Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale Research Articles

Mental health in the two years following hypertensive and normotensive pregnancy: The Postpartum, Physiology, Psychology and Paediatric follow-up (P4) cohort study

BackgroundPostpartum mental illnesses and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are both common, and both associated with adverse maternal and child health outcomes. However, the relationship between them is unclear. This study aimed to investigate prevalence and symptom severity of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 2-years postpartum in women with normal blood pressure (NBP) during pregnancy versus preeclampsia or gestational hypertension (GH). MethodsTwo-years follow-up of the prospective Postpartum, Physiology, Psychology and Paediatric (P4) Cohort Study was conducted in metropolitan Australia. Prevalence and symptom severity of depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS > 12), anxiety (7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, GAD-7 ≥ 10) and PTSD (Posttraumatic stress Diagnostic Scale, PDS/PDS-5) were measured and calculated for women with NBP, preeclampsia and GH. ResultsAmong 365 participants (NBP: n = 271, preeclampsia: n = 75, GH: n = 19), 2-years postpartum depression prevalence was 3.9% (95% CI 2.3–6.4%): 4.4% after NBP, and 2.7% after preeclampsia (p = 0.53). Anxiety prevalence was higher after GH than NBP (15.8% versus 3.3%, p = 0.02). Prevalence of any mental illness (depression/anxiety/PTSD) was 5.9% (95% CI 3.8–8.8%); 5.6% after NBP, 4.1% after PE, and 15.8% after GH (p = 0.15). Although PTSD prevalence was low (1.4%), and similar between groups (p = 0.97), around 3 times more women after PE (8.1%), compared to NBP (2.5%), recalled childbirth as traumatic (p = 0.003). ConclusionsPreeclampsia, although associated with persistent perceptions of traumatic childbirth, did not alter the risk of mental illnesses at 2-years postpartum. GH (albeit in a small subgroup) was associated with increased anxiety scores. Larger, multicentre studies are required to clarify relationships between HDP and postpartum mental illness. Trial registrationRetrospectively registered on 18/11/2013 with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. Registration Number: ACTRN 12613 00,126 0718.

Psychosomatic symptoms associated with traumatic events experienced in medical students.

Many facts indicate the important role of psychosomatic symptoms that occur due to traumatic events. This study is an analysis of the coexistence of psychosomatic symptoms and traumatic events. Though not every person taking part in these events develops a fully symptomatic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychosomatic symptoms with a strong psychological component are observed in many. This study focuses on a comparison of the intensity of somatization, anxiety, depression, and distress of medical university students, who encountered a traumatic event and those who have not experienced trauma. The data was collected from 594 students of different academic majors at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland. The participants were asked if they had experienced situations that caused psychological trauma as well as about the intensity of their psychosomatic symptoms. The data was collected with 2 questionnaires: Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale and Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire. The study reveals that 78% of students experienced a traumatic event, in 15% moderate and severe symptoms of PTSD are observed, 45% presents average and high stress levels, 23% experiences symptoms of depression, whereas 30% has anxiety and 26% somatic symptoms. Studies show that experiencing traumatic events in life is linked to the higher intensity of an/the entire range of psychosomatic symptoms. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(5):606-17.

Individual and Work-Related Psychological Characteristics Contributing to Subjective Well-Being in Air Rescue Employees

ObjectiveAir rescue staff are subject to stressors, including frequent traumatic events, shift work, and unfavorable conditions during rescue missions. We investigated subjective well-being among employees of the Swiss Air-Rescue organization and the potential determining factors, such as sense of coherence, self-esteem, coping, stress, and mental health status. MethodsAll employees (N = 142) received a questionnaire battery composed of the Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress, the Salutogenic Subjective Work Analysis, the Stress Coping Questionnaire, the Health and Stress Questionnaire, the Sense of Coherence Scale 13-item scale, the Inventory for the Measurement of Self-Efficacy and Externality, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, and the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale. A discriminant analysis was conducted (input: subjective well-being, output: potential determining factors). A total of 48 participants provided complete data. ResultsThe discriminant analysis was significant (χ2 = 40.80, P < .001; correct classification: 89.4%) and revealed that sense of coherence (F1,45 = 40.46) and self-esteem (F1,45 = 36.20) were the most important discriminating factors for subjective well-being. ConclusionSense of coherence and self-esteem play an important role in the subjective well-being of emergency and rescue personnel. Fostering these traits should be included in preventive programs.

The impact of anger and self-concealment on post-traumatic stress and psychiatric comorbid symptoms in Chinese prisoners: A longitudinal study.

Research reported prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among prisoners varies between countries, with most studies based on Western samples. The trajectory of symptoms has also been controversial. Trauma can affect prisoners' emotions and their emotional regulation tends to be maladaptive. To examine changes in PTSD and psychiatric comorbidity among prisoners in China over time and to determine whether anger and self-concealment predicts later distress. In a longitudinal, prospective study, sentenced men in one prison in China were asked to complete a demographic page and several self-rating scales: the Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the General Health Questionnaire-28, the Clinical Anger Scale and the Self-Concealment Scale at baseline and at 6 and 12months after the initial assessment. More than half of the 496 participating men were diagnosed with PTSD. For those completing the scales at each evaluation, PTSD-DS scores were significantly lower at baseline than at the 6-month and 1-year assessments. No significant differences were found between the two follow-up scores. There was no significant difference in psychiatric comorbidity between the three phases. At the cross-sectional level, after controlling for age and education level, PTSD, anger and self-concealment were associated with psychiatric comorbidity. At the prospective level, anger predicted PTSD 6months and 1year later. Self-concealment predicted psychiatric comorbidity over time. Among these prisoners the prevalence of chronic PTSD was far higher than in general population estimates. Early identification of aspects of coping styles is likely to help predict disorder trajectory and inform interventions. Early signs of anger were indicative of the chronic severity of trauma reactions, while the intention to hide distress was related to other later mental health problems.

Genome-wide association study of posttraumatic stress disorder among childhood cancer survivors: results from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study and the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort

Genetic influence shapes who develops posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic events. However, the genetic variants identified for PTSD may in fact be associated with traumatic exposures (e.g., interpersonal violence), which appear heritable as well. Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at risk for PTSD, but genetic influences affecting cancer are unlikely to overlap with those affecting PTSD. This offers a unique opportunity to identify variants specific to PTSD risk. In a genome-wide association study (GWAS), 3984 5-year survivors of childhood cancer of European-ancestry from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) were evaluated for discovery and 1467 survivors from the St. Jude Lifetime (SJLIFE) cohort for replication. Childhood cancer-related PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale in CCSS. GWAS was performed in CCSS using logistic regression and lead markers were replicated/meta-analyzed using SJLIFE. Cross-associations of identified loci were examined between CCS and the general population. PTSD criteria were met for 671 participants in CCSS and 161 in SJLIFE. Locus 10q26.3 was significantly associated with PTSD (rs34713356, functionally mapped to ECHS1, P = 1.36 × 10–8, OR 1.57), and was replicated in SJLIFE (P = 0.047, OR 1.37). Variants in locus 6q24.3-q25.1 reached marginal significance (rs9390543, SASH1, P = 3.56 × 10–6, OR 0.75) in CCSS and significance when meta-analyzing with SJLIFE (P = 2.02 × 10–8, OR 0.75). Both loci were exclusively associated with PTSD in CCS rather than PTSD/stress-related disorders in general population (P-for-heterogeneity < 5 × 10–6). Our CCS findings support the role of genetic variation in PTSD development and may provide implications for understanding PTSD heterogeneity.

The role of repetitive thinking and spirituality in the development of posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Both post-traumatic growth (PTG) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with spirituality and different kinds of repetitive thinking, such as deliberate rumination (DR) and intrusive rumination (IR), respectively. This study aimed to examine if spirituality modifies the relationship between types of rumination and trauma outcomes. Ninety-six students completed an online survey of four questionnaires in a cross-sectional online survey: The Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the Event Related Rumination Inventory, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short form and the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory- Revised. Findings revealed that spirituality was related to DR and PTG, but not to IR or PTSD symptoms. Moderation analysis showed that spirituality significantly moderated the relationship between PTG and DR, but not the relationship between PTSD and IR. These findings indicate that while spirituality has no relationship with negative outcomes of trauma, it may help individuals to ruminate in a constructive manner in order to develop positive outcomes.

Post-traumatic stress disorder and Post-traumatic Growth among Police officials; Role of Coping Self Efficacy and Hope

Background: Post traumatic stress disorder in the after math of trauma is common. The objective of this study was to find correlation between Post-traumatic stress disorder and contributing factors of growth after trauma in active duty officials of police having direct exposure of trauma during war against terror in Pakistan.&#x0D; Methodology: The cross-sectional study was done on active-duty police officials from Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan in three years duration from Jan, 2019 till December 2021. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used for selection of participants. Post-Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS-5), short form of Comprehensive trauma inventory, Adult Hope Scale and Perceived coping self-efficacy scale were used for data collection. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. After descriptive analysis, correlation of variables was checked by Pearson correlation and moderation analysis was done.&#x0D; Results: Age range of the participants was 33.6 ± 6.3 years. There was a significant strong positive correlation of Hope and Perceived self-efficacy with Post traumatic growth and negative correlation with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. There was a significant increase in post-traumatic growth in presence of hope and perceived self-efficacy.&#x0D; Conclusion: Relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth was moderated by perceived coping self-efficacy and hope.

Prognostic factors for post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depression in women after early pregnancy loss: a multi-centre prospective cohort study.

ObjectivesTo investigate prognostic factors for anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms 1 month after early pregnancy loss (EPL).DesignA prospective cohort study. Consecutive women were recruited, and demographic and clinical data were collected. Surveys containing the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) were emailed 1 month after a loss. Univariable logistic regression was performed to link factors with caseness of anxiety, depression or PTS according to screening measures.SettingEarly pregnancy units of three central London hospitals.Participants737/1116 eligible women with an EPL were recruited. 492 responded to HADS and 487 to PDS.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome is the area under the curve (AUC) to predict any psychological morbidity (defined as moderate/severe anxiety or depression, or meeting screening criteria for PTS) for each variable. Further outcomes are explained variation (R2) and p value for any morbidity, and AUC, explained variation, and p value for each morbidity separately.ResultsWomen who had a past diagnosis of a psychiatric condition were more likely to meet criteria for anxiety, depression or PTS (75% for current diagnosis vs 55% for past vs 30% for no diagnosis; AUC 0.61; R2 8.4%; p<0.0001), as were those with previous pregnancy loss (48% vs 30%; AUC 0.59; R2 4.3%; p<0.0001). Most of the assessed factors did not demonstrate potential utility in predicting psychological distress, including gestational age, overnight admission, time taken for diagnosis, pre-existing children and the diagnosis itself (miscarriage vs ectopic vs other) (AUCs≤0.54; R2≤0.9%).ConclusionsWomen with a history of mental health problems, or those with previous losses, may be at higher risk of psychological illness 1 month after pregnancy loss. However, prognostic ability was poor overall. All women should be considered at risk.

Feasibility of Assessing Adolescent and Young Adult Heart Transplant Recipient Mental Health and Resilience Using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures.

Although adolescents and young adults may be particularly prone to mental health symptoms after heart transplant, screening practices are variable. To assess the feasibility of using patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures to assess mental health, functional status, and resiliency in posttransplant adolescents and young adult patients. Patients transplanted between ages 15 and 25 years at 3 centers completed 6 PRO instruments via web-based platforms: PROMIS instruments for anxiety, depression, satisfaction with social roles, and physical functioning; the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version 5; and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10. Feasibility (completion, time to completion, and measure missingness) and PRO results were described and compared between patients with congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathy. Nineteen patients (median age at transplant 17.7 y [interquartile range 16.3, 19.2 y], 84% male) were enrolled at an average of 3±1.8 years after transplant. Enrollment was 90% among eligible patients. Measure missingness was zero. The average completion time was 12±15 minutes for all instruments. Timely PRO completion was facilitated by in-clinic application. The PRO results indicated that 9 patients (47%) had at least mild posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (≥11 points on Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version 5). Among them, 4 patients had scores >28 suggestive of probable posttraumatic stress disorder. Two (11%) and 6 (32%) patients had anxious and depressive symptoms, respectively. The cardiomyopathy cohort had a higher median Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version 5 score than that of the congenital heart disease subgroup (11.0 vs 6.0; P=0.015). Twelve (63%) had resiliency scores that were lower than the population average. No significant differences were found in PRO results between patients with cardiomyopathy and congenital heart disease apart from the posttraumatic stress disorder assessment. This novel PRO-based approach to psychiatric screening of adolescents and young adult patients after transplant appears feasible for assessing mental health, functional status, and resiliency, with excellent enrollment and completion rates. These instruments characterized the burden of mental health symptoms within this adolescents and young adult heart transplant cohort, with a high prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Resiliency scores were lower than in a comparison population. Electronically-administered PRO administration could facilitate more consistent mental health screening in this at-risk group.

Depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder six months following preeclampsia and normotensive pregnancy: a P4 study

BackgroundMental health is an integral part of overall health. Mental health disorders following childbirth are common and poor maternal mental health has consequences for both the mother and her infant. Preeclampsia is also relatively common in pregnancy but there is little known about the intersection between these two important conditions. Gaining a better understanding of the psychological consequences following preeclampsia is important, especially the link with depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder. If women who experience preeclampsia are recognised as being at increased risk of poor mental health, targeted screening in the postpartum period should be implemented.AimsTo describe the prevalence and symptom severity of depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder at six months postpartum in women, who had a diagnosis of preeclampsia, compared to those who had normal blood pressure in pregnancy.MethodsThe mental health component of the prospective cohort study, the Postpartum, Physiology, Psychology and Paediatric follow-up study (P4 Study) was used. Women diagnosed with preeclampsia (n = 90) and those who were normotensive during pregnancy (n = 302) completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, General Anxiety Disorder Scale, and the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale or Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Sclae-5 at six months postpartum.ResultsAt six months postpartum, depressive scores were similar in both groups but a higher proportion of women from the preeclampsia group scored above the threshold for depression (2% v 7% p = 0.04). There were no differences between the groups in the prevalence or severity of anxiety or PTSD. However, more women in the preeclampsia group reported their birth experience as a traumatic event (1% vs 7%, p = 0.01). On correlation testing and modelling, booking Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score, any mental health history, experiencing birth as traumatic and the General Anxiety Disorder Scale score were independent predictors of postpartum Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores.ConclusionThe postpartum clinical care of women with preeclampsia often focusses on the immediate physical health issues, but these women may also benefit from mental health screening. Targeted screening of preeclamptic women in the postpartum period may lead to more timely referral and initiation of treatment.Trial registrationRetrospectively registered on 18/11/2013 with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. Registration Number: ACTRN12613001260718.

Correlation of BDNF Gene Polymorphism and Psychological Nursing Intervention in Patients with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion

Objective: To investigate the correlation between recurrent spontaneous abortion patients and brain derived neurotrophic factor BDNF gene polymorphism and the mechanism of BDNF and recurrent spontaneous abortion under stress state in order to provide theoretical basis for nursing psychological intervention of patients with recurrent abortion. Methods: Medical coping Questionnaire (MCMO) and post-traumatic stress Diagnostic Scale (POST-traumatic stress Scale) were adopted Dissorder (PTSD) (PCL-c) scale was used to diagnose the psychological stress of recurrent spontaneous abortion in our hospital, and the BDNF gene polymorphism and the correlation factors of METHYLation in BDNF promoter region were studied in 30 cases (control group) and normal control group. Results: The MCMQ score of the case group and the control group was significantly lower than that of the conventional group (P < 0.05), and the scores of “avoidance and submission” were higher than that of the conventional group, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). The distribution of BDNF gene g-712A genotype was significantly different between the case group and the control group. Conclusion: There are significant differences in PTSD between the case group and the control group, which are related to methylation in the PROMOTER region of BDNF and SNP g-712A of BDNF gene. AG patients in the case group are more susceptible to anxiety and depression, and GG PTSD is more severe in the case group. BDNF promoter methylation and G-712A were independent risk factors for PTSD in the case group.

Rates and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder and symptoms during the immediate onset of COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of patients from an outpatient psychiatric clinic in Turkiye.

This study was designed to investigate the traumatic stress levels, participants demonstrating higher than post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cutoff, thus PTSD possibility, levels, and related factors of patients who felt the need to apply to the outpatient clinic for the 1st time during the first period of the outbreak of the pandemic as a traumatic event, when many psychiatry outpatient clinics were mostly closed to face-to-face admissions. In our research, we targeted three objectives. First, we evaluated PTSD as indicated with measure cutoff points and post-traumatic stress symptom (PTSS) rates among the individuals who were admitted to an outpatient psychiatric clinic for the 1st time, 3 months after the first COVID-19 case was reported in Turkiye. Second, we investigated the relationship between PTSS and PTSD cutoff with anxiety, stress, depression, hopelessness, fear of COVID-19, and disability levels. Third, we aimed to explore the sociodemographic data and risk factors related to PTSD cutoff and PTSS controlling levels of disability, hopelessness, fear of COVID-19, anxiety, depression, and stress. For our study, a total number of 85 cases were recruited. Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCS) were administered to each patient. The rates of possible PTSD and PTSSs were found to be 25.9% and 88.2%. The majority of participants were women (65.9%) who have been presenting complaints with anxiety symptoms (60.1%) and social media users (74.1%). The mean DASS-21 all subscales (anxiety, depression, and stress) (p<0.01), BHS (p<0.01), FCS (p=0.03), and SDS family life/home responsibilities subscale (p<0.01) scores of PTSD cutoff subgroup (n=22) were higher than non-PTSD group (n=63). We observed significant positive correlations between the FCS scores and DASS-21 anxiety subscale (p<0.01), SDS family life/home responsibilities and social life/leisure activities subscales (p<0.05), and PDS symptom severity subscale (p<0.01) scores. These results demonstrate that a COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic life event that causes high rates of possible PTSD, PTSS, anxiety, depression, hopelessness, and disability and leads to admissions to psychiatric outpatient clinics.

Management of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury.

Management of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury.

Parental Psychological Flexibility as a Mediating Factor of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children after Hospitalization or Surgery.

Background: Illness, surgery, and surgical hospitalization are significant stressors for children. Children exposed to such medical events may develop post-traumatic medical syndrome (PMTS, pediatric medical traumatic stress) that could slow their physical and emotional recovery. Objective: This study examined the relationship between the level of parental psychological resilience and the development of PMTS in young children. Method: We surveyed 152 parents of children aged 1–6 who were admitted to the pediatric surgery department. Parents completed questionnaires in two phases. In the first phase, one of the parents completed the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-ll) and the Parental Psychological Flexibility (PPF) Questionnaire. In the second phase, about three months after discharge, the same parent completed the Young Child PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) Checklist (YCPC) and the UCLA (Los Angeles, CA, USA) PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-5 Parent/Caregiver Version for Children Age 6 Years and Younger Evaluating Post-traumatic Disorder. In addition, the parent completed a Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) questionnaire to assess the existence of post-traumatic symptoms in the parents. Results: The findings indicate that (1) a parent’s psychological flexibility is significantly associated with the level of personal distress (r = −0.45, p < 0.001), (2) a parents’ level of distress is significantly correlated with the child’s level of PTMS, and (3) a parent’s level of psychological flexibility is a significant mediating factor between the level of parental post-traumatic distress and the child’s level of PTMS. Conclusions: A parent’s psychological flexibility may act as a protective factor against the development of the child’s mental distress after hospitalization or surgery.

Correlates of post-traumatic stress among victimized women on probation and parole

The current study aimed to identify the correlates of post-traumatic stress among a sample of women on probation and parole with a history of victimization. Community-based sampling was used to recruit 406 women on probation and parole in Jefferson County, Kentucky. The post-traumatic stress diagnostic scale was used to measure three indicators of post-traumatic stress: post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis, symptom severity, and the number of life domains impacted by symptoms. Shaped by the comprehensive health seeking and coping paradigm, logistic and ordinary least squares regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between sociodemographic factors, criminal justice involvement, cumulative victimization, substance use, social support, material loss, homelessness, and post-traumatic stress. Models identifying correlates of post-traumatic stress accounted for between 18.6% and 26% of the variance and point to critical opportunities for intervention surrounding the dynamic factors of recent intimate partner violence and material loss. Targeting these important factors during community supervision is anticipated to decrease post-traumatic stress and increase the likelihood of success under criminal justice system supervision.

Post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and stress burden among caregivers of patients with severe mental illness

IntroductionCare givers of patients with severe mental disorders have been shown to be under heavy stress burden that reflect itself through various heterogenous psychiatric symptoms that may mimic PTSD with associated negative impact on interpersonal relations and work performanceObjectivesto assess the prevalence of PTSD symptoms among care givers of patients with severe mental illnessMethods70 patients care givers of sevely mentally ill patients compred to control 70 care giver of patients with chronic debilitating medical illness were recruited from outpatient of the university hospital outpatient facilities, random selection. Severe mental illness was defined by Global assessment of function GAF score above 50 and duration exceeding 2 years. Both groups were subject to Zarit burden interview to assess stress burden and post traumatic stress diagnostic scale PDS to assess PTSD symptomatsResults43% of care givers of severly mentally patients showed moderate to severe burden on the Zarit scale compared to only 10% among care givers of medically ill patients, this difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0,001). Among care givers of severly mental patients showed moderate to severe score on post traumatic stress diagnostic scale compared to 0% among those taking care of medically ill patients. this difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0,001)ConclusionsStress burden among care givers of patients with severe mental illness is high and may manifest symptoms of post traumatic disorder. This highlight the importance of particular psychological support and assessment among care givers of patients with sever mental illnessDisclosureNo significant relationships.

Post-traumatic Stress Reaction and Internally Displaced Persons

The concept of involuntary displacement inside the country is growing day by day. Globally, researchers have suggested that due to prolonged internal displacement the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) usually suffer from mental health issues. The current study was carried out with the purpose of investigating the psychosocial reactions of trauma in IDPs, who were subjected to displacement due to the military operation in the region, with no concurrent aim of diagnosing them with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It was a cross-sectional study and 104 (M= 31.20, SD=9.32) IDPs were sampled for it. Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) was administered on IDPs. The findings revealed that around 17% of them showed severe symptoms. The women were at more risk for PTSD as compared to men. Although no significant differences were found in both genders when it was about impairment in daily life functioning and both were equally affected. The satisfaction of life was decreased; too, on many symptoms results were significant. It was revealed that symptom severity decreased when the duration of displacement increased. The results were described according to cultural manifestation.

Posttraumatic stress disorder and measurement invariance in a sample of sexual assault survivors: Are symptom clusters stable over time?

Many sexual assault victims develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after their assault, the symptoms of which can last for months or years. Although severity of PTSD symptoms generally decreases over time, it is unclear whether symptom clusters decrease at a consistent pace or whether certain symptom clusters resolve more quickly than do others. Put in terms of measurement invariance, do all symptom clusters maintain stable contributions to the underlying construct of PTSD over time? This article responds to that question by analyzing longitudinal data collected from a diverse sample of sexual assault survivors. We conducted a longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis to assess measurement invariance of the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale. We also tested the impact of time since the assault and revictimization between measurement occasions on posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results indicated that although 3 out of 4 symptom clusters remained stable, the contribution of the dysphoria symptom cluster to the latent factor of PTSD varied over time. Findings also suggested that whereas time since the assault was not a significant predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms, revictimization between Wave 1 and Wave 2 surveys did predict posttraumatic stress at the 2nd measurement occasion. Trauma researchers and practitioners are advised to monitor item-level movement on dysphoria scales rather than focus on the average cluster score, because items in this symptom cluster may change in a less predictable way than do items in other symptom clusters. Lack of attention to this issue may lead to inaccurate or incomplete conclusions about how PTSD symptom clusters evolve over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Posttraumatic stress, anxiety and depression following miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study

Early pregnancy losses are common, but their psychologic sequelae are often overlooked. Previous studies have established links between miscarriage and early symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, the incidence of posttraumatic stress symptoms and the psychologic response specifically to ectopic pregnancies have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate levels of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety in women in the 9 months after early pregnancy loss, with a focus on miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy. Morbidity at 1 month was compared with a control group in healthy pregnancy. This was a prospective cohort study. Consecutive women were recruited from the early pregnancy and antenatal clinics at 3 London hospitals and received emailed surveys that contained standardized psychologic assessments that included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Posttraumatic stress Diagnostic Scale, at 1, 3, and 9 months after loss. Control subjects were assessed after a dating scan. We assessed the proportion of participants who met the screening criteria for posttraumatic stress and moderate/severe anxiety or depression. We used logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios. Seven hundred thirty-seven of 1098 women (67%) with early pregnancy loss (including 537 miscarriages and 116 ectopic pregnancies) and 171 of 187 control subjects (91%) agreed to participate. Four hundred ninety-two of the women with losses (67%) completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale after 1 month; 426 women (58%) completed it after 3 months, and 338 women (46%) completed it after 9 months. Eighty-seven control subjects (51%) participated. Criteria for posttraumatic stress were met in 29% of women with early pregnancy loss after 1 month and in 18% after 9 months (odds ratio per month, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.89). Moderate/severe anxiety was reported in 24% after 1 month and in 17% after 9 months (odds ratio per month, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.94). Moderate/severe depression was reported in 11% of the women after 1 month and 6% of the women after 9 months (odds ratio per month, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.53-1.44). After miscarriage, proportions after 9 months were 16% for posttraumatic stress, 17% for anxiety, and 5% for depression. Corresponding figures after ectopic pregnancy were 21%, 23%, and 11%, respectively. In contrast, among control women with viable pregnancies, 13% reported moderate-to-severe anxiety (odds ratio loss at 1 month vs controls: 2.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-4.36), and 2% reported moderate-to-severe depression (odds ratio loss at 1 month vs control subjects: 3.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-19.2). Women experience high levels of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression after early pregnancy loss. Distress declines over time but remains at clinically important levels at 9 months.

The Relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Interpersonal Sensitivity and Specific Distress Symptoms: the Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation.

This study examined 1) the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from past trauma, interpersonal sensitivity and psychiatric co-morbidity, and 2) whether cognitive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the impact of PTSD on specific distress outcomes. Four hundred seventy-five Kazakh students (F = 336, M = 139) participated in the study and completed a demographic page, Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5, General Health Questionnaire-28, Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. The results showed that 71% reported that they had experienced at least one trauma throughout their lifespan, of whom 39% met the criteria for full-PTSD. Controlling for age and university majors, PTSD was associated with interpersonal sensitivity and psychiatric co-morbidity. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies were correlated with specific distress outcomes. Whilst positive reappraisal and refocusing on planning were associated with interpersonal sensitivity, self-blame and putting the trauma into perspective were associated with psychiatric co-morbidity. Self-blame mediated the impact of PTSD on psychiatric co-morbidity. To conclude, trauma can heighten levels of sensitivity in interpersonal interaction and psychological symptoms. Having specific thoughts about the trauma can impact on specific psychological reactions. Blaming oneself for the trauma can influence its impact on the severity of psychological symptoms.