Post Rumen Research Articles

Evaluation of perilla seeds (Perilla frutescens) based on nutrient digestibility and pH in vitro tilley and terry

The study was carried out to evaluate the provision of perilla seeds (Perilla frutescens) with the addition of tannins to pH, IVDMD (in vitro dry matter digestibility), and IVOMD (in vitro organic matter digestibility) in the rumen and post rumen. The research used according Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and four replications: T1 = 100% perilla seeds, T2 = 100% perilla seeds + 1% tannin, T3 = 90% basal ration + 10% perilla seeds, T4 = 90% basal ration + 10% perilla seeds + 1% tannin. The method used in vitro two-stage digestibility to the observed of stage I (rumen) and stage II (total). The variables evaluated in this study included IVDMD stage I, IVDMD stage II, IVOMD stage I, IVOMD stage II, and pH. The results showed that giving perilla seeds with the addition of tannin had a pH value obtained in accordance with the pH standard in the rumen (P>0.05); IVDMD stage I and stage II respectively 22.91-35.85% and 36.01-44.15% (P<0.05); IVOMD stage I and stage II were 38.15-48.36% (P<0.05) and 50.04-55.35% (P<0.05), respectively. The conclusion of this research was carried out to give perilla seeds at a level of 10% and 1% tannin in the ration had diverse nutrient digestibility in the rumen and post-rumen. However, it does not affect the pH of the rumen.

Evaluation of parboiled rice by-product as a ruminant feed: in vitro digestibility and methane production

Solid waste generated by parboiled rice industry are rice bran, rice husk and broken rice. Broken rice can be used for cattle feed as energy source. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of parboiling process on the in vitro rumen fermentation. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with 2 rice varieties (LIPI Go 1 and Sintanur) as blocks, 2 different soaking periods (30 and 60 minutes) as treatments and 3 replications. Parboiling treatment was significantly (P<0.05) increased crude protein, organic matter, and crude fiber, but decreased ether extract and solubility. LIPI Go 1 produced higher (P<0.05) gas (11.18%), but lower (P<0.05) gas production rate (52.38%) and methane (10.27%). Soaking rice grain for 30 and 60 minutes decreased rumen dry matter digestibility by 6.13% and 8.90% and increased post rumen dry matter digestibility by 10.41% and 10.43%, respectively. Moreover, 3.55% and 6.84% from total samples of parboiled rice treated by 30 minutes and 60 minutes soaking periods were digested in the ileum. As ruminant feed, parboiled rice decreased methane and digestibility in rumen, and increased the digestibility in post rumen and ileum.

Effect of birdsfoot trefoil cultivars on exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus in fistulated sheep

Proanthocyanidin (PAC, condensed tannin) containing forages have well-documented anti-parasitic effects against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of small ruminants. Although extensive research has been conducted on the inhibition of exsheathment of the L3 stage of Haemonchus contortus by in vitro exposure to the extracts of PAC containing plants, only one study has previously attempted to replicate this process in vivo and it was found that consumption of fresh sainfoin slowed the exsheathment rate. No similar studies have explored the effect of feeding condensed tannin forages in the form of hay on in vivo exsheathment of GIN. Another PAC containing forage, birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus, BFT), has a large area of adaptation globally and feeding BFT has been shown to reduce fecal egg counts and total worm burdens. However, its effect on the in vivo exsheathment of H. contortus in the rumen is unknown. Recent work from this laboratory showed that BFT populations differ in the ability of aqueous extracts of freeze-dried plants to reduce exsheathment of H. contortus in vitro, and that the reduced exsheathment caused by BFT populations did not directly correlate with PAC content. Therefore, the objective of this study was twofold: 1) to evaluate the ability of birdsfoot trefoil hay to impair ruminal exsheathment of H. contortus in vivo and 2) to measure the difference in exsheathment between three commercially available cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil representing a broad range of in vitro efficacy against H. contortus. Four rumen fistulated ewes were fed three cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil (cv. Bruce, Empire, and Pardee) hay or a control hay (alfalfa/grass hay) in a Latin 4 × 4 design. The effect of consumption of birdsfoot trefoil on the exsheathment of H. contortus larvae in vivo was evaluated. For each exsheathment test, two capsules with 2000 ensheathed third-stage larvae per capsule were placed in the rumen of each ewe for eight hours. Larval containment capsules were made by capping each end of a short piece of Tygon® tubing (ID 9.5 mm, OD 14.3 mm) with an 8 μm NuncTM Cell Culture Insert. Larval exsheathment and motility were examined pre and post rumen exposure. Three exsheathment tests were run per diet cycle. Consumption of BFT hay did not significantly alter larval exsheathment. These results highlight the importance of further in vivo testing on the role of condensed tannins and other plant secondary compounds on larval exsheathment in the rumen.

Effect of Combination of Protected and Non-Protected Corn Oil Supplementation on In Vitro Nutrient Digestibility

This research was done to study the effect of supplementation of the combination of corn oil (CO) and protected corn oil (PCO) using formaldehyde on in vitro nutrient digestibility in the rumen and post rumen. Protection of corn oil is carried out by mixing skim milk powder and corn oil (2:1) using formaldehyde 1,5%. Feed for fermentation substrate consists of Penissetum purpureum and wheat pollard (60:40). The combination of CO and PCO in several rations was added as the supplement to feed substrate (dry matter basis). The ratios of CO: PCO supplementation that given were T0 (0%:0%) as a control, T1 (5%:0%), T2 (3.75%:1.25%), T3 (2.5%:2.5%), T4 (1.25%:3.75%), and T5 (0%:5%). Their effects on dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD) and crude fiber digestibility (CFD) digestibility were studied using the two-stage in vitro digestibility method of Tilley and Terry (1963) modified by Utomo (2012). Data were statistically analyzed using oneway analysis of variance continued by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that T1 and T2 significantly (P<0.05) decreased DMD, OMD and CFD at 48 h and 96 h incubation and did not affect rumen CPD. In conclusion, the supplementation of corn oil 1.25% combined with protected corn oil 3.75% had no negative effect on DMD, OMD, CPD and CFD on rumen and post-rumen digestibility.

In vitro digestibility of ruminant diet in response to protected feed substitution

Excessive degradation high protein feed in the rumen can reduce nutrient utilization efficiency of feed in post rumen. Protected feed is expected to increase the undegraded proteins that enter and absorbed in the intestine. In vitro study was conducted to determine whether the protected feed can reduce rumen degradability as well as improving post-rumen degradability of feed. The protected feed used in this study was soybean meal and crude palm oil mixture (4: 1), added with 0.3% Agromix. Independent sample t-test was used to compare 2 treatments (T1/control = commercial ration; T2 = commercial ration with 4.4% protected feed substitution). Each dietary treatment was done in 6 replications. Both dietary treatments were tested for their digestibility using a 2-stage in vitro technique. Results showed that pH of rumen did not change. Compared to the T1, T2 showed lower (P<0.05) digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), and crude protein (CPD) in the rumen. In the post rumen, T2 showed greater (P<0.05) DMD, OMD and CPD than T1. It concluded that protected feed substitution effectively decreases digestibility in the rumen and increases post-rumen digestibility, imply that protected feed substitution can improve the nutrient utilization in the post rumen.

Evaluasi Proteksi Sabun Kalsium Sebagai Pakan Suplemen Berdasarkan Kecernaan Bahan Kering, Kecernaan Bahan Organik dan pH In Vitro di dalam Rumen dan Pasca Rumen

The research aims to evaluate calsium soap protection as feed supplement based on dry matter&lt;br /&gt;digestibility, organic matter digestibility and pH in vitro in the rumen and post rumen. Calsium soap&lt;br /&gt;was produced from sardine fish oil and soybean meal, through two protection methods. It was&lt;br /&gt;saponification and microencapsulation. This research used Split Subject Repeated Measurement&lt;br /&gt;Design with 3 treatments (calcium soap, soybean meal and pangola grass) which each treatment was&lt;br /&gt;repeated 5 times. The observation kinetics of dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and&lt;br /&gt;pH rumen fluid were done in incubation times (2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours respectively). The first&lt;br /&gt;results of the research showed that in the first step (rumen) has dry matter digestibility of calcium&lt;br /&gt;soaps: 38.65; 40.00; 42.66; 46.32; 54.40 and 51.40% respectively; organic matter digestibility: 39.44;&lt;br /&gt;41.27; 44, 31; 46.32; 56.62 and 52.50% respectively. Kinetics of pH rumen fluid: 6.89; 6.79; 6.78;&lt;br /&gt;6.74; 6.71, and 6.88 respectively. In the second step (post rumen), the digestibility of calsium soap&lt;br /&gt;production has dry matter digestibility of 74.85% and organic matter of digestibilty of 72.94%. The&lt;br /&gt;results could be concluded that in the rumen, calcium soap is the most microbial degradation resistant&lt;br /&gt;compared the others and it can be degraded and digested in the abomasum to the small intestine.&lt;br /&gt;Therefore pH of rumen fluid is optimal, so it does not interfere with the fermentation in the rumen.&lt;br /&gt;Keywords: calsium soap, in vitro, dry matter digestibily, organic matter digestibility, pH value

Evaluasi Proteksi Sabun Kalsium Sebagai Pakan Suplemen Berdasarkan Kecernaan Bahan Kering, Kecernaan Bahan Organik dan pH In Vitro di dalam Rumen dan Pasca Rumen

The research aims to evaluate calsium soap protection as feed supplement based on dry matter&lt;br /&gt;digestibility, organic matter digestibility and pH in vitro in the rumen and post rumen. Calsium soap&lt;br /&gt;was produced from sardine fish oil and soybean meal, through two protection methods. It was&lt;br /&gt;saponification and microencapsulation. This research used Split Subject Repeated Measurement&lt;br /&gt;Design with 3 treatments (calcium soap, soybean meal and pangola grass) which each treatment was&lt;br /&gt;repeated 5 times. The observation kinetics of dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and&lt;br /&gt;pH rumen fluid were done in incubation times (2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours respectively). The first&lt;br /&gt;results of the research showed that in the first step (rumen) has dry matter digestibility of calcium&lt;br /&gt;soaps: 38.65; 40.00; 42.66; 46.32; 54.40 and 51.40% respectively; organic matter digestibility: 39.44;&lt;br /&gt;41.27; 44, 31; 46.32; 56.62 and 52.50% respectively. Kinetics of pH rumen fluid: 6.89; 6.79; 6.78;&lt;br /&gt;6.74; 6.71, and 6.88 respectively. In the second step (post rumen), the digestibility of calsium soap&lt;br /&gt;production has dry matter digestibility of 74.85% and organic matter of digestibilty of 72.94%. The&lt;br /&gt;results could be concluded that in the rumen, calcium soap is the most microbial degradation resistant&lt;br /&gt;compared the others and it can be degraded and digested in the abomasum to the small intestine.&lt;br /&gt;Therefore pH of rumen fluid is optimal, so it does not interfere with the fermentation in the rumen.&lt;br /&gt;Keywords: calsium soap, in vitro, dry matter digestibily, organic matter digestibility, pH value

Nutritional, technological and managerial parameters for precision feeding to enhance feed nutrient utilization and productivity in different dairy cattle production systems.

Abstract Increased future demand of animal products as well as competition between food, feed and fuel, require efficient utilization of feed resources to strengthen environmental, economic and social sustainability of livestock systems. The objective of this review is to summarize current knowledge on precision feeding (PF) and the relevance of PF approaches in dairy cattle production systems in developing countries. The concept of PF aims at achieving balanced nutrition (matching animal requirements with nutrient supply, preferably from locally available feed resources) to improve animal productivity and to reduce both the cost of production and environmental pollution. In addition to the supply of proper amounts of nutrients to the dairy cow using various methodologies and tools, approaches that enhance overall nutrient digestion and availability to the animal are also discussed as an integral part of PF. These approaches involve improved analyses of feed ingredients, nutrient requirement determination, formulation of a balanced ration, individual feeding, optimization of rumen and post rumen digestion, and optimization of metabolism of absorbed amino acids and other nutrients. Based on identified and analysed PF approaches, processing and treatment of forage, including conservation through ensiling, is promising to improve feed intake and productivity of the cow and to reduce excretion of environmental pollutants per unit milk. Experiments with rumen protected nutrients for both fat and protein gave a wide range of results. Inconsistent effects of the use of enzymes such as cellulases and xylanases on feed efficiency have been observed. Plant extracts need more research to get tangible results but have a broad scale of potential (indirect) advantages on production and health. Similarly more research is needed for probiotics and acidifiers, which have shown inconsistent results. Medicinal or hormonal approaches have proven to be effective in animal performance and feed efficiency. Feeding concepts, such as ration balancing programmes or the use of feed blocks, resulted in improved feed efficiency and substantially increased farmer income. In view of large variation in forage quality, rapid determination of nutrient composition of forage on site is indispensable in PF of dairy cattle. The relevance of application of the elaborate approaches for intensive, mixed crop-livestock, mixed extensive and extensive systems have been discussed. The focus of PF in developing countries should be on using feed resources that do not compete with human food, and in amounts that meet the nutrient requirements for production from the targeted animal. Policy and institutional building options are needed to realize the potential of PF for sustainable dairy production systems.

Evaluasi nilai nutrisi bungkil inti sawit yang difermentasi dengan kapang sebagai sumber protein ruminansia

The objective of the research was to improve the nutritive value of PKC through fermentation and to evaluate its degradation characteristics in the rumen and post rumen digestibility as a protein feed source for ruminants. PKC was fermented using Aspergillus niger , Trichoderma viridae and Aspergillus oryzae . To evaluate the in sacco rumen degradability, 2 rumen fistulated females Fries Holstein 3.5 years old were used. Samples were incubated in the rumen for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Determination of dry matter (DM) degradation characteristics value and crude protein (CP) in the rumen was calculated based on formula y = a + b (1 - e -ct ). The experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design with four replicates. The results showed that fermentation increased protein content of the PKC by 79.21% with the highest increase from fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae (88.34%). DM and CP degradability ​in the rumen and post rumen of fermented PKC was affected by type of mold used for fermentation. Fermentation increased the amount of water soluble DM (a) of fermented PKC with average of 46.7%, but the value of insoluble but degradable fraction in the rumen (b) was decreased. Fermentation by molds resulited in the reduction of fraction of insoluble CP but degradable (b) in the rumen by 50.42%. PKC fermentation by Aspergillus oryzae resulted in the higest CP degradability in the rumen and post rumen. It can be concluded that PKC has a high content of degradable CP in the rumen even without fermentation. Protein source from PKC fermented using Aspergillus oryzae categorized as the best source of feed protein in terms of increasing CP content and digestibility. Key Words : Palm Kernel Cake, Fermentation, Protein, Digestibility

Benefit of Protected Fat for Improving Production and Reproduction of Ruminant

Fat or free fatty acid is one of the energy sources which is high density and gives higher energy than any other nutrients. Indonesia has a huge potency for free fatty acid as alternative energy source for ruminant. However, in a certain amount, fat or fatty acid will cause negative effect on the rumen function. Therefore, several technologies to protect fat or fatty acid were developed. In early lactation, dairy cow requires additional energy from high density ingredient without causing any negative effect on rumen function. This paper describes fat metabolism in the rumen and post rumen, technology to protect fat or free fatty acid and the effect of protected fat or fatty acid on nutritional value, production and reproductive performances, carcass quality and milk quality. In conclusion, the utilization of protected fat or fatty acid gives positive effects on productive and reproductive performances. K e y words: Fat, fatty acid, protection, metabolism, ruminant

Biological and chemical assessment of feed proteins before and after rumen exposure

Samples of six concentrate feedstuffs (soya-bean meal, sunflower meal, fish meal, maize gluten meal, cottonseed cake and linseed cake) were incubated in the rumens of four mature cows for 14 h. The residues and non-incubated feedstuffs were used to make 12 diets for a biological assay in golden hamsters. The intestinal digestibility of the feed samples and residues was determined with a mobile nylon bag technique. Samples were also analysed for their amino acid content to calculate essential amino acid indexes for milk and meat. The biological value (BV) measured in hamsters varied with feed and rumen exposure (feed × incubation effect P < 0.01). The correlations between hamster BV and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were significant but low (0.64 and 0.65 for milk and meat respectively, P < 0.05). Nitrogen digestibility was significantly ( P < 0.001) lower in the hamsters than in the mobile bags. The amino acid profiles of the six feeds before and after rumen incubation varied only slightly and the EAAI was not affected by rumen exposure. The golden hamster cannot be considered an adequate model animal for determining post rumen digestibility and BV but it does provide a useful comparative indicator for the changes which feeds undergo in the rumen.

In vivotransfer of an R factor within the lower gastro-intestinal tract of sheep

The transfer of an R factor from donor E. coli introduced into the rumen of adult sheep to strains of the coliform microflora resident post rumen in the lower gastro-intestinal tract was found to be greatly increased when the animals were subjected to a short period of starvation (ca. 24-48 h). This also resulted in coliform organisms containing the resistance determinants of the R factor being excreted for much longer periods, sometimes for months afterwards. As no antibiotic treatment was given to the animals during these experiments, possession of the R factor should have conferred no selective advantages on the host cells and other plasmids could possibly be transferred similarly in vivo in sheep or other ruminants and perhaps also within the gut of monogastric animals.