Post-quantum Cryptographic Schemes Research Articles

Dimensionality reduction using neural networks for lattice-based cryptographic keys

Post Quantum Cryptography has received an increasing amount of active research. This has been made prominent by the ever-growing field of quantum computing which poses a formidable threat to the modern cybersecurity landscape. Recently, post quantum schemes have been standardized for adoption into existing security services and protocols. In comparison to contemporary cryptographic schemes, these approaches are lagging behind in terms of performance with regards to functional speed and package sizes. A study into the various applications of neural networks used in classical and post quantum cryptographic schemes has been explored to demonstrate their different possible applications within the various fields of cybersecurity. The main contribution of this work is to investigate the feasibility of dimensionality reduction using the autoencoder neural network on lattice-based keys generated by the Kyber key encapsulation mechanism scheme. Moreover, this work also presents a comparative analysis of the different implemented autoencoder models to showcase their relative performance.

Roadmap of post-quantum cryptography standardization: Side-channel attacks and countermeasures

Quantum computing utilizes properties of quantum physics to build a fast-computing machine that can perform quantum computations. This will eventually lead to faster and more efficient calculations especially when we deal with complex problems. However, there is a downside related to this hardware revolution since the security of widely used cryptographic schemes, e.g., RSA encryption scheme, relies on the hardness of certain mathematical problems that are known to be solved efficiently by quantum computers, i.e., making these protocols insecure. As such, while quantum computers most likely will not be available any time in the near future, it's necessary to create alternative solutions before quantum computers become a reality. This paper therefore provides a comprehensive review of attacks and countermeasures in Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) to portray a roadmap of PQC standardization, currently led by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). More specifically, there has been a rise in the side-channel attacks against PQC schemes while the NIST standardization process is moving forward. We therefore focus on the side-channel attacks and countermeasures in major post-quantum cryptographic schemes, i.e., the final NIST candidates.

Error Detection Architectures for Ring Polynomial Multiplication and Modular Reduction of Ring-LWE in $\boldsymbol{\frac{\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}[x]}{x^{n}+1}}$ Benchmarked on ASIC

Ring learning with error (ring-LWE) within lattice-based cryptography is a promising cryptographic scheme for the post-quantum era. In this article, we explore efficient error detection approaches for implementing ring-LWE encryption. For achieving accurate operation of the ring-LWE problem and thwarting active side-channel attacks, error detection schemes need to be devised so that the induced overhead is not a burden to deeply embedded and constrained applications. This article, for the first time, investigates error detection schemes for both stages of the ring-LWE encryption operation, i.e., ring polynomial multiplication and modular reduction. Our schemes exploit recomputing with encoded operands, which successfully counter both natural faults (for the stuck-at model). We implement our schemes on an application-specific integrated circuit. As performance metrics show hardware overhead, our schemes prove to be low complexity with high error coverage. The proposed efficient architectures can be tailored and utilized for post-quantum cryptographic schemes in different usage models with diverse constraints.

On Feasibility of Post-Quantum Cryptography on Small Devices

In this work, we investigate the feasibility of post-quantum cryptography in small and constrained devices such as those used for mobile and Internet-of-Things networks. We describe our experimental post-quantum cryptography implementations on small devices with different platforms. Then, we present and compare the performance results of chosen post-quantum key exchange schemes and their message sizes on selected ARM devices. In addition, we discuss the perspective types of post-quantum cryptographic schemes for various IoT systems with different requirements.