significant variations in content strategies by source (P < 0.001), though engagement rates were consistent (P = 0.406). The study uncovers active but misinformed discussions about teething on Facebook, marked by a lack of evidence-based advice and low engagement rates. These findings emphasize the immediate need for children's health organizations to provide scientifically accurate information to foster a better-informed online community.

Analysis of fiber post–resin cement interfacial adaptation at different post regions using field emission scanning electron microscopy

Abstract Introduction: An ideal interfacial adaptation between fiber posts and resin cement is critical for optimum retention and good scenario. Therefore, this research was designed to estimate the interfacial adaptation at fiber post–resin cement interfaces using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) investigation. Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted human lower premolars with sole and round canal were classified into three groups (n = 15) following the fiber post types. Each tooth was decoronated and implanted in acrylic resin-filled polyvinyl chloride mold. Roots were undergone endodontic management and post space preparations. Then, each group was classified into three subdivisions (n = 5) according to the resin cement types. After cementation, each post space was marked into apical, middle, and coronal thirds and sectioned horizontally into three 2 mm disc thickness for each third. After that, each disc in each sub-group was then subjected to FESEM analysis to evaluate the gaps width at fiber post–resin cement interface in µm. The data were recorded and statistically evaluated and compared using two-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range tests at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The everStick post with the RelyX U-200 cement group showed significantly the least gap width mean, while the glass fiber post with the TOTAL C-RAM cement has statistically the greatest gap width mean along the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of fiber post at P ≤ 0.05. The apical third of fiber post showed significantly the greatest mean of gap width, while the middle third showed the least gap width mean at P ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: Different brands of fiber post and resin cement can influence the interfacial adaptation at post–cement interface.

Effect of different post materials and designs on upper central tooth torque and intrusion load: A finite element analysis study

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of post material type and the presence of ferrules on the torque and intrusion load of the upper central tooth using finite element analysis. The upper central tooth and surrounding tissues (cortical bone, cancellous bone, and periodontal ligament) were modelled in three dimensions using the Spaceclaim software. Five simulated models (SM) different modifications were made to this main model: metal cast post (SM1) and glass fiber post-core with zirconium crown and without a ferrule (SM2), metal cast (SM3) post and glass fiber post with a ferrule and zirconium crown (SM4) and only zirconium crown (SM5). In all five simulations, in order to simulate lingual root torque movement, a total load of 40grams was applied to the bracket slot as 20grams of force couples and in order to simulate intrusion movement, a load of 40grams was applied to the superior wall of the bracket slot. The stress caused by the applied loads on the root surfaces was determined using finite element analysis. Maximum principal stress (MPS) value was used in the comparison. The highest root surface MPS values for both intrusion and torque loads belonged to SM2 (3.864 and 0.379MPa, respectively). The presence of ferrules in both intrusion and torque loads reduced the stress by approximately half (from 3.864 to 2.004MPa). In all five models, the radicular area with higher stress was located in the cervical third on the lingual surface when both torque and intrusion loads were applied. The amount and localization of stress was affected by the type of post material. The variation in stress values between the materials remains within a safe range (0.099 and 3.87MPa), making both materials suitable for use under orthodontic forces.

Instagram Reels Versus Image Posts in Radiology Education

ObjectiveIn January 2016, we created an Instagram page for radiology education. Numerous publications in different fields have reported that Instagram “reels,” introduced in 2020 as a short-form video feature, are more popular than image posts. These findings and our familiarity with Instagram prompted us to analyze our own data to better understand how image posts compared with reels when used in the context of radiology education. Materials and MethodsFor each post category, metric values were extracted from the Instagram platform and analyzed as continuous variables, reported as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR). Metrics were compared between image categories using the Kruskal–Wallis test, with resulting p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni correction. Corrected p-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. ResultsWe included 128 images and 96 reels in the analysis. Images generally reached a larger audience, with a median of 18,745 [IQR: 13,478–27,243] impressions vs. 11,972 [IQR: 9,310.0–13,844.5] for reels (p<0.01). Images also tended to be shared more frequently (median 19 vs. 20, p<0.01), liked more often (median 480 vs. 296, p<0.01), and saved more by users (median 138 vs. 84, p<0.01) than reels, respectively. Both images and reels received a similar number of comments, with a median of 3 comments for both (p>0.99). We also explored the performance differences of image post subcategories. Within images, our “You Make the Call!” (YMTC) questions (n=23) displayed higher performance metrics across the board than the three other types of image posts combined (n=105). When compared, the median number of impressions for YMTC images was 36,735 [IQR: 31,343–40,742] vs. 15,992 [IQR:12,774–21,873] for other types of images (p<0.01). YMTC images were shared more often (median 25 vs. 17, p<0.01), received more likes (median 809 vs. 445, p<0.01) and saves (median 206 vs. 119, p<0.01) than non-YMTC images, respectively. User engagement showed slightly different trends with YMTC reels being the most liked, while quiz reels receiving the most comments and talking clips being the most saved. ConclusionOur findings on the use of Instagram in radiology education suggest that static images perform much better than reels. Consequently, we recommend to radiology educators seeking to establish an Instagram presence that using static image posts is an appropriate approach for reaching a radiology audience, particularly with image posts that engage an audience with participatory opportunities such as answering quiz-like questions aimed at making a diagnosis.

Is a Pre-Existent Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Able to Detect Metal Dental Posts?

(1) Background: In this study, the efficacy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in detecting dental posts was compared to periapical radiography. (2) Methods: A retrospective evaluation of 53 patients' periapical radiographs and CBCT images was performed. The presence and type of the intra-canal dental post were initially determined on the periapical images (PA) radiographs' examination and were then compared to the observer's ability to detect the dental post on a CBCT image. The effect of the post's type (metal cast or prefabricated) on its detection on CBCT images was determined. (3) Results: 10.5% of teeth that were identified as having a post on a PA radiograph were not identified as having a post on the CBCT examination (p < 0.05). Approximately 17.6% of teeth that were identified as not having a post on a PA radiograph were identified as having a post on the CBCT examination (p < 0.05). Moreover, 16.3% and 50% of teeth with a prefabricated or cast posts on PA radiographs were falsely identified on the CBCT examination, respectively (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: A CBCT image is an insufficient tool for the identification of metal prefabricated and cast posts. A PA image is the recommended radiographic tool for achieving information about the post-endodontic restoration status of teeth candidates for endodontic retreatment in patients with a former CBCT scan.

Exploring the impact of social media content on travel envy and intention to visit destination: moderating role of narcissist admiration and rivalry

ABSTRACT Social networking sites significantly influence the behavioral intentions of travelers. Considering this as an avenue of future research, the current study explores how social media elements induce travel envy using multi-study approaches. Study 1 (N = 338) is an experimental study aimed at investigating the impact of post type (emotional vs. rational) and post content (luxury vs. non-luxury) on travel envy and intention to visit a destination (IVTD). Study 2 (N = 190) is a survey-based study that explores the moderating role of narcissism between travel envy and IVTD by considering both post content and type. Study 3 (N = 289) tests the composite model using survey-based and experimental-based research designs. The findings reveal the robust impact of post type and content in triggering travel envy and intentions amongst recipients of particular social media posts. The emotional-luxury post category has a relatively stronger influence on travel envy and travel intentions than the rational-non-luxury post type. Narcissism is found to play a moderating role in the relationship between travel envy and IVTD.

Lessons learned from rebranding a radiology education facebook page

In May 2009, we created a Facebook page for radiology education. While we shared a host of learning materials such as case images, quiz questions, and medical illustrations, we also posted world news, music, and memes. In February 2023, we eliminated everything from the site not related to radiology education. Our aim was to determine how focusing on radiology education alone would affect audience growth for our Facebook page. We exported our Facebook post data for the dates March 1, 2023 through February 29, 2024, to represent the full calendar year after we revised our content presentation, which we compared to data from November 1, 2020 to October 31, 2021. The mean and standard deviation for each post type's reach for 2023/24 were analyzed and compared against the 2020/21 statistics, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to obtain p-values. Linear regressions for each year were performed to understand the relationship between reach and engagement. A total of 4,270 posts were included in our new analysis. Our average number of posts per day decreased from 24.8 to 11.71, reducing by more than half the amount of content shared to our social media page. Our posts had a mean overall reach of 4,660-compared to 1,743 in 2021 (p=0.0000). There was a statistically significant increase in reach for posts on artificial intelligence, case images, medical illustrations, pearls, quiz images, quiz videos, slideshow images, and both types of instructional videos (p<0.005). For both 2021 and 2024, the linear regression slopes were positive (y=0.0687x-65.0279 and y=0.006334x+21.3425, respectively). Facebook and other social media have been found to be helpful sources for radiology education. Our experience and statistics with radiology education via social media may help other radiology educators better curate their own pages. To optimize experiences for students, professionals, and other users, and to reach more people, we found that providing readily accessible radiology education is preferred to the social aspects of social media.

A Push-out Bond Strength Study and Interface Analysis of New Porous Titanium Dental Post Luted with Resin Cement

This study aimed to compare the push-out bond strength (PBS) between a new porous titanium post (PTP) and other marketed dental posts cemented with two types of dual-cure resin cement. A total of 96 extracted single-rooted human teeth were recruited. Four types of dental posts (n = 24 each), namely: stainless steel post (SSP), commercially-pure titanium post (CTP), fibre glass post (FGP), and PTP were cemented with two types of resin cements (RelyX U200 and ParaCore) and then sectioned at coronal and middle root levels. The specimens were subjected to a PBS test at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The interface analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests. PBS recordings showed that the highest PBS mean value in RelyX group was 2.68±1.10 MPa for PTP. The differences in PBS between PTP and SSP and FGP were not significant (p = 0.098 and p = 0.075, respectively). The null hypothesis for RelyX group at both coronal and middle sections of the root was retained (p &gt; 0.05). No failure at the post-cement interface was found in the PTP group, which was founder superior over the other posts (no gap for this interface was observed). The PTP showed similar bonding strength and adhesion to the other tested posts when using RelyX U200 cement. The PTP can be considered a new alternative option for the dental post system.

Automated Extraction of Structured Data from the Social Network Instagram

The paper explores the extraction of structured information from the social network Instagram through a suitable application programming interface, namely the unofficial Instagram Private API. It focuses on creating a computer program that identifies which posts a user has tagged as "Likes" and then stores this information for profiling specific user profiles. The introduction of the paper highlights the general use of social media in modern society and the importance of personal data for these platforms. It specifies the aim of the study, which is to extract information from Instagram and then analyse it for user profiling. It then describes the evolution of the social network Instagram and key features such as different types of posts. This paper further focuses on the solution and implementation by using Python programming language to minimize the load on Instagram servers and reduce the risk of detection of automated processes. It describes the process of setting up new Instagram accounts, the obstacles in obtaining login credentials, and the need to simulate human behaviour to bypass the network's defence mechanisms. It then focuses on the actual retrieval of information such as the users followed, their posts and information about which posts the user has marked as favourites. It mentions that extracting data from closed profiles is difficult and elaborates on the technical challenges associated with this task. A significant part of this paper is a discussion of Instagram's defence mechanisms that respond to automated computer programs. It describes access denial, account blocking, and identity verification prompts such as CAPTCHA tests. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the results obtained, which indicate the acquisition of approximately 90,000 records for user profiling. It discusses the shortcomings of a fully automated solution due to Instagram's account creation conditions and defence mechanisms. It mentions the need for further research and highlights key gaps and challenges in this area. Overall, the study highlights the technical and security challenges in extracting information from Instagram and emphasises the need for further research and improvements in the technical procedures for extracting data from the platform.

What type of social media posts about sustainable construction is better for audience engagement?

In an effort to move to a sustainable society, new concepts and findings related to sustainable construction are being developed. With ambition to transfer newly developed knowledge to society, various communication paths are being used. In this study we investigated what kind of messages shared on institutional social media channels (Facebook, Twitter (now renamed to X), and LinkedIn) about sustainable construction create more audience engagement. The study consisted of two phases of weekly social media posts. In each phase, 15 posts were published on the same day and time, while engagement was monitored. Three different types of posts were created, that were sequential cycling each week. Type 1 was written informative content related to research activities; type 2 was image content related to the research activities and equipment, with a short text caption of the image; and type 3 was image content with people - scientists working on research activities with a short text caption of the image. Poisson regression analysis revealed that type 3 posts result in the most audience engagement on LinkedIn, suggesting that using images of people in combination with short text captions is the most effective way to engage social media audiences. These findings can help organizations to use social media to promote sustainable construction and other sustainability-related research. The engagement was lower on Facebook and Twitter (X). As the science is aiming to be closer to the society, these findings deliver an important insight of science communication through the social media. Although the study delivered several lessons learnt related to science communication through social media studies, it provides an important bases for further studies. Conclusions can support research organizations in improving their science communication.

The influence of zirconia and fiber posts with different lengths on the fracture strength of maxillary central incisors restored with zirconia crowns: an in vitro study.

Endodontically treated teeth are more susceptible to fractures than vital teeth because of significant coronal and radicular dentin loss during endodontic therapeutic procedures. The objective of the present in vitro study was to estimate and compare the influence of the post length and type on the fracture strength of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors. Sixty extracted human maxillary central incisors were decoronated 2 mm above the cementoenamel junction. The teeth were selected and subjected to standard endodontic treatment, resulting in three groups with different preparation lengths: 5, 7.5, and 10 mm. Each group was randomly divided into two subgroups according to the post type: zirconia or fiber. After appropriate surface treatment, they were cemented with adhesive resin cement and restored with zirconia crowns. Thermocycling (5°C to 55°C, 60 s, 1500 cycles) was performed after cementing the zirconia crowns onto each tooth. Prepared samples were subjected to a compressive static load of 0.5 mm/min, at an angle of 130 degrees to the long axis of the roots, using a universal testing machine (Matest) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, until fracture. The significance of the results was assessed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey-Kramer test (α = 0.05). The ANOVA analysis indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) between the groups. The Tukey-Kramer test revealed no significant differences among the zirconia posts with lengths of 5 mm (26.5 N ± 13.4), 7.5 mm (25.2 N ± 13.9), and 10 mm (17.1 N ± 5.2). Also, in the fiber post group, there was no significant difference when the posts with lengths of 7.5 mm (13.4 N ± 11.0) were compared with those of 5 mm (6.9 N ± 4.6) and 10 mm (31.7 N ± 13.1). The 10-mm-long post displayed superior fracture strength, and the 5-mm-long post showed significantly lower mean values (P < 0.001). The fracture strength of zirconia posts (with lengths of 5 and 7.5 mm) was found to be significantly higher than that of fiber posts (with lengths of 5 and 7.5 mm). The 10-mm-long fiber post group demonstrated significantly higher fracture strength values, and the 5-mm-long fiber post group showed the lowest values for the force resulting in root fracture; these groups were significantly different from each other (P < 0.001). The fracture strength analysis with a universal testing machine is the only method that enables the estimation of the differences between zirconia and fiber posts with different lengths in endodontically treated teeth.

The Commander’s Place on the Battlefield

News of Russian generals getting killed on the battlefields raises the question of whether a commander should lead an operation remotely, taking advantage of improved technical capabilities, or whether his presence close to the battlefield is necessary to meet the needs of his troops. The requirements of multi-domain operations and multi-domain integration call for command posts with enhanced capabilities along human, informational and physical dimensions. Unfortunately, these types of command posts have become very large, easily recognisable and vulnerable to attack. Alexander Kohli argues that commanders should not exclusively remain in remote command posts but should also provide support close to the front through personal contact with subordinate commanders and troops. Therefore, they must be able to rely on a command post concept encompassing several smaller forward and alternate command posts operating inconspicuously, yet capable of using a comprehensive command and control system. ◼

USPOREDBA AKTIVNOSTI KOMERCIJALNIH I DRUŠTVENIH PODUZETNIKA NA FACEBOOKU

The main objective of this study is to examine the differences in Facebook usage practices between social and commercial entrepreneurs. The research is based on the official Facebook pages of six pairs of commercial and social enterprises during a period of two years, giving a total of 1046 posts for analysis. Findings reveal differences in the content and types of Facebook posts between commercial and social entrepreneurs. While commercial entrepreneurs have a clearly expressed market orientation, social enterprises strive to build the legitimacy of philanthropists and initiators of social change. There is no statistically significant difference in the number of reactions per post per follower between the two types of enterprises. However, followers' engagement is stronger among social entrepreneurs than commercial entrepreneurs. What all businesses lack is customer-generated content. Business owners could take the empirical findings into consideration when developing a strategy for managing their presence on social networks.

Life After the Gridiron: Examining Retired National Football League Athletes’ Self-Presentation Strategies and Follower Engagement on Instagram Personal and Business Pages

As athletes enter a new chapter in their lives retiring from their sport, the challenge of upholding and enhancing personal brands arises. There has been extensive research on athlete brand building via social media; however, there have been few studies analyzing how athletes build their own brands and brand extensions postcareer, particularly former National Football League (NFL) players. Sixteen retired NFL athletes were examined using Goffman’s theory of self-presentation to determine strategies used for building personal brand extensions and obtaining follower engagement via Instagram. Through a content analysis, a total of 2,933 Instagram posts were analyzed, and the findings from this study revealed that former NFL players with fewer followers received higher engagement rates, and retired NFL players made more backstage type of posts on personal pages compared with front-stage posts. Implications, recommendations, and future research suggestions also are discussed within the paper.