Post Separation Research Articles

Efficiency of magnetic zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) modified graphene oxide for lead adsorption.

Simple and efficient removal of Pb(II) ion from aqueous solution through adsorption has accelerated the development of many new composites to improve this popular method. In this study, the composites of graphene oxide (GO), zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), and magnetic materials were synthesized via coprecipitation method utilizing a different molar ratio between FeCl2 and FeCl3 of 1:0.5, 2:1, 3:1.5, and 4:2. The ZIF-8/GO was prepared via room temperature synthesis method prior to its further modification with magnetic materials for ease of separation. It was observed that the MZIF-8/GO2 of molar ratio 2:1 showed the best performance in adsorbing Pb(II) ion. As confirmed by FESEM image, it appeared to be ZIF-8 particles that have grown all over the GO platform and overlayed with Fe3O4 granular-shaped particles. The MZIF-8/GO2 successfully achieved 99% removal of Pb(II) within 10min. The optimum values obtained for the initial concentration of Pb (II) were 100mg/L, pH of 4 to 6, and adsorbent dosage used was 10mg. The Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model were deemed suitable to evaluate the adsorption of Pb(II) using MZIF-8/GO2. Results showed that MZIF-8GO2 achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 625mg/g of Pb(II) adsorption. All parent materials demonstrated a good synergistic effects, while exhibiting a significant contribution in providing active sites for Pb(II) adsorption. Therefore, this ternary composite of MZIF-8/GO2 is expected to be a promising adsorbent for Pb(II) adsorption from aqueous solution with an added value of ease of post phase separation using external magnetic field.

Randomized controlled trial of remote ischemic preconditioning in children having cardiac surgery

BackgroundChildren undergoing cardiac surgery are at risk for acute kidney injury (AKI) and cardiac dysfunction. Opportunity exists in protecting end organ function with remote ischemic preconditioning. We hypothesize this intervention lessens kidney and myocardial injury.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of remote ischemic preconditioning in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Pre-specified end points are change in creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, development of AKI, B-type natriuretic peptide and troponin I at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h post separation from bypass.ResultsThere were 45 in the treatment and 39 patients in the control group, median age of 3.5 and 3.8 years, respectively. There were no differences between groups in creatinine, cystatin C, eGFR at each time point. There was a trend for a larger rate of decrease, especially for cystatin C (p = 0.042) in the treatment group but the magnitude was small. AKI was observed in 21 (54%) of control and 16 (36%) of treatment group (p = 0.094). Adjusting for baseline creatinine, the odds ratio for AKI in treatment versus control was 0.31 (p = 0.037); adjusting for clinical characteristics, the odds ratio was 0.34 (p = 0.056). There were no differences in natriuretic peptide or troponin levels between groups. All secondary end points of clinical outcomes were not different.ConclusionsThere is suggestion of RIPC delivering some kidney protection in an at-risk pediatric population. Larger, higher risk population studies will be required to determine its efficacy.Trial registration and date: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01260259; 2021.

Research on dynamic parameter identification and collision detection method for cooperative robots

PurposeThe safety performance of cooperative robots is particularly important. This paper aims to study collision detection and response of cooperative robots, which meet the lightweight requirements of cooperative robots and help to ensure the safety of humans and robots.Design/methodology/approachThis paper proposes a collision detection, recognition and response method based on dynamic models. First, this paper identifies the dynamic model of the robot. Second, an external torque observer is established based on the model, and a dynamic threshold collision detection method is designed to reduce the interference of model uncertainty on collision detection. Finally, a collision position and direction estimation method is designed, and a robot collision response strategy is proposed to reduce the harm caused by collisions to humans.FindingsComparative experiments are conducted on static threshold and dynamic threshold collision detection, and the results showed that the static threshold only detected one collision while the dynamic threshold could detect all collisions. Conducting collision position and direction estimation and collision response experiments, and the results show that this method can determine the location and direction of collision occurrence, and enable the robot to achieve collision separation.Originality/valueThis paper designs a dynamic threshold collision detection method that does not require external sensors. Compared with static threshold collision detection methods, this method can significantly improve the sensitivity of collision detection. This paper also proposes a collision position direction estimation method and collision separation response strategy, which can enable robots to achieve post collision separation and improve the safety of cooperative robots.

Domain boundary assisted spinodal decomposition in magnetic materials

Spinodal decomposition involves a composition modulation that grows with time which leads to phase separation. Surfaces, grain boundaries, and other defect sites possessing higher energy also assist spinodal decomposition. This work explores the possibility of magnetic domain boundary-assisted spinodal decomposition in a binary magnetic alloy using phase-field simulations. We observe a uniquely aligned microstructure in the early stage of phase separation, as the second phase paramagnetic particles evolve along the magnetic domain boundaries in a ferromagnetic matrix. Moreover, it significantly affects the coarsening dynamics post phase separation similar to that found in recent studies.

Co-chlorination of low-density polyethylene in paraffin: An intensified green process alternative to conventional solvent-based chlorination

Abstract This study experimentally demonstrates the potential of co-chlorination as a green process alternative to conventional independent chlorination of polyolefins, which involves the use of non-environment-friendly solvents like carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was used as a representative polymer in this study and co-chlorinated with paraffin. Apart from being a reactant, the paraffin also acts as a solvent, thus eliminating the need for using CCl4 during the reaction. Test runs were first conducted to measure LDPE-paraffin solution viscosities at different LDPE concentrations to investigate the solubility of LDPE in paraffin. Co-chlorination experiments were then carried out covering a range of temperatures (100–130°C), chlorine flow rates (150–350 mL·min−1), LDPE concentrations in paraffin (10–30%) and agitation speeds (100–400 rpm). The chlorinated LDPE and paraffin products were subsequently characterized post separation using FTIR/1H NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Specific properties of these two co-chlorinated products were compared with independently chlorinated LDPE and paraffin. The co-chlorinated products were found to compare well in terms of chlorine content and quality. A preliminary comparative study from a process perspective between co-chlorination and conventional chlorination of LDPE is also reported. The results obtained confirm the potential of co-chlorination as an environmentally friendly alternative.

The influence of employment program components upon job attainment during a time of identity and career transition.

This study assessed the effectiveness of employment programs components, which resulted in the identification of content and process components that increase employability. Employment program use was studied among 1172 United States of America military veterans to determine which content (i.e., interviewing skills) and process (i.e., working with a mentor/coach) components influence job attainment during a time of career and identity transition. Components were distilled utilizing a common components analysis approach (Morgan et al., 2018). Associations with finding employment up to 15 months after the military-to-civilian transition were explored. Veterans who engaged with employment programs were primarily accessing the following components: career planning, resume writing, and interviewing skills. However, only a few content components were significantly related to obtaining employment: interviewing (with mentor/coach), resume writing (online tools), translating military to civilian work (with mentor/coach), entrepreneurship (with mentor/coach), and virtual career fairs. Furthermore, not all processes or modes of instruction for content components were associated with success in the job market. Having a mentor/coach was one of the most effective delivery strategies. For example, veterans using programs delivered by a mentor/coach that translated military skills to civilian work were more likely to find a job at 6–9-months (84%) and 12–15-months (91%) post military separation. In addition, risks that predicted lower use of employment program components by veterans were identified such as junior enlisted rank, combat exposure, combat arms occupation, and physical health problems. With these findings, program developers, implementers, and funders can channel efforts towards the utilization of employment programs with effective components.

S1839 Colonic Mucosal Bridging in Previously Conjoined Twin

Introduction: Mucosal bridges are infrequently encountered connections across lumens of the gastrointestinal tract that may be found in any site from the esophagus to the colon. Colonic mucosal bridges are especially rare and while they are sometimes seen as sequelae of IBD, they can also be seen in asymptomatic patients with no clear pathophysiology. Case description/methods: We present a 49 year old patient with hepatitis C cirrhosis who was scheduled for an EGD for variceal screening, as well as a screening colonoscopy. EGD showed no abnormalities, but colonoscopy was notable for bridging mucosa seen in the rectum (Figure 1), which appeared as normal, non-inflammatory colonic mucosa under narrow band imaging. When findings were discussed with the patient, she revealed that she was a conjoined twin and is status post abdominal separation complicated by small bowel obstruction and adhesions. Discussion: Colonic mucosal bridging is infrequently associated with an inflammatory state of the colon such as IBD, but may also be seen in ischemic colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), or inflammatory pseudopolyposis. Our patient did not have known inflammatory risk factors for mucosal bridging, but it may be due to her history of being a previously conjoined twin and surgery for abdominal separation. Omphalopagus conjoined twins are joined at the abdomen and most often share the liver. However, up to one third of patients involve sharing of the GI lumen (usually the jejunum or ileum), with the colon less commonly shared. In cases where the GI tract is shared, there are case reports of NEC as a complication. The post-inflammatory healing of NEC may give rise to future mucosal bridges and adhesions. It has been suggested that these bridges arise due to sub-mucosal coalescence of linear ulcers seen in inflammatory states, which eventually heal, regenerate epithelium, and create a bridge that traverses and covers both ends of the colonic wall with healthy mucosa. Symptoms of mucosal bridging are often difficult to isolate from associated inflammatory conditions, but can include bloating and abdominal pain in severe cases. Management in symptomatic patients should target the underlying inflammatory state. Biopsies from bridges generally reveal normal colonic mucosa and have not been shown to carry malignant potential. If symptoms exist with no evidence of colonic inflammation, endoscopic intervention may be an option, as some endoscopic resection techniques have been successful in treating upper GI mucosal bridges.Figure 1.: 1a: Forward view of the rectum 1b: Rectum viewed in retroflex 1c: Forward view of the rectum.

Continuous desalting concept on ionic liquid-mediated de-acidification process of crude oil: A pilot study

Desalting process concept was tested using methyltrimethylammonium methylcarbonate [N4441][MeCO3] treated Pyrenees crude oil (initial Total Acid Number (TAN) of 1.6 mg KOH/g oil) with the aim to gain empirical evidences on the effectiveness of in-line water washing and electrostatic aided phase separation as mean to recover the naphthenic acid derivatives for recycling. The treated crude oil (final TAN value of less than 0.3 mg KOH/g oil) was subjected to typical operating scheme such as single stage desalting and effects of water wash volumes. The novelty of the work comes from the utilisation of ionic liquids to neutralise acid components of the crude oil. Furthermore, the work is also able to test the hypothesis of whether naphthenate salts behave as is its inorganic counterpart and quantify the solubility behaviour in water as extraction medium. The effectiveness of such scheme will be measured against naphthenic acids derivative percent recovery in the wash water. The results indicate the electrostatic conditions can facilitate the recovery of the naphthenate salts post neutralization with high recovery rate of average of 70.6 % with 30 % water wash volume in a single-stage contact, observed over 12 hours steady-state operation. The water wash weight was observed to increase post separation which indicate hydrocarbon carry-over in the heavy phase due to formation of tight water – oil emulsion. The technique is viable should the amount of water required is available and the process water can be recycled safely into the desalter again without causing tripping to the desalter. Ionic liquid can be used in conjunction with desalter and the presence of electrostatic field did hasten the separation of the phases, however the amount of water used may hinder the viability of the solution.

Guaranteed or conditional child maintenance? Examining the 2016 reform in Sweden

Family policies promoting gender equality and parents’ shared responsibility for their children tend to assume good parental collaboration post separation. However, this assumption obscures the reality of conflict and intimate partner violence (IPV) in some separated families. Focusing on Sweden, this article examines the 2016 reform which implies that the state ceases acting as an intermediary to organise child maintenance unless ‘special reasons’, including the experience of IPV, are invoked. Thus, the Swedish guaranteed child maintenance scheme became conditional. Drawing on interviews with resident parents and case officers at the Swedish Social Insurance Agency (SSIA), this article suggests that the reform increases the vulnerability of resident parents in several ways. Moreover, the ‘special reasons’ exemption creates a new distinction between ‘violent’ and ‘normal’ families, which case workers struggle to administer, and which leads to a withdrawal of state support for many families.

Evaluation of iodine speciation and 129I/127I ratios at low concentrations in environmental samples using IC-ICP-MS

Subterranean radioiodine contamination at the Hanford Site in Washington State is believed to be present as iodide, iodate, and organo-I species, with iodate being the predominant form. Because these species have different sediment-sorption characteristics, understanding their distribution is important for developing an accurate understanding of iodine migration in the subsurface. Herein, we report a novel, rapid technique for simultaneous iodine speciation (iodide/iodate) and isotopic ratio (129I/127I) measurements using ion chromatography (IC) joined with collision/reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), collectively referred to as IC-ICP-MS. This approach employs online dynamically regenerated eluent suppression post chromatographic separation of the samples and collision cell technology, with pure oxygen as a collision gas for the active suppression of 129Xe (which naturally exists in the argon supplied to the ICP source) to rapidly (< 15 min) achieve precise and reproducible results. Speciated standard reference materials yielded detection limits for 127I of approximately 23.8 ng/L for iodate and 24.3 ng/L for iodide, and for 129I of approximately 1.81 ng/L for iodate and 2.62 ng/L for iodide. The method was demonstrated by analyzing groundwater samples from six wells from 129I-contaminated regions of the Hanford Site; iodate was the primary species for both 127I and 129I. Small quantities of 127I-iodide were also detected in most of the samples, but all 129I-iodide results were below the detection limit. An interference from molybdenum prevented the estimation of organo-iodine concentrations but did not affect the iodate and iodide results. This new analytical capability will enable rapid, simultaneous characterization of speciated inorganic iodine in vadose zone sediments and groundwater samples at levels below the US federal drinking water standard for 129I of 1 pCi/L (~ 5.6 ng/L).

Effects of Social Housing Changes on Immunity and Vaccine-Specific Immune Responses in Adolescent Male Rhesus Macaques.

Nonhuman primates (NHPs) in research institutions may be housed in a variety of social settings, such as group housing, pair housing or single housing based on the needs of studies. Furthermore, housing may change over the course of studies. The effects of housing and changes in housing on cell activation and vaccine mediated immune responses are not well documented. We hypothesized that animals moved indoors from group to single housing (GH-SH) would experience more stress than those separated from groups into pair housing (GH-PH), or those placed briefly into pair housing and separated 5 weeks later into single housing (GH-PH-SH). We also compared the effects of separation from group to pair housing with the separation from pair to single housing. Eighteen male rhesus macaques were followed over the course of changes in housing condition over 10–14 weeks, as well as prior to and after primary vaccination with a commercially available measles vaccine. We identified two phenotypic biomarkers, namely total CD8 population and proliferating B cells, that differed significantly across treatment groups over time. At 10 weeks post-separation, levels of proliferating B cells were higher in GH-SH subjects compared to GH-PH subjects, and in the latter, levels were lower at 10 weeks than prior to removal from group housing. At 2 weeks post-separation from group to single housing, the frequency of CD8+ T cells was higher in GH-SH subjects compared to one week post separation from pair into single housing in the GH-PH-SH subjects. Comparing the same elapsed time since the most recent separation activated CD20 populations were persistently higher in the GH-SH animals than the GH-PH-SH animals. Housing configuration did not influence vaccine-mediated responses. Overall, our study found benefits of pair housing over single housing, suggesting that perturbations in immune function will be more severe following separation from group to single housing than from pair to single housing, and supporting the use of short-duration pair housing even when animals must subsequently be separated. These findings are useful for planning the housing configurations of research NHPs used for vaccine studies and other studies where immune response is being assessed.

Post-collection Separation of Plastic Waste: Better for the Environment and Lower Collection Costs?

The European Union advocates a plastic waste recycling rate of more than 55%. Even for the Netherlands, which has already invested heavily in recycling plastic waste of households, it will still be a challenge to meet this target. The preferred solution to fulfil this target in the Netherlands is implementing separate collection schemes at the curbside, although some municipalities invested in post-separation. We show, based on data for 2013–2014, that post-collection separation is an advisable alternative, with an increased separation of plastic waste compared with home separation. This is even slightly the case if home separation is combined with a unit-based pricing system for unsorted waste and with a frequent door-to-door collection of plastic waste. Moreover, there are indications that the cost effectiveness of recycling plastic waste increases if post separation is chosen. In addition, some claim that unit-based pricing of unsorted waste is important to create an awareness effect to buy less packaging material. However, based on the combination of post separation and unit-based pricing, we have no indication for such awareness effect as the price effect on the amount of plastic waste is insignificantly small.

Safeguarding Children and Young People During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

Safeguarding Children and Young People During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

A Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Role, Functions, and Effectiveness of Parenting Coordination

Based on a survey conducted in 2018 in collaboration with the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts’ (AFCC) Task Force on Parenting Coordination, this paper explores issues related to the process and perceived outcomes of parenting coordination for families post separation and divorce. The views expressed emerge from a diverse and multidisciplinary sample (n = 289) from legal, mental health, and conflict resolution backgrounds. Almost half of all participants (46%) were mental health professionals (psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker), followed by attorneys (28%), family mediators (17%) and judges (5%). Over half of all participants identified as a parenting coordinator (PC) (53%). Based on the results, participants had the highest level of agreement that the goal of parenting coordination should be to assist in sheltering the children from parental conflict and to help the coparents reduce interparental conflict. Participants assigned greater success to parenting coordination when there was demonstration that coparenting conflict decreased. Several differences were noted among professional disciplines and specifically between legal and mental health professionals. Mental health professionals rated higher on the effectiveness of PCs to help children adjust and limit their involvement in the parental conflict, while legal professionals focused on PCs’ ability to help families resolve legal disputes. The implications of the results are discussed, including how best to measure the success of parenting coordination and to prioritize outcomes related to the success of parenting coordination across disciplines to create greater consistency in the field.

Mothering – a mode of protecting rather than parenting in the aftermath of post separation family violence in Australia

AbstractThe focus of this qualitative study was on separated mother’s (N = 36) lived experiences of mothering in the context of post separation family violence and the Australian family law system. Thematic analysis of interviews was guided by a theoretical framework, this being the Three Planets Model. Analysis of the data resulted in two themes relating to mothering being identified. Firstly, that women demonstrated a mode of protecting rather than parenting indicating that mothering was often undertaken in isolation and fear, within an adversarial family law system, and in the presence of a perpetrator of family violence. The second theme related to the aftermath of separation and the long dark shadow cast by family violence. After having left a controlling and violent relationship, separated mothers reported that there was no opportunity to recover, nor to healthily extricate themselves from family violence, which resulted in cumulative harm not only for their wellbeing but also for their children.

Conformation of Flexible and Semiflexible Chains Confined in Nanoposts Array of Various Geometries.

The conformation and distribution of a flexible and semiflexible chain confined in an array of nanoposts arranged in parallel way in a square-lattice projection of their cross-section was investigated using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The geometry of the nanopost array was varied at the constant post diameter dp and the ensuing modifications of the chain conformation were compared with the structural behavior of the chain in the series of nanopost arrays with the constant post separation Sp as well as with the constant distance between two adjacent post walls (passage width) wp. The free energy arguments based on an approximation of the array of nanopost to a composite of quasi-channels of diameter dc and quasi-slits of height wp provide semiqualitative explanations for the observed structural behavior of both chains. At constant post separation and passage width, the occupation number displays a monotonic decrease with the increasing geometry ratio dc/wp or volume fraction of posts, while a maximum is observed at constant post diameter. The latter finding is attributed to a relaxed conformation of the chains at small dc/wp ratio, which results from a combination of wide interstitial volumes and wide passage apertures. This maximum is approximately positioned at the same dc/wp value for both flexible and semiflexible chains. The chain expansion from a single interstitial volume into more interstitial volumes also starts at the same value of dc/wp ratio for both chains. The dependence of the axial chain extension on the dc/wp ratio turns out to be controlled by the diameter of the interstitial space and by the number of monomers in the individual interstitial volumes. If these two factors act in the same way on the axial extension of chain fragments in interstitial volumes the monotonic increase of the axial chain extension with the dc/wp in the nanopost arrays is observed. At constant wp, however, these two factors act in opposite way and the axial chain extension plotted against the dc/wp ratio exhibits a maximum. In the case of constant post diameter, the characteristic hump in the single chain structure factor whose position correlates with the post separation is found only in the structure factor of the flexible chain confined in the nanopost array of certain value of Sp. The structure factor of the flexible chain contains more information on the monomer organization and mutual correlations than the structure factor of the semiflexible chain. The stiffer chain confined in the nanopost array is composed of low number of statistical segments important for the presence of respective hierarchical regimes in the structure factor.

One-step construction of multi-doped nanoporous carbon-based nanoarchitecture as an advanced bifunctional oxygen electrode for Zn-Air batteries

Fabrication of multi-doped catalysts generally involves complex and energy-intensive processes including the preparation of special precursor, solvent evaporation, and post separation or treatment. Herein, we have developed an eco-friendly one-step process to effectively regulate the electronic structure of products by combining the concepts of alloy, heteroatoms doping, phase controlling and heterostructures. The obtained CoFe and Co2P nanoparticles encapsulated in multi-doped nanoporous carbon (NPSC-Co2Fe1) exhibits a small potential gap between Ej=10 and E1/2 of 0.75 V for bifunctional electrocatalytic O2 redox reactions. It is revealed that defect-rich multi-doped carbon-based nanoarchitecture and electronic redistribution provide more donor-acceptor active sites with reduced energy barrier. Notably, ZABs using NPSC-Co2Fe1 as air electrodes exhibit outstanding charge-discharge performances and cycling stability superior to those of ZABs with Pt/C-IrO2. The flexible all-solid-state ZABs with NPSC-Co2Fe1 operate stably even under bending state. Moreover, these batteries are implemented to power mini-fans and LED panels.

Negotiating Kinship: On Disassembling Same-Sex Families with Children

Same-sex families are distinct: at least one parent is not genetically related to each child and external state regulation of coupling and separation processes is scarce. The disassembling of such families therefore offers a singular setting to explore nontraditional perceptions and enactments of family and kinship. Tracing separation processes and custody agreements of same-sex couples with children, this paper suggests that at the family formation stage, couples side-lined genetic relatedness and emphasized social kinning. As the partners’ relations deteriorated, parent-child genetic links were increasingly prioritized (though not genetic links with ova donors or half genetic siblings). Post-separation arrangements varied greatly. Some couples sustained the former family’s framework and nurtured co-parent and sibling relations, while others marginalized non-genetic relatedness, at times to complete detachment. Having a genetic offspring emerged as a major determinant of post separation relations. The paper illustrates the elasticity of same-sex kinship perceptions, with social kinning particularly amenable to circumstance changes. The study is based on accounts of eight lesbians and gay men in Israel, depicted through interviews (4), therapist's accounts (3) and a media report (1). The accounts were analyzed for emergent themes of family and relatedness as they were formed, transformed and enacted in these contexts.

In situ growth of BiOCl thin film on Bi plate for photocatalytic application

Immobilization of nanophotocatalysts with good activity has been one of the most urgent tasks owing to the high cost and difficulty for post separation of used photocatalytic nanoparticles from the treated effluent. Here we report a facile in situ redox method to prepare a kind of BiOCl thin film on Bi plate in FeCl3 solution at room temperature. The morphology, structure, optical properties and band-gap of as-prepared film was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and DRS. The photocatalytic activity and stability of BiOCl thin film were texted by rhodamine B (RhB) degradation and NO removal under simulated sunlight irradiation. The results indicate that the BiOCl thin film is uniform and compact. The BiOCl thin film shows a superior photocatalytic activity and good chemical stability. In addition, a possible formation mechanism and reaction mechanism has been proposed.

When Women's Rights are Not Human Rights – the Non‐ Performativity of the Human Rights of Victims of Domestic Abuse within English Family Law

AbstractA large proportion of child contact cases in England take place within a context of domestic abuse and significant risks to victims and their childrenq associated with post separation contact. The legal response has largely been inadequate and the potential impact of human rights law by the family courts has yet to be fully explored. This paper analyses an exploratory empirical research project undertaken in 2017/2018 with Women's Aid England and 72 victims of domestic abuse regarding their experiences of human rights law in the family courts. The results, theorised through the lens of performativity and against the context of international human rights law, reveal a high level of non‐ performativity with respect to the human rights of the participants. The paper concludes with recommendations and the implications the analysis holds for feminist organisations if they are to fully realise the human rights of the victims of domestic abuse.