Multiple-choice Posttest Research Articles

High-Frequency Vocabulary: Moving From Recognition to Recall Level on Quizlet

This study expands arguments calling for a more rigorous approach to high-frequency vocabulary list-based learning in EFL learning environments. Test and flashcard item designs were validated through quantitative (midterm and final test) and qualitative (survey) results to explore the impact of digital flashcards designed to build recall-level comprehension on both timed gap-fill and traditional multiple-choice posttests. Quizlet was chosen as the platform due to the affordance it provides teachers to create flashcard content and monitor practice. The results showed that multiple-choice, recognition-level test items result in a 20% overestimation of knowledge relative to gap-fill posttests. Additionally, a post-semester survey of 138 Japanese, pre-intermediate students of English showed a highly positive response to the recall-focused practice and testing system. The results demonstrate that for high-frequency L2 vocabulary, a paradigm shift from form-meaning recognition to form-meaning recall is an important direction for high-frequency vocabulary instruction and testing.

E-FAST Ultrasound Training Curriculum for Prehospital Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Clinicians.

Audience and type of curriculum: This hybrid, asynchronous curriculum is designed for prehospital clinician colleagues, including but not limited to emergency medical technicians (EMT), advanced EMTs (AEMT), EMT-paramedics (EMT-P), critical care EMT-Ps (CCEMTP), critical care transport nurses (CCTN), and certified flight registered nurses (CFRN) to learn and practice ultrasound fundamentals in the setting of a standardized extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma (E-FAST) exam. Over a five-month curriculum, learners will perform a pre-test, review online module lectures, attend an ultrasound scanning workshop, and perform post-test examinations. The extended-focused assessment with sonography in trauma (E-FAST) exam can identify intrathoracic and intraabdominal free fluid, as well as pneumothoraces. The E-FAST ultrasound exam has previously been taught to clinicians of various backgrounds in healthcare including emergency medical service (EMS). However, an open-access, systemized curriculum for teaching E-FAST exams to EMS clinicians has not been published. By the end of these training activities, prehospital EMS learners will be able to demonstrate foundational ultrasound skills in scanning, interpretation, and artifact recognition by identifying pertinent organs and anatomically relevant structures for an E-FAST examination. Learners will differentiate between normal and pathologic E-FAST ultrasound images by identifying the presence of free fluid and lung sliding. Learners will also explain the clinical significance and application of detecting free fluid during an E-FAST scan. The educational strategies used in this curriculum include a hybrid, asynchronous curriculum encompassing 2.5 hours of lectures derived from online learning modules and in-person review. In addition, learners will attend 2 hours of hands-on proctored ultrasound scanning practicing E-FAST examinations. An online 13-question pre-test was administered prior to the study. An online post-test and in-person scanning OSCEs were administered at least eight weeks after their scheduled workshop consisting of an online 13-question multiple-choice post-test, a confidence survey, and a hands-on E-FAST Objectively Structured Clinical Exam (OSCE) session. A non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed between each pre-test and post-test metric to examine the statistical differences of paired data. Post-test scores demonstrated statistically significant improvement in both image interpretation exams and ultrasound self-efficacy from the pre-test. The mean pre-test and post-test scores were 55.46% (7.21 ± 1.99) and 84.23% (10.89 ± 1.59) correct out of 13 questions, respectively (p < 0.0001). Participants surveyed an increase in self-efficacy reflected by a Likert scale for ultrasound usage and image interpretation (p < 0.005). The average post-test OSCE E-FAST exam score was 37.89 ± 2.76 out of 42 points (90.21%). This 4.5-hour hybrid asynchronous model demonstrates an effective curriculum for teaching E-FAST ultrasound to prehospital clinicians. Ultrasound, sonography, prehospital clinicians, emergency medical services (EMS), paramedics, critical care transport, extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma (E-FAST), free fluid, sliding lung sign, elective, pain.

Mastery of Student Concepts in Physics Learning: Analysis of student learning outcomes based on teacher treatment after using the Discovery Learning Model

This research aims to determine the effect of the discovery learning model on mastery of the concept of temperature and heat material. This research uses a quantitative type of research with a quasi-experimental design using Posttest Only Control Group Design. The population of this research is class X for the 2023/2024 academic year at SMK Negeri 09 Muaro Jambi. Sampling used a purposive sampling technique to obtain 2 classes, namely the experimental class with 18 students and the control class with 18 students. Both classes were given test questions in the form of a multiple choice posttest consisting of 5 questions. Based on tests and data analysis, the average score for the experimental class was 70.00 with a standard deviation of 19.70 and the average score for the control class was 58.00 with a standard deviation of 24.22. From the results above, it is found that mastery of concepts using the discovery learning model is better than mastery of concepts without using a learning model. It can be concluded that the discovery learning model influences students' mastery of concepts in temperature and heat material. This is because learning using the discovery learning model can increase students' activeness in learning, especially temperature and heat material.

The Effect of Problem Based Learning on Understanding of Prospective Elementary School Teacher

Most of the understanding of prospective elementary school teachers is still low. This is evidenced by the assignment score of prospective teacher that have not reached the achievement standards set by the university. The PBL model is an effective way to produce important skills such as communication skills, project management, collaborative, and innovative. The purpose of the study was to analyses the effect of the problem based learning method on the level of understanding of prospective elementary school teachers in Indonesia. This study uses quantitative methods with a quasi-experimental design. The experimental design used is the pretest and posttest control group design. Data collection techniques are using the test method. The population and sample in this study consisted of 2 classes majoring in elementary school education. The instrument used in this study was a test, namely pretest and posttest multiple choice questions. The technique used to analyze the data to test the research hypothesis is One Way Anova. Based on the results of this study, it showed that the average posttest value of the experimental class using problem based learning research was 84.82 while the average in the control class was 82.32. There is an increase of 2.5 by using the problem based learning method in Indonesian language lectures. The conclusion is that there is an influence that can increase the understanding of prospective elementary school teachers during the Indonesian language lecture process using the problem based learning method.

Probing CAKE-Learn English Application toward Students’ Motivation in Learning English Vocabulary at SMPN 2 Kediri

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the CAKE-Learn English Application increases students' motivation to learn English vocabulary. This study was conducted as part of the Classroom Action Research project (CAR). The information was gathered quantitatively as well as qualitatively. The researcher's instrument included a multiple choice post-test and a questionnaire non-test. The results demonstrated that the CAKE-Learn English Application could help students improve their vocabulary. The results of the first cycle show an improvement, with 16 out of 31 students, or 51.62 percent, experiencing an increase in vocabulary. The results of Cycle II revealed those 26 out of 31 students, or 83.87 percent, improved their vocabulary, and the questionnaire revealed that 87.09 percent of students increased their motivation to learn English vocabulary. As a result, the CAKE-Learn English Application was able to increase students' motivation to learn English vocabulary. Students can collaborate in groups and assist one another through the use of this media.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Penemuan Terbimbing terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas X SMAN 2 Binamu (Studi pada Materi Pokok Ikatan Kimia)

The research was a quasi-experimental that aimed to know the effect of guided discovery learning toward students’ achievement of class X SMAN 2 Binamu. The independent variable in this research was guided discovery learning models, the dependent variable was students’ achievement on chemical bonding subject matter. The population was class X SMAN 2 Binamu consisted of 157 students that spread on six classes. Taking technique of sample was random sampling. The sample of this research consisted of two classes, namely class X1 as an experiment class with 25 students and class X2 as a control class with 25 students. The data of the research were gathered by testing the students’ achievement on chemical bonding subject matter for post-test multiple choice form which were analyzed by using t-test. Results of inferential statistical analysis were tcalculate (1,865) higher than ttable (1,671) on α ═ 0,05. Conclude that guided discovery learning model gives effected to toward student’s achievement of class X SMAN 2 Binamu on chemical bonding subject matter.

The Effect of Project Based Learning with Ethnoscience Approach on Science Conceptual Understanding

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of implementing a project-based learning model (PjBL) with an ethnoscience approach on the level of understanding of elementary school students' concepts and to determine student responses to the application of a Project Based Learning Model (PjBL) with an ethnoscience approach. This study was a quasi experimental research design with a post-test only group design. The samples used were two classes of fourth grade students as the experimental class consisted of 27 students and the control class consisted of 23 students. The sampling technique used was multiple purposive sampling. The data collection method used was the test and non test method. The instruments used are multiple choice post-test questions and student response questionnaires to the application of a project-based learning model (PjBL) with an ethnoscience approach. The normality and homogeneity test as the initial test showed the data were normally distributed and homogeneous. This study used the average difference test with the parametric statistical test Independent-Sample T Test. The t-test results showed that the t-count value is 2.452 t-table 2.011 so that there is a significant difference in the post-test mean of students in the experimental class and the control class. The average score of student responses to the use of the Project Based Learning Model (PjBL) model with an ethnoscience approach is 89.6 with very good criteria. The application of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) model with the ethnoscience approach affects science conceptual understanding.

A Novel Approach in Understanding and Retaining the Subject Concepts among Medical Undergraduates using Treasure Hunt Competition as a Tool: A Quasi-experimental Study

Introduction: There is a need to incorporate innovative teaching methods other than conventional didactic lectures to generate interest of medical undergraduates in learning Pharmacology. Game-based Learning (GBL) is a new strategy in medical education that can create a fun based atmosphere for learning. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of GBL as a tool in learning process and in memory retention of the knowledge acquired in Pharmacology using treasure hunt competition. Materials and Methods: The quasi-experimental study was conducted on 4th semester MBBS students of Kanachur Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, from February 2019 to March 2019, as a part of the Advanced Course in Medical Education [ACME] project work, Medical Council of India. Entire phase II students (N=150) were included in the study. Students were divided into the GBL group and the Facilitated Learners (FL) group. Both groups were exposed to their respective GBL and FL based learning. Before and after the respective GBL and FL sessions, a pretest and two posttest multiple choice questions based tests were conducted. The second post-test was conducted one month later as a surprise one. Thereafter, a questionnaire was given to pen down the perceptions about GBL. Pretest and post-test marks were analysed by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey-Kramer test. Perceptions about GBL were entered in percentage. Results: The mean scores of the GBL group were significantly more (p-value&lt;0.001) as compared to the FL group in both the post-tests. In their feedback about GBL, the students appreciated the usefulness of this innovative way of learning Pharmacology. Conclusion: The GBL is an effective tool to teach pharmacology to medical undergraduates.

The Effect of Media of Chemondro and Hybrid of Video Conference on Teaching Learning towards Students’ Self-efficacy and Students’ Achievement on the Subject of Solubility and Solubility Product

This research was conducted to analyze the effect of using the media of chemondro and hybrid video conferences in the teaching-learning toward students’ self-efficacy and students’ achievement on the subject of solubility and solubility product. The instruments of this research are the questionnaire and solubility and solubility product test. Thus, the research was set as quasi-experiment research using post-test only and non-equivalent control group design. By purposive sampling technique, the samples from 6 classes composed of 2 public senior high schools were selected. The classes were divided into 2 of hybrid learning with video conference and chemondro game (A), 2 classes of hybrid learning with video conference (B), and 2 classes of chemondro game (C). The corresponding data were collected on the basis of a self-efficacy learning questionnaire and a multiple-choice posttest of students' achievement in the subject of solubility and solubility product. The data were then tested by Manova. The results show that there was a significant difference in students’ self-efficacy and students’ chemistry cognitive achievement among the three classes, A, B, and C.

The influence of L1 translation familiarity on the acquisition of L2 Chinese antonyms

AbstractAs a partial replication ofTagashira, Kida, and Hoshino (2010), the present study examined first language (L1) translation familiarity effect on second language (L2) antonym acquisition among English-speaking intermediate-level Chinese learners. Fifteen students learned 15 antonymous pairs with familiar or unfamiliar L1 translations and completed two multiple-choice posttests. Their learning strategies were also collected. Results showed (a) a delayed L1 familiarity effect, (b) better retention and lower interference of L2 pairs with familiar L1 translations, (c) low retention of L2 pairs with unfamiliar L1 translations for both words, and (d) more orthographic elaboration strategies employed. The findings suggest that L2 instructors present antonyms in pairs, avoid providing a single, unfamiliar L1 translation, and encourage the use of orthographic elaboration strategies.

Awareness of Linguistic Ambiguity and Translator Training

As a first step toward understanding the relationship between conscious awareness of linguistic knowledge and translation performance, this study investigated whether enhancement of trainee translators’ awareness of linguistic ambiguity helped them increase their awareness of ambiguity in translation and whether the effects were correlated with the participants’ language proficiency. Forty-six first-year undergraduate students from a translation program received a multiple-choice pretest, a 20-minute awareness-raising lecture focusing on linguistic ambiguity immediately after the pretest, and the same multiple-choice posttest a week later. The results indicated that the participants detected more items with linguistic ambiguity in translation after their awareness of linguistic ambiguity had been increased. However, the participants also judged a higher number of unambiguous sentences as ambiguous in the posttest. Additionally, the increases or decreases in participants’ scores in the posttest were not correlated with their English proficiency. The findings could be accounted for by Schmidt’s Noticing Hypothesis. The implications for the curriculum design of translation programs as well as directions for future studies are discussed.

Impact of a focused review course in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery on test performance

BackgroundThe Core Curriculum Review Course in Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery is a 4-day educational program consisting of 77 didactic lectures that provide a comprehensive review of the material required for surgeons preparing for the American Board of Thoracic Surgery competency written examination. The lectures are supplemented with a written syllabus and interactive audience participation system. We sought to determine whether participation in this course could improve participants' performance on a cardiothoracic subject-based test. MethodsSixty-five participants attended the 2018 course. Before beginning the course lectures, a multiple-choice pretest consisting of 77 questions was administered via mobile application to gauge the participants' baseline knowledge. A second multiple-choice posttest was made available beginning 7 weeks after the course, also by mobile application. ResultsTwenty-nine participants completed both the pretest and the posttest. The median pretest score was 47% (36 of 77 correct answers). The median posttest score was 61% (47 of 77 correct answers), representing an increase of 14%. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores (z = -4.36; P = .00). Overall, 25 participants (86%) improved their posttest score. ConclusionsThe core curriculum review course was successful in improving participants' performance on the course tests, indicating that the participants' fund of knowledge was likely increased by attendance at the program. Additional strategies should be considered to address particular areas of study both for individual participants and for residents currently in training.

Penerapan Model Discovery Learning Berbasis STEM pada Materi Sistem Gerak Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis

Implementation of learning in class 11th MAN 1 and MAN 2 Banda Aceh City Students only get information without going through discussion activities, students who are not brave enough to express ideas or ideas, so that students are not trained in using their critical thinking skills. This study aims to determine the improvement of students' critical thinking skills through the application of the STEM-based discovery learning model to the motion system concept. The research approach used is quantitative with the type of pre-experimental research. The research design used is the one-group pretest-postest design. The population was all of 11th grade students, amounting to 292 people. The sampling technique used was a total sampling. The sample in this study consisted of 292 students. The instruments in this research were pretest and posttest multiple choice questions with reasoned. Data analysis consisted of normality test, paired sample t-test at a significant level of 0.05 and n-gain. The results of the paired sample t-test obtained tcount 48 and value (ρ.001), so it was concluded that there were differences in critical thinking skills and learning outcomes of students before and after learning with the application of the STEM-based discovery learning model to the motion system concept. The results of the n-gain test using the Meltzer formula showed that the gain in critical thinking skills was 0.85, so there was an increase in critical thinking skills with a high category.

Developing the eMedical Student (eMS)-A Pilot Project Integrating Medical Students into the Tele-ICU during the COVID-19 Pandemic and beyond.

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the demand for virtual healthcare delivery and highlighted the scarcity of telehealth medical student curricula, particularly tele-critical care. In partnership with the Penn E-lert program and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, the Perelman School of Medicine (PSOM) established a tele-ICU rotation to support the care of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The four-week course had seven elements: (1) 60 h of clinical engagement; (2) multiple-choice pretest; (3) faculty-supervised, student-led case and topic presentations; (4) faculty-led debriefing sessions; (5) evidence-based-medicine discussion forum; (6) multiple-choice post-test; and (7) final reflection. Five third- and fourth-year medical students completed 300 h of supervised clinical engagement, following 16 patients over three weeks and documenting 70 clinical interventions. Knowledge of critical care and telehealth was demonstrated through improvement between pre-test and post-test scores. Professional development was demonstrated through post-course preceptor and learner feedback. This tele-ICU rotation allowed students to gain telemedicine exposure and participate in the care of COVID patients in a safe environment.

Evaluation of Retention of Veterinary Clinical Pathology Knowledge between Second-Year and Fourth-Year Clinical Pathology Courses.

There is a concern over long-term retention of knowledge in professional programs. The goal of this study was to evaluate the retention of veterinary clinical pathology knowledge between the fourth-semester and fourth-year clinical pathology courses. We hypothesize that students will forget a significant amount of content area knowledge between the fourth semester and fourth year in the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) program. We further hypothesize that a review of material during the fourth-year clinical pathology rotation will help students rebuild existing knowledge and increase performance on specific test questions, between T2 (rotation pre-test) and T3 (rotation post-test). Initial mastery of course material was assessed via a 94-item multiple-choice final exam (T1) given in the semester 4 clinical pathology course. Retention of course material from semester 4 to year 4 was assessed via a 55-item multiple-choice pre-test, administered at the start of the clinical pathology rotation in year 4 while learning/mastery during the clinical rotation was assessed via a 55-item multiple-choice post-test, administered at the end of each clinical pathology rotation. In this study, evidence of knowledge retention between semester 4 and year 4 was 55.5%. There is a small increase in the measure of knowledge gain from the beginning to the end of the rotation. As an added benefit, we were able to use identified trends for retention of knowledge within specific subject areas as a mechanism to evaluate the effectiveness of our course and reallocate additional instructional time to topics with poorer retention.

Online Learning and Echocardiography Boot Camp: Innovative Learning Platforms Promoting Blended Learning and Competency in Pediatric Echocardiography.

Mastering pediatric echocardiography (PE) requires a substantial knowledge base of echo theory and congenital heart disease (CHD), along with technical proficiency. Online self-directed learning has become increasingly utilized among medical trainees to promote competency within medical subspecialties. We sought to evaluate the impact of online learning combined with lecture-based and hands-on teaching on the acquisition of PE knowledge and confidence in pediatric cardiology and pediatric critical care fellows. We prospectively enrolled 124 learners from 2016 to 2019. These included 40 incoming cardiology and critical care fellows at Texas Children's Hospital (TCH) as well as 84 national and international participants recruited from our online echo education website. All participants completed online learning modules through our website ( www.pedecho.org ), which covers pediatric echo physics, Doppler, technique, normal anatomy, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects. TCH cardiology and critical care fellows subsequently participated in an Echo Boot Camp (BC), a 3-day training program with hands-on workshops and didactic lectures. Knowledge was assessed using an 80-question pre and post-test multiple choice exams. The online learning group demonstrated improvement in exam scores following online learning (PRE 49.1 ± 15.3 vs. POST 67.8 ± 17%; p ≤ 0.01). Echo Boot Camp fellows were noted to have further incremental improvement in test scores following BC (PRE 48% ± 13% vs. POST MODULE 68.6% ± 15% vs. POST BC 75.7% ± 13%; p ≤ 0.01). Self-assessment regarding confidence in context areas showed a substantial gain in self perceived interpretive confidence across all groups as well as procedural confidence in BC participants. Online learning significantly promotes the acquisition of echocardiography knowledge. Additional lecture-based and hands-on teaching in the form of an Echo Boot Camp can further enhance knowledge and interpretative skills. Both of these learning platforms appear to work in concert as powerful and effective tools in fellow education.

Residents working with M\xe9decins Sans Fronti\xe8res: training and pilot evaluation

BackgroundWell-prepared humanitarian workers are now more necessary than ever. Essential to the preparation process are: clearly defined learning objectives, curricula tailored to the nuances of humanitarian settings, simulation-based training, and evaluation. This manuscript describes a training program designed to prepare medical residents for their first field deployment with Médecins Sans Frontières and presents the results of a pilot assessment of its effectiveness.MethodsThe training was jointly developed by the Research Center in Emergency and Disaster Medicine- CRIMEDIM of the Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy, and the humanitarian aid organization Médecins Sans Frontières- Italy (MSF-Italy); the following topics were covered: disaster medicine, public health, safety and security, infectious diseases, psychological support, communication, humanitarian law, leadership, and job-specific skills. It used a blended-learning approach consisting of a 3-month distance learning module; 1-week instructor-led coaching; and a field placement with MSF. We assessed its effectiveness using the first three levels of Kirkpatrick’s training evaluation model.ResultsEight residents took part in the evaluation. Four were residents in emergency medicine, 3 in anesthesia, and 1 in pediatrics; 3 of them were female and the median age was 31 years. Two residents were deployed in Pakistan, 1 in Afghanistan, 1 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1 in Iraq, 2 in Haiti and 1 on board of the MSF Mediterranean search & rescue ship. Mean deployment time was 3 months. The average median score for the overall course was 5 (excellent). There was a significant improvement in post-test multiple choice scores (p = 0.001) and in residents’ overall performance scores (P = 0.000001).ConclusionResidents were highly satisfied with the training program and their knowledge and skills improved as a result of participation.Trial registrationThis study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (date 24-02-2016, study code UPO.2015.4.10).

Comparison of Active Learning Techniques: Audience Response Questions Versus Small Group Discussion on Immediate- and Long-term Knowledge Gain.

Active learning techniques help with motivation, involvement, and retention during didactics. There are few studies comparing different active learning methods, and these have yielded mixed results. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two active learning methods-small-group discussion and audience response system (ARS)-on immediate- and long-term knowledge gain. This was a prospective experimental study of emergency medicine (EM) subinterns and residents. Participants were randomized into two groups, and baseline knowledge was assessed with a multiple-choice pretest. Didactic sessions on salicylate toxicity and ocular trauma were given to both groups utilizing either small-group discussion or ARS. A crossover design was utilized to ensure that both groups received instruction by each method. A multiple-choice posttest was administered following the didactics and again 2months later. Pre- and posttests were identical. All test items were written by an academic faculty member with advanced training in medical education and item writing and were based on the goals and objectives of the session. Test items were piloted with a reference group of learners. Didactic instructors were blinded to test items. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Thirty-eight subinterns and residents participated in the study. Both instructional methods showed immediate- and long-term knowledge gain. The linear mixed-effects model did not demonstrate any significant difference between instructional methods on immediate knowledge gain (mean difference=0.18, p=0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]=-0.52 to 0.88) or long-term knowledge gain (mean difference=-0.42, p=0.36, 95% CI=-1.32 to 0.47). In this small study, there was no significant difference between instructional methods on immediate- and long-term knowledge gain in EM subinterns and residents.

Evaluation of resident satisfaction and change in knowledge following use of high-fidelity simulation teaching for anaesthesia residents.

Background and Aims:Anaesthesia practice demands medical knowledge and skills as essential components for patient management in peri-operative emergencies. Since all residents are not exposed to such situations during their residency, training them using simulation technology could bridge this knowledge and skill gap. The aim of this study was to train and evaluate residents to manage anaesthesia emergencies on high fidelity simulators.Methods:Kirkpatrick model of program evaluation was carried out. Resident reaction was captured using a satisfaction questionnaire and the change in knowledge was assessed using pre-test and post-test Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Six scenarios were created and executed on a human patient simulator (HPS). All 22 residents participated in this teaching learning method. The steps of simulation teaching included pre-test, pre-briefing, orientation to manikins, performing/scribe, debriefing, feedback questionnaire, and post-test. The satisfaction questionnaire was administered following the second and fourth scenario.Results:95% residents agreed on overall satisfaction, that it helps in building team dynamics and clinical reasoning. All students agreed that this teaching had positive professional impact. 14% residents felt they were anxious during the class. The items in the questionnaire had a Cronbach's α value of 0.9. The mean score for pre-test was 24.22 ± 7 (Mean ± SD) and the post-test was 47.18 ± 5.6, the difference between the scores were statistically significant (P = 0.007).Conclusion:The use of high-fidelity simulation to train anaesthesia residents resulted in greater satisfaction scores and improved the residents' reasoning skills.

Input spacing and the learning of L2 vocabulary in a classroom context

This study examined the optimal learning schedule for second language vocabulary within an authentic classroom setting in Hong Kong. Following a pretest, treatment, delayed posttest design, fifty-two primary school students (Cantonese first language) studied 20 English adjectives over two learning episodes under spaced-short (1-day interval) or spaced-long (8-day interval) learning conditions. The spacing of the vocabulary items was manipulated within-participants, and learning was assessed on a multiple-choice posttest, administered following a four-week delay. In contrast to previous laboratory-based findings, the results here indicated superior learning of the items presented under the spaced-short format, suggesting that lag effects might be attenuated by age, learning context and teaching procedure.