Post-liberalization Era Research Articles

Against Values: How to Talk about the Good in a Postliberal Era. By Philip J.Harod. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2023. Pp. xv, 221. $121.00 (HB) / $40.00 (PB).

Against Values: How to Talk about the Good in a Postliberal Era. By Philip J.Harod. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2023. Pp. xv, 221. $121.00 (<scp>HB</scp>) / $40.00 (<scp>PB</scp>).

Evolution of Female Desire and Fantasy in Bollywood Cinema: Perspectives from Male and Female Directors in the Post-Liberalization Era

The camaraderie between cinema and fantasy has a prolonged story, as one escalates the other. Since echoes of 'sexual fantasies’ and ‘gaze’ in cinema have been primarily celebrated and fantasized through patriarchal prisms, Bollywood and female desire have historically been fraught with challenges. However, Bollywood cinema has lately been undergoing significant landscape twists by featuring female fantasies in a bold and progressive manner at the forefront of narratives. In light of this, drawing from theoretical perspectives on the male gaze and psychoanalytic feminism, this paper will examine the evolving representations of female desire, fantasy and sexuality in contemporary Bollywood cinema. Through a nuanced analysis of nine key Bollywood films from 1996 to 2023, this paper will compare male and female directors' approaches to the male gaze when depicting female desire and sexuality on screen, examining how filmmakers' personal perspectives shape cinematic portrayals. It will also consider how economic liberalization affected the representation of female sexual desires and fantasies in Bollywood cinema, emphasizing the intersection of culture, economics, and gender in Indian popular culture. To conclude, this paper will illuminate how Bollywood cinema has become a powerful platform for the exploration of female desire and fantasy, serving as a catalyst for social change and challenging conventional gender norms in contemporary Indian society.

Power Peace: The Resolution of the Syrian Conflict in a Post-Liberal Era of Peacemaking

ABSTRACT The complexity of the Syrian conflict prompted the engagement of new actors of peacemaking – notably Turkey and Russia – whose interactions with the UN model have often been described as the confrontation of liberal versus illiberal norms and values. This article investigates the impact of these dynamics on peace and the political system in Syria. Building on the analysis of 100 interviews, it questions the liberal-illiberal dyad. Peacemaking in Syria is more hybrid. It is a marketplace where mediators of all types pursue ‘power peace’, or the pre-eminence of geopolitical interests and statecraft over any ideal of peace.

DEMOGRAPHIC AND PSYCHOGRAPHIC STUDY AND DEMAND ANALYSIS OF RURAL CONSUMERS IN POST LIBERALISATION ERA

The economic situation of rural residents has changed since economic liberalization, and they are no longer considered impoverished individuals. Rural residents income has increased significantly during the past few years. The information revolution and rural residents rising educational levels have made them aware of many of the newest product offerings. Cultural disparities with their urban counterparts began to fade in a market that was semi-homogeneous for many durable and non-durable businesses. Reduce and attitude had significantly shifted. Teenagers from rural areas try to act like their metropolitan counterparts. A significant shift in lifestyle has occurred, with a growing number of people becoming self-conscious. Social class lines become less distinct. Rural consumers could now easily get commodities thanks to the extensive distribution network of various businesses, which contributed to the rise of rural consumerism. In summary, the paper covers various psychographic and demographic studies as well as an analysis of rural customers demand throughout the post-liberalization era. KEY WORDS: Demand Analysis, Economic Liberalization, psychographic and demographic studies, Rural Consumer

Revisiting Interconnection Between Technological Evolution and The Dynamics of Employment and Income Distribution

Technological development has been a continuous process. In fact, this signifies the strength of the process of development. There has been quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the way the human being produces its means of production as well as the means of livelihood. One must say that the development in the means of production (the machines and tools) determines the availability of quality and quantity of means of livelihood. Hence, it may be assumed that the availability of means of livelihood to the common masses should be a direct function of the evolution of the technology of production. But, the benefits of the development of technology spreads among the stakeholders in varying proportions. Distribution of means of livelihood, (income and output) depends on the distribution of ownership of the means of production as well as the number of people and the labor hours utilized in the production process. Distribution of means of production and income and output is a socio-political process. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, the world faced changing socio-political structure through constitutional and democratic movements. At various milestones of technological evolution, various provisions determining the quality of life of the workforce like the number of working days and working hours and the disbursement of the reward for production kept changing. Different parts of the world experienced a reduction in the number of working hours and days at various stages under pressure of democratic movements. In light of this, the paper attempts to revisit the impact of the technological evolution, particularly, information technology and artificial intelligence, on the distribution of income and wealth and, also its connection with the growth of employment (or, unemployment). For this it takes a journey through the history since the Industrial Revolution in general and the post-liberalization era (since 1990s) in particular, in view of the qualitative changes in the production process owing to the emergence computer and information technology, robotics and artificial intelligence. The paper finds that there has been a mismatch between the rate of growth of production and the allocation of the output among the stakeholder, particularly the workforce. This has resulted into widening inequality of income along with high rate of unemployment.

Macroeconomic Factors and SENSEX Performance in India : Unveiling the Post-Liberalization Era (1980 – 2020)

Macroeconomic Factors and SENSEX Performance in India : Unveiling the Post-Liberalization Era (1980 – 2020)

A Study on the Impact on International Trade Post Liberalization in India

This research paper aims to examine the impact of liberalization on international business by analyzing how economic reforms and trade policy changes have shaped global business dynamics. On the verge of formulating foreign trade plans, India exhibited a surplus of imports over exports. The surge in imports primarily stemmed from accumulated demand during and after the war, a result of diverse controls and limitations. Similar to other emerging economies, India confronts inherent imbalances in its trade equilibrium. Starting from the inaugural economic plan, the revenue generated from India's exports has consistently fallen short of covering the expenses incurred on importing goods. India recognized the negative impact of its protectionist policies on long-term economic performance and began dismantling trade barriers to foster economic development. The paper investigates the effects of liberalization on trade flows, foreign investment, and market competition, highlighting both the benefits and challenges faced by countries in the post-liberalization era.

한국 사회과 교육과정에 나타난 글로벌교육의 전개

This study examined the development of global education in South Korean social studies curriculum. It analyzed the curriculum changes from the post-liberation era to 2022, focusing on each period to understand the transformations in global education reflected in the national curriculum. The research investigated the stages of introducing global education for international understanding, its establishment for nationalistic globalization, the leap towards global citizenship education, and the inclusion of global education in the latest curriculum reflecting the concept of global competence. Through this analysis, I aimed to review how the perspective of global education has been reflected, maintained, transformed, and developed in South Korean social studies curriculum. Based on the findings, I suggested the direction of global education in schools in the future.

Socio-economic determinants of subjective wellbeing of Indians in the post-liberalization era: evidence from the world value survey

Socio-economic determinants of subjective wellbeing of Indians in the post-liberalization era: evidence from the world value survey

Company Risk of Selected Pharmaceutical Companies in India During the Post-liberalisation Era: An Empirical Assessment

Company Risk of Selected Pharmaceutical Companies in India During the Post-liberalisation Era: An Empirical Assessment

Liberalisation and spatio- temporal patterns of air traffic flow from Nigeria to West Africa

Abstract The liberalisation of aviation policies across Africa has had a significant impact on air traffic flow within the region. This study aims to examine the effects of this policy, with a specific focus on Nigeria’s regional connectivity to other West African countries. By analyzing data from the pre and post-liberalisation eras, the study aims to determine the changes in passenger and aircraft movement and evaluate the significance of the policy on Nigeria’s sub-region. The study utilizes a longitudinal data set covering the period between 1988 and 2018. This data is divided into two eras: the pre-liberalisation era (1988-2000) and the post-liberalisation era (2001-2018). To assess the impact of liberalisation, a t-test is conducted on the data, comparing the air traffic flow patterns before and after the implementation of liberalisation policies.The findings reveal a substantial improvement in the air traffic flow of passengers and aircraft from Nigeria to other West African countries since the introduction of liberalisation policies. The growth patterns observed in the post-liberalisation era exhibit a linear trend, indicating sustained progress. However, uncertainties arising from hazards in air transport operations can influence the growth patterns.The study underscores the positive impact of African aviation liberalisation policy on air traffic flow, particularly in the regional context of Nigeria’s connectivity with other West African countries. The results demonstrate significant improvements in passenger and aircraft movement. However, to fully capitalize on the benefits of liberalisation, regional efforts and an improved framework need to be intensified. This will ensure sustained growth and maximize the advantages of liberalisation in the aviation sector.

Measuring Cost Efficiency of Indian Life Insurance Companies During the Post-liberalisation Era: A Farrell Approach

This article estimates the cost efficiencies of all Indian life insurance companies during the post-liberalisation era based on Farrell (1957) approach. Data on input and output variables and input price variables for all 24 companies have been collected from IRDA’s handbook on Indian insurance statistics. It is seen that the Indian life insurance sector is 63.5 per cent cost efficient. While LIC, Edelweiss Tokio, IndiaFirst, SBI Life, Canara HSBC OBC and HDFC Life consistently projected high cost efficiency, Future Generali, Bajaj Allianz, Aviva Life, Bharti AXA, Shriram and Reliance Nippon Life failed to achieve cost efficient status.

The Role of NGOs in the Development of Women\'s Entrepreneurship in Jharkhand

Abstract: Women are increasingly finding success in entrepreneurship as a means of achieving financial independence. Economic shifts and the loosening of social restrictions during the past two decades (during the post-liberalization era) have further prompted women to launch their own enterprises. The aim of the study is to pinpoint the factors that encourage female entrepreneurship in the state of Jharkhand, factors include push and pull factors. NGOs play a crucial role in advancing the cause of women entrepreneurs in Jharkhand by working with an autonomous society named JSLPS established by the Rural Development Department of Jharkhand. NGOs such as Udyogini have intervened in Khunti, Ranchi and Gumla districts, PARADAN has also encouraged female entrepreneurship in the field of sericulture in numerous Jharkhand districts, including Dumka and Godda. Jharkhand being a poor state face a number of important challenges, which is why women here are still lagging behind. These issues can be broadly categorised as Illiteracy, a male-dominated culture, lack of infrastructural facilities, inadequate amount of funds, and the perspective of society towards women being an entrepreneur.

Voluntary Outsiders in Their Anthropocentric Nation: Korean Vegan Youth Navigating between National Ruins and Transnational Mobilities

Abstract This study asks why and how a segment of young people have led the emergence of veganism in contemporary South Korea since the mid-2010s, and what this appearance means—especially against the backdrop of the wide interpretation of Korean youth as disillusioned and depoliticized individuals who distrust the possibility of any positive social change. The article argues that the youth-driven Korean veganism has played a role in filling the void of the postdevelopmental, postindustrial, and postliberation era of climate crisis and planetary challenges by working as a broad vision for a good life and meaningful social change. Based on qualitative interviews, textual analysis, and participant observation, the article shows why veganism has worked as a way of alternative survival for vegan youth, how veganism as the source of voice and personal growth has been validated and cultivated by the transnational youth culture, and what has enabled veganism’s solidarity from and coalition with other social movements. The article contributes to diversifying the representation of Korean youth and their agencies beyond the ruins and pessimism of the neoliberalized Korean society.

Towards a Model of Contractualisation of Labour in India: Testing the Effect of Unionisation of Regular Workers and the Wage Gap

When manufacturing firms employed labour on a low-wage contract in big numbers during the post-reform in India, the demand for cheap contract labourers increased and contract labourers were prepared to work for lower wages as they were not unionised and could not bargain for higher wages. So, have regular workers tried to organise their contractual counterparts so that latter could negotiate higher wages? By helping contract labourers, have regular workers lost the premium wages that they were able to negotiate? In this article, I used wages of regular workers and contract labourers and the wage gap between the two groups to come up with a framework for understanding why contract labourers continued to help firms in India’s manufacturing sector as well by not moving the elasticity of labour demand and demand of substitution of labour upward concerning all other inputs to the production during the post-liberalisation era. I posit four different scenarios to speculate how improved labour flexibility made one of the two sections of workers prosper at the cost of the other section’s hardships.

Macroeconomic Factors and SENSEX Performance in India: Unveiling the Post-Liberalization Era (1980-2020)

Macroeconomic Factors and SENSEX Performance in India: Unveiling the Post-Liberalization Era (1980-2020)

Electricity sector assessment in Nigeria: the post-liberation era

Electricity sector assessment in Nigeria: the post-liberation era

Four Approaches to Daodejing Translations and Their Characteristics in Korean after Liberation from Japan

This article gathered and analyzed the Daodejing (DDJ) translations in Korean that appeared after the liberation from Japan and classified them into four perspectives: the perspective continuing Gyeonghak 經學 (Traditional Confucian exegetics), the literary and linguistic perspective, the religious perspective, and the philosophical perspective according to the academic perspective and methodology of translation. Simultaneously, this paper clarified the translation characteristics by comprehensively examining the formation process of each perspective in their historical contexts. Although Daoism had been excluded from the academic curriculum during the pre-liberation era along with Buddhism as heresy, it was later hastily embraced within the category of Oriental Studies to build a cultural consensus when the modern and contemporary educational system was established. In the post-liberation era, the formation of each DDJ translation perspective is directly related to the academic status of Daoism during the modernization of the Korean educational system—a process in which the years 1990 and 2015 stand out as essential turning points. The characteristics of DDJ translations in Korean can be analyzed from five perspectives depending on the Ur-text, ideological perspective, linguistic methodology, national characteristics, and relation to Christianity.

NPA status of Indian banks in pre and post liberalization era

NPA status of Indian banks in pre and post liberalization era

Between ‘Retreat’ and ‘Recentralisation’: China’s SOE Reform Conundrum

State-owned enterprises (SOEs), a key constituent of China’s economy, are an important reference for analysing China’s evolving state-market relations. Market-oriented reforms introduced in the SOE sector over the past four decades have seen the Communist Party of China (CPC) loosen its control over SOEs, shedding a large number of loss-making enterprises, and significant restructuring of remaining enterprises, including by public listing. But these achievements still fall short of making Chinese SOEs ‘modern enterprises’, and they continue to be extensions of the Chinese Party-state. Using Party documents, speeches and policy announcements, this article explores key changes and continuities in China’s state-owned sector in the post-liberalisation era. It contends that the neoliberal turn in China’s economic transition cannot be understood in the radical separation of state and market configurations but that reform and restructuring of SOEs have to be situated in a political-institutional landscape where multiple interests compete over the formulation of economic policy.