Postprandial Blood Glucose Research Articles

Exploring the Blood Glucose-Lowering Potential of the Umami Peptides LADW and EEAEGT Derived from Tuna Skeletal Myosin: Perspectives from α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Starch Interaction.

This study aimed to explore the potential of umami peptides for lowering blood glucose. Molecular docking results showed that the peptides LADW and EEAEGT bound to the active amino acid residues of α-glucosidase via hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces, a finding supported by an independent gradient model (IGM). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated that the peptides LADW and EEAEGT can decelerate the outward expansion of α-glucosidase and reduce amino acid fluctuations at the active site. In vitro findings indicated that the peptides LADW and EEAEGT showed potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 4.40 ± 0.04 and 6.46 ± 0.22 mM, respectively. Furthermore, MD simulation and morphological observation results also revealed that LADW and EEAEGT alter starch structure and form weak interactions with starch through intermolecular hydrogen bonding, leading to the inhibition of starch hydrolysis. Peptides inhibit the ability of starch to produce reducing sugars after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, providing additional evidence of the inhibition of starch hydrolysis by the added peptides. Taken together, these findings suggest that consuming the umami peptides LADW and EEAEGT may alleviate postprandial blood glucose elevations via inhibiting α-glucosidase and starch hydrolysis.

Crosstalk between glucagon-like peptide 1 and gut microbiota in metabolic diseases.

Gut microbiota exert influence on gastrointestinal mucosal permeability, bile acid metabolism, short-chain fatty acid synthesis, dietary fiber fermentation, and farnesoid X receptor/Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) signal transduction. The incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is mainly produced by L cells in the gut and regulates postprandial blood glucose. Changes in gut microbiota composition and function have been observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Meanwhile, the function and rhythm of GLP-1 have also been affected in subjects with obesity or T2D. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the link between the gut microbiome and GLP-1. In this review, we describe the interaction between GLP-1 and the gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. On the one hand, gut microbiota metabolites stimulate GLP-1 secretion, and gut microbiota affect GLP-1 function and rhythm. On the other hand, the mechanism of action of GLP-1 on gut microbiota involves the inflammatory response. Additionally, we discuss the effects and mechanism of various interventions, such as prebiotics, probiotics, antidiabetic drugs, and bariatric surgery, on the crosstalk between gut microbiota and GLP-1. Finally, we stress that gut microbiota can be used as a target for metabolic diseases, and the clinical application of GLP-1 receptor agonists should be individualized.

Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) Alkaloids (SZ-A) Ameliorate Myocardial Injury in Type 2 Diabetic Rats by Regulating Autophagy

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a persistent metabolic condition resulting from insufficient insulin or insulin resistance, which gives rise to diverse complications endangering human well-being. Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids ­(SZ-A) have various pharmacological effects, potentially benefiting clinical comprehensive kidney and cardiovascular protection. Nevertheless, the potential protective effect of SZ-A on myocardial injury in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains unexplored. Materials and Methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups, including control, model, metformin, and SZ-A. The establishment of the type 2 diabetes model was initiated by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) along with a diet of high glucose and fat. Following a 12-week period of treatment, measurements were taken for heart mass index (HMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and 2-h postprandial blood glucose (2hPG). Additionally, serum glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), indicators of myocardial injury, and oxidative stress were assessed. The expressions of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-mTOR, beclin-1, and LC3 in myocardial tissue were detected by Western blot. Results The administration of SZ-A effectively reduced the levels of HMI, FBG, 2hPG, HbA1c, malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB) in rats with type 2 diabetes while enhancing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Additionally, SZ-A could improve myocardial tissue arrangement structure and fibrosis degree. Additional analysis revealed that SZ-A suppressed the activation of p-mTOR while enhancing the levels of Beclin-1 and LC3, suggesting that the potential therapeutic impact of SZ-A on myocardial damage could be attributed to its ability to regulate autophagy, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. Conclusion In summary, the results indicate that SZ-A might possess inhibitory properties against myocardial damage in rats with type 2 diabetes, presenting a potential therapeutic approach in the clinic.

Effects of a 2-Week Kinect-Based Mixed-Reality Exercise Program on Prediabetes: A Pilot Trial during COVID-19.

Pre-diabetes can develop into type 2 diabetes mellitus, but can prevented by regular exercise. However, the outcomes when combining unsupervised Kinect-based mixed-reality (KMR) exercise with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) remain unclear. Therefore, this single-arm pilot trial examined changes in blood glucose (BG) concentrations over 672 hours (4 weeks), including a 2-week period of KMR exercise and CGM in individuals with pre-diabetes. This was a pre-and post-treatment case-control study with nine participants. General questionnaires were administered and body composition, fasting BG concentrations, and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (2-OGTT) results were measured pre-and post-treatment. Weekly average glucose concentrations, hyperglycemia rate, hypoglycemia rate, average glucose concentration over time, amount of physical activity, amount of food intake, and pre- and postprandial BG (immediately and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after lunch) were measured over 4 weeks (pre-test, exercise, and post -test weeks). Glucose concentrations were measured before exercising, between sets, and 30 and 60 minutes after exercise during the 2 weeks of unsupervised exercise (3 days/week). In all participants, body mass index (27.16±2.92 kg/m2), fasting BG (108.00±7.19 mg/dL), 2-OGTT (162.56±18.12 mg/dL), hyperglycemia rate (P=0.040), and 90-minute postprandial BG (P=0.035) were significantly reduced during the 2 exercise weeks, and the 2-OGTT result (P=0.044) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P=0.046) were significantly reduced at the post -test as compared with the pre-test. This study found that 2 weeks of unsupervised KMR exercise reduced 2-OGTT, DBP, hyperglycemia rate, and 90-minute postprandial BG concentration. We believed this effect could be identified more clearly in studies involving a larger number of participants and longer durations of exercise.

Effect of combining valsartan and amlodipine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated by hypertension

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of combining valsartan and amlodipine on patients who were co-morbid with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension.
 Methods: The medical records of 110 patients treated in North China Electric Power University Hospital, Beijing, China from July 2018 to October 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Control group (CG; n = 50) was administered oral amlodipine (5 mg daily for 6 months), while the study group (SG; n = 60) received one tablet of co-formulated valsartan (80 mg)) and amlodipine (5 mg) daily for 6 months. All the patients, in addition to the above drugs, were also placed on insulin and atorvastatin calcium. After a 6-month treatment period, the therapeutic effect and incidence of adverse effects were compared between CG and SG. Blood glucose-related indices (glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2 h PG), and fasting blood glucose (FBG)) and blood pressure indices, viz, (diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP)) were compared.
 Results: Compared to the pre-treatment values, both groups showed significant decrease in 2 h PG, FBG, HbA1c, SBP and DBP after treatment (p < 0.05), but the 2 h PG, FBG, HbA1c, SBP and DBP in SG were significantly lower in comparison to CG (p < 0.05). The overall response rate (ORR) of CG was significantly lower in comparison to SG (p < 0.05). In SG, there was significant reduction in the incidence of adverse effects compared to CG (p < 0.05).
 Conclusion: The combination of valsartan and amlodipine is effective in treating T2DM co-morbid with hypertension, and satisfactorily controls blood glucose level and blood pressure with a relatively high level of safety. Further experiments would be required to ascertain the reliability of these findings.

Recrystallized resistant starch by encapsulation with konjac glucomannan: Structural changes, digestibility, and its effect on glucose response and short-term satiety in mice

The effects of the structure and digestibility of konjac glucomannan (KGM)-recrystallized resistant starch complex (KRS3) on the glycemic response and short-term satiety in mice were investigated. KRS3 samples were prepared by recrystallized debranched starch (RS3) at 50 °C, and then combined with KGM. The RS3 and KRS3 samples displayed an A-type pattern and maintained peak temperature values above 110 °C. With an increase in KGM, the swelling power and apparent viscosity of KRS3 increased. The results of in vitro and in vivo digestion revealed that KRS3 with a resistant starch content ranging from 69.4 % to 78.8 % could effectively maintain postprandial blood glucose levels. KRS3, particularly with 0.5 % KGM, slowed gastric emptying of mice from 82.7 % to 36.6 % and intestinal propulsion rate from 60.9 % to 35.3 %, resulting in strong satiety. RS3 combined with KGM could serve as a new approach to develop RS3 based foods with low glycemic responses and high-satiety.

Effect of different nutrients on blood glucose, inflammatory response and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis.

We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, The Cochrane Library, China Biomedical Literature Database and other databases from inception to June 2023. The included studies were randomised controlled trials (RCT). The studies were screened by four authors, divided into two independent pairs. A total of eighteen studies were included, including 1362 patients, involving twelve intervention measures. The different nutrients had a significant effect on improving blood glucose, reducing inflammation levels and reducing oxidative stress compared with placebo (P < 0.05). Cumulative probability ranking showed that vitamin A + vitamin D + vitamin E ranked first in lowering fasting blood glucose (standardised mean difference (SMD) = 41.30, 95 % CI (2.07, 825.60)) and postprandial 2-h blood glucose (SMD = 15.19, 95 % CI (4.16, 55.53)). In terms of insulin resistance index, the first highest probability ranking is vitamin D (SMD = 5.12, 95 % CI (0.76, 34.54)). In terms of reducing the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level, the first in probability ranking is VE (SMD = 2.58, 95 % CI (1.87,3.55)). The results of cumulative probability ranking showed that Mg + Zn + Ca + VD ranked first in reducing TNF-α (SMD = 1.90, 95% CI (0.40, 9.08)) and IL-6 (SMD = 1.83, 95 % CI (0.37, 9.12)). In terms of reducing malondialdehyde levels, the first ranked probability is VB1 (SMD = 4.99, 95 % CI (1.85, 13.46)). Cumulative probability ranking results showed that Ca + VD ranked first in reducing total antioxidant capacity (SMD = 0.66,95 % CI (0.38, 1.15)) and glutathione (SMD = 1.39, 95 % CI (0.43, 4.56)). In conclusion, nutritional interventions have significant effects on improving blood glucose, inflammatory levels and oxidative stress in patients with gestational diabetes. Due to the high uncertainty in the results and differences in the number and quality of studies included, the reliability of the conclusions still needs to be validated by conducting large-sample, high-quality RCT studies.

Loneliness in older adults with diabetes mellitus: a scoping review

ABSTRACT This scoping review aimed to explore and synthesize existing research on predictors of loneliness, and the impact of loneliness on physiological and psychological health outcomes and health behaviors in older adults with diabetes. Results from 12 studies showed that low education, being unmarried/divorced/separated, having diabetes-related complications, being physically inactive, having diabetes distress, being of a certain race/ethnicity, being female, having depressive symptoms, and being younger age were consistently identified as predictors of loneliness. In addition, loneliness was found to affect both psychological (depressive symptoms and negative perceptions of diabetes) and physiological health outcomes (increased postprandial blood glucose and A1C levels, decreased cortisol levels, increased MCP-1 levels, slower gait speed, and weaker hand grip) and health behaviors (decreased engagement in physical activity, increased disability in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, and increased likelihood of antidepressant use). The results of this scoping review suggest that loneliness is a complex issue for older adults with diabetes and its effects are far-reaching. Therefore, further research should be conducted to explore the potential causal relationships between loneliness and physiological and psychological health outcomes and to identify the best interventions to reduce loneliness in older adults with diabetes. For healthcare providers, it is important to recognize that loneliness is an appropriate risk factor for older adults with diabetes that may affect psychological and physiological health outcomes and health behaviors and to address it through interventions such as social support programs, group therapy, or psychosocial counseling.

Impact of regular consumption of millets on fasting and post-prandial blood glucose level: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Millets have a low Glycemic Index and are thus expected to help reduce concentration of Fasting and Post-Prandial Blood Sugar (FBS and PPBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which can potentially help the management of type 2 diabetes. This study conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of millets consumption on FBS, PPBS, and HbA1c levels in comparison to major staple diets using the difference-in-differences (DID) method, where the effect size was computed on the Standardized Mean Difference scale. Among twelve eligible articles, ten were used in the meta-analysis to assess the effects on FBS levels, while five were used to assess the effects on PPBS levels. The results show significant effects on FBS (p &amp;lt; 0.01) and PPBS (p &amp;lt; 0.05) levels with the effect size of −0.71 and −0.42, respectively. There were 11.8% (p = 0.001) and 15.1% (p = 0.012) reductions in FBS and PPBS level respectively observed in the millet consuming group whereas the comparator group did not have significant reductions in either indicator. On the other hand, the effects on HbA1c levels were insignificant, presumably due to the small sample size where only two studies were undertaken over 90 days, which warrants further research. The findings corroborate the evidence that millets can contribute to managing FBS and PPBS levels better than major staple diets, implying that millets consumption helps reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.

TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING NATURAL ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS: A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder affecting hundreds of millions of people around the world. It is characterized by hyperglycemia caused by impaired glucose homeostasis that results from insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance. There are clinically available α-glucosidase inhibitor drugs that are used to decrease postprandial blood glucose level. However, these drugs have side effects that necessitated the discovery of new α-glucosidase inhibitors with less side effects and high potency. The interest in the use of natural products to deal with diabetes has been increasing. Therefore, the potential of natural α-glucosidase inhibitors to inhibit the enzyme was investigated through computational methods. Material and Method: The binding potential of selected natural α-glucosidase inhibitors was investigated through molecular docking. Thereafter, the stability of the complexes with the highest binding potential were assessed through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Result and Discussion: The molecular docking demonstrated that compound 2 had better binding potential than the standard drug, acarbose. Compound 7 had comparable binding potential to the standard drug. Furthermore, all the tested compounds exhibited a reasonable binding potential towards the enzyme but were weaker than the standard drug. The MD simulation demonstrated that compounds 2 and 7 gave complexes with similar stability to the standard drug. The overall computational results revealed that the natural inhibitors investigated had the ability to bind to the enzyme and formed stable complexes. Therefore, these compounds could be potential α-glucosidase inhibitors for clinical use. For this reason, further in vitro investigations on compounds with the highest binding potential is recommended.

A Minimized Measurement Scheme for Predicting HbA1c Using Discrete Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Data Within 4 Weeks for People with Type 2 Diabetes.

Objective: To establish an accurate and robust calculation model for predicting hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) by using the fewest discrete blood glucose values according to an irregular data set and propose an appropriate cost-effective and scientific scheme for routine blood glucose monitoring. Methods: By using two data sets obtained from 2017 to 2022, which involved 2432 people with T2D, ∼420,000 irregular blood glucose values, and 10,000 HbA1c values, multiple blood glucose monitoring schemes were designed and compared to find the optimal one. The data were structured and then fitted using a regularized extreme learning machine, and the results were evaluated on the basis of indicators such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error, and the relevance analysis (R) value; the optimal scheme for routine blood glucose monitoring was determined by combining the accuracy and the cost and was compared with previous studies in terms of accuracy and stability. Results: Data fitting results for the chosen scheme: R = 0.8029 (P < 0.001), MAE = 0.3181% (95% confidence interval, 0.2666-0.3695%). Within the last 4 weeks before the prediction of HbA1c, a minimum of only seven fasting and seven postprandial blood glucose values are needed, of which are one fasting and one postprandial blood glucose values per 4 days. Compared with previous studies, the prediction model shows better accuracy and stability (P < 0.05), especially under the great glucose fluctuation group. Conclusion: A minimized calculation model for accurately and robustly predicting HbA1c using discrete self-monitoring of blood glucose data within 4 weeks for people with T2D has been established and provides a new reference for the design of a scheme for blood glucose monitoring. The diabetes care clinic of Peking University First Hospital (Registration Number: ChiCTR2300068139).

Improvement of blood glucose control and reduction of hypoglycemia, body weight, and C-reactive protein in type 1 diabetic patients treated with intensive insulin therapy with insulin analogs

Background/Aim. Good metabolic control can delay the onset and progression of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Intensified insulin therapy (IIT) is the cornerstone of good metabolic control in the treatment of type 1 DM (T1DM) while avoiding hypoglycemia and body weight (BW) gain in those patients. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of IIT with insulin analogs (aspart and glargine) in T1DM patients. Methods. This prospective clinical study included 49 patients with at least one year of T1DM duration, who were on IIT with human insulin at that moment. They commenced therapy with insulin aspart for three months, followed by insulin glargine for another three months. An analysis of blood glucose (BG) control (glycated hemoglobin ? HbA1c, mean BG, fasting BG, postprandial BG, and glycemic variability) and analysis of BW, hypoglycemia, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were performed. Results. The HbA1c level decreased slightly (non-significantly) after three months of insulin aspart therapy (from 9.28% to 8.83%) and decreased significantly after the aspart/glargine combination (to 8.08%; p &lt; 0.001). After the first three months with aspart therapy, a significant reduction in postprandial BG was noted after all three main meals. The mean postprandial rise of BG was significantly reduced. The variability of daily BG was significantly reduced (standard deviation of BG fell from 2.28 mmol/L to 1.90 mmol/L; p &lt; 0.05). The mean BG value in the profiles decreased (from 9.11 mmol/L to 8.31 mmol/L; p &lt; 0.05). All BG values in the profiles after six months were statistically significantly lower compared to the initial values, as well as the mean BG (6.88 mmol/L; p &lt; 0.001) and the variability of daily BG (1.49 mmol/L; p &lt; 0.01). Our results showed a significant reduction in the number of hypoglycemias after three months, especially after the introduction of insulin glargine therapy (significant reduction in the number of symptomatic, asymptomatic, and nocturnal hypoglycemias). The results showed a discrete but significant reduction in BW and a significant reduction in CRP levels (from 3.43 mg/L to 2.25 mg/L; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion. Treatment of patients with T1DM with insulin analogs (insulin aspart and insulin glargine) in IIT leads to improved BG control with a reduction in the number of hypoglycemia, BW, and CRP levels.

Metformin versus insulin in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of metformin and insulin in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODOLOGY: Randomized controlled trials (RCT) were retrieved from the databases. All references cited in the articles were also searched by hand to identify additional publications. Studies included were limited to trials on metformin and insulin in the management of GDM in singleton pregnancies. Four RCTs were analyzed in the study. The risk of bias was assessed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (Rob 2). Random effects meta-analysis was carried out to pool the data. All analyses were conducted in Review Manager 5.3.5 (2014). RESULTS: Meta-analysis of four RCT involving 807 participants (405 were treated with metformin and 402 were treated with insulin) shows that there was no significant difference between metformin and insulin in achieving glycemic control as to fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG), and glycosylated hemoglobin, mean difference (MD) −0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] −2.77–1.91; P = 0.72), MD −2.13 (95% CI −5.16–0.90, P = 0.17), MD −0.09 (95% CI −0.20–0.02, P = 0.10), respectively. For maternal outcomes, there was a statistically significant 69% decreased risk of hypoglycemia in the metformin group (risk ratio [RR] 0.31, 95% CI 0.20–0.49; P &lt; 0.001). There was no difference in terms of risk of preterm birth (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.75–1.64, P = 0.60); hypertensive disorders (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.71–1.60, P = 0.77); polyhydramnios (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.51–2.14, P = 0.91); and risk of cesarean delivery (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.75–1.08, P = 0.27). For neonatal outcomes, there was statistically significant 34% reduction on the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.46–0.94; P = 0.02) in the metformin group. There was no statistical difference in terms of mean birthweight (MD − 81.34, 95% CI −181.69–19.02, P = 0.11). Metformin has decreased the risk of newborns weighing more than 4000 g, babies with birthweight &gt;90th percentile by 27% (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.28–1.90, P = 0.52), and 20% (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.54–1.18, P = 0.26), respectively, but these were not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in terms of risk of birthweight &lt;10th percentile (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.60–2.31, P = 0.65); APGAR &lt;7 (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.65–2.08, P = 0.60), birth trauma (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.23–2.58, P = 0.67), and jaundice requiring phototherapy RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.66–1.65, P = 0.85). Neonatal intensive care unit admission (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.64–1.23, P = 0.48), respiratory distress syndrome (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.36–1.50, P = 0.39), transient tachypnea (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.27–2.19, P = 0.63), and any congenital anomaly (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.20–1.67, P = 0.31) were decreased in the metformin group but was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between metformin and insulin in achieving glycemic control as to FBS and PPBG among patients with GDM. There was a statistically significant reduction in the risk of maternal and neonatal hypoglycemia in the use of metformin.

Understanding the mechanism of high viscosity food delaying gastric emptying.

Controlling the structure and viscosity of food can influence the development of diet-related diseases. Food viscosity has been linked with health through its impact on human digestion and gastrointestinal transit, however, there is limited understanding of how the viscosity of food regulates gastric emptying. Here, we used model food preparations with different viscosities using guar gum, to explore the mechanism underlying the influence of viscosity on gastric motility, gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose. Based on experiments in human volunteers and animals, we demonstrated that high viscosity meals increased gastric antrum area and gastric retention rate. Viscosity also affected gut hormone secretion, reduced the gene expression level of interstitial cells of Cajal, resulting in a delay of gastric emptying and limiting the increase in postprandial glucose. This improved mechanistic understanding of food viscosity during gastric digestion is important for designing new foods to benefit human health.

INFLUENCE OF FERMENTED MELON SEED (OGIRI) PROTEIN ISOLATE ON POSTPRANDIAL BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN DIABETIC RATS

ABSTRACT Abstract Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting millions worldwide, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated with serious complications. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic properties of Ogiri Protein Isolate (OPI) derived from fermented melon seeds (Citrullus vulgaris) and its effects on blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and key organs in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods Forty-two rats were divided into seven groups: positive control, negative control, diabetic group treated with 20% OPI, non-diabetic group treated with 20% OPI, diabetic group treated with 10% OPI, non-diabetic group treated with 10% OPI, and diabetic group treated with 80mg/kg Glibenclamide for 14 days. Fasting serum glucose levels, feed and water intake, weight gain, and plasma HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured. Results OPI treatment significantly reduced fasting serum glucose levels in diabetic rats. There was a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in feed and water intake in treated groups. Weight gain improved in OPI-treated diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic rats. Plasma HDL-cholesterol levels increased significantly in all treated groups compared to the control, with the highest levels in non-diabetic and untreated groups. Similar trends were observed in plasma and liver triglycerides. Conclusion The findings suggest that OPI possesses anti-diabetic properties, significantly lowering blood glucose levels and improving lipid profiles in diabetic rats. OPI holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for diabetes management. Further research is needed to validate these results in human studies. Keywords: Ogiri Protein Isolate (OPI), anti-diabetic, Diabetes mellitus, Postprandial blood glucose and Alloxan.

Effects of thyroid hormones modify the association between pre-pregnancy obesity and GDM: evidence from a mediation analysis.

Conflicting associations have been noted between thyroid function and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with indications that pre-pregnancy BMI might influence these relationships. This study aims to examine the effect of thyroid hormone indices and their mediation role on the risk of GDM. Pregnant women in our study were recruited from the Zhoushan Pregnant Women Cohort, Zhejiang Province, China. Participants who had their first prenatal follow-up and measured thyroid biomarkers in the first trimester, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) records in the second trimester were eligible for inclusion in this study. The data were extracted from the Electronic Medical Record System database, at Zhoushan Maternal and Child Care Hospital. Maternal information about sociodemographic and health-related characteristics was extracted from the dataset. A unique personal identification number was provided to link both datasets. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to investigate the correlations between thyroid hormone indices with GDM. The interaction effects of first-trimester thyroid hormone indices with pre-pregnancy BMI on GDM risk using a generalized linear regression model. Furthermore, the mediation analysis was used to explore the potential mediating effects of thyroid hormone indices on the relationship between pre-pregnancy BMI and GDM. Overall, 5895 pregnant women were included in this study. The first-trimester FT4, thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI), thyrotropin index (TSHI) and thyrotroph thyroxine resistance index (TT4RI) levels were negatively associated with fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PBG2H) in the second trimester (all P<0.05); FT3 and the FT3-to-FT4 ratio levels were positively associated with PBG1H and PBG2H in the second trimester (all P<0.05). Moreover, there were significant correlations between the highest quartile FT4, FT3, FT3-to-FT4 ratio, TSHI, and TFQI with GDM (all P < 0.05). The mediating effect of thyroid hormone parameters was 24.9% on the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and GDM. In conclusion, the low FT4, high FT3-to-FT4 ratio, and low TFQI in the first trimester significantly increase the risk of GDM and should be given more attention. Furthermore, increased pre-pregnancy BMI might partially increase the risk of GDM by influencing the body's thyroid function.

Intuitive eating was associated with anxiety, depression, pregnancy weight and blood glucose in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective longitudinal study.

Outside of pregnancy, intuitive eating (IE) is associated with lower body weight, blood glucose, and higher positive mood. However, little was known about the relationship between IE and anxiety-depression in the GDM population. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association of IE with anxiety and depression, pregnancy weight and pregnancy blood glucose in the first and second GDM visit. Data from 310 pregnant women with GDM from the Fujian Maternal and Child Health Hospital Trial (Approval Number: 2020Y9133) were analyzed. IE was assessed using the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 subscales of Eating for Physiological Reasons rather than Emotional Reasons (EPR), Relying on Hunger and Satiety Cues (RHSC) and Body-Food Choice Consistency (B-FCC). Observations included weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h postprandial blood glucose; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess the level of anxiety and depression in pregnant women with GDM. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between IE and anxiety, depression, pregnancy blood glucose and weight. The cross-sectional analysis showed that the EPR eating behavior was negatively correlated with anxiety and depression, and the B-FCC eating behavior was negatively correlated with depression at both the first and second GDM visit; in addition, the B-FCC eating behavior was associated with lower BMI in the third trimester (all p < 0.05). In longitudinal analyses, the EPR eating behavior in the first visit for GDM predicted lower levels of anxiety and depression in the second GDM visit, whereas the RHSC eating behavior in the first visit for GDM was associated with lower FPG in the second GDM visit (all p < 0.01). These results suggest that practicing intuitive eating may be beneficial and that higher intuitive eating adherence can lead to lower levels of anxiety and depression and more ideal gestational weight and blood glucose values.

Thyroid profile in pre-diabetes, is it important?

Background: Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes have an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Thyroid dysfunction may amplify existing cardiovascular disease risk in hyperglycemic subjects. Studying the association between thyroid profile abnormalities in the pre-diabetes population is of considerable clinical importance. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study are to study thyroid profile in pre-diabetes and control. Materials and Methods: Group-I: Patients with pre-diabetes are considered cases. (patients with fasting plasma glucose [FPG] – 100–125 mg/dL and/or post-prandial blood glucose 140–199 mg/dL and/or hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] – 5.7–6.4% as per “American Diabetes Association 2017”). Group-II: Patients with normal FPG, post-prandial blood glucose, and HbA1C are considered controls. Results: Among pre-diabetes, 12% have hypothyroidism as compared to 5% among non-diabetic (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: There is a significant increase in the prevalence of hypothyroidism among the prediabetes population. Hence, they should be screened early for these parameters and early management may reduce future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Effects of fibre sources on physiological properties and reproductive performance in gestating and lactating sows

Context Few experiments have demonstrated how alternative fibre sources such as micronised citrus pulp in the diet of sows during pregnancy and lactation can influence the productive and biochemical parameters of the sows. Aims The aim of the study was to compare different fibre sources fed to sows during gestation for effects on serum biochemical and reproductive parameters, and to determine how these effects may relate to sow and piglet performances. Methods In total, 220 sows of average initial liveweight 240.72 ± 29.42 kg were allotted to a completely randomised design with four treatments and 55 sows per treatment. The treatments comprised different fibre sources (micronised citrus pulp, soybean hulls and coffee husks) included in the feed, with a maize–soybean-meal-based diet as the control. Productive and biochemical parameters were assessed. Key results Productive and reproductive performance during gestation and lactation, and litter birth weight, were not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by treatment. Placental efficiency (g fetus produced/g placenta) was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in sows receiving soybean hulls than coffee husks (4.9 vs 5.4). Control sows presented lower (P &lt; 0.05) stillborn rate than those supplemented with soybean hulls (1.08% vs 2.72%). Blood glucose, creatinine, lactate, triglycerides, total protein, cholesterol and urea were not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by treatment. Postprandial blood glucose and triglycerides levels were higher (P &lt; 0.05) than preprandial levels, whereas preprandial cholesterol was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than postprandial (67.74 vs 62.51 mg/dL). Conclusion Diverse fibre sources minimally impacted sow performance; coffee husks emerged as a potentially advantageous choice. Implications Nutritional strategies to enhance reproductive and productive performance can be developed by incorporating coffee husks, micronised citrus pulp or soybean hulls in sows’ feed. Use of these fibre sources did not alter reproductive and productive parameters or blood metabolites of the sows.

Design of PD Controllers with Input Saturation for Postprandial Blood Glucose Regulation

An Artificial pancreas system regulates blood glucose in people with type 1 diabetes by automating the appropriate insulin infusion rate calculation. Insulin cannot be removed once injected, and thus, the control input is constrained to be positive. Controllers designed without taking this constraint into consideration often deliver an excessive insulin dose after a meal intake (postprandial period), which may cause hypoglycemia, a condition related to harmful complications. The non-negativeness is usually handled indirectly through additional control structures that compensate for the saturation by cutting of the insulin flow in advance. The few approaches that consider the non-negativeness of insulin in the controller design process end up with high-order controllers, which are difficult to analyze. In this work, the design of a input-constrained PD controller for regulating postprandial glucose is explored. The set of feasible controller parameters is computed and related to the meal and insulin dynamics.