Postharvest Management Practices Research Articles

Non-destructive methods for mango ripening prediction: Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (visNIRS) and laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV)

With up to 19% of mango fruit being lost during ripening, the need for non-destructive technologies to predict internal physiochemical traits is paramount. This study compared two non-destructive technologies, visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (visNIRS) and laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV), for predicting the ripeness of mango fruit in two cultivars, ‘Kent’ and ‘Keitt’. An internal quality index (IQI) in ‘Kent’ was predicted using visNIRS (RP2 = 0.729, RMSEP = 0.532) using partial least squares regression, which gave a single measure for ripeness incorporating firmness, sweetness, and pulp colour. This model was improved by using the sum of the individual sugar contents (glucose, sucrose, and fructose) over the conventional total soluble solids (TSS) measure. LDV provided poor predictions of firmness (R2 < 0.5) in both ‘Kent’ and ‘Keitt’ using least squares regression line. The resonant frequency, as measured by LDV, decreased linearly with time, while firmness quantified destructively (quasi-static) showed an exponential decrease, suggesting the vibrational and destructive firmness measure distinct characteristics, which would contribute to poor model performance. These results showed that LDV is not suitable for assessing mango ripening. While visNIRS models have been successful at predicting quality traits, our results suggested that using individual sugar content in place of TSS can improve the prediction of ripening. This understanding of the strengths and limitations of both visNIRS and LDV, and how they relate to destructive quality measurements, can be used to improve postharvest management practices whilst reducing commercial losses in the mango industry.

Post Harvest Anthracnose of Mango Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: A Review

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an edible stone fruit most widely grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is been cultivated in South Asia around 4000 years. The genus Mangifera consists totally 49 species, but only 41 species are considerable. Mango is the most cultivated and important fruit around the world especially in India. Since ages, the people from ancient India describe mango tree as ‘Kalpavriksha’ which means wish granting tree. Mango is the eight most important fruit crop grown throughout the world which it contains the nutritive values, minerals, vitamins and dietary fibers. Mango is highly perishable due to climacteric nature of the fruit, it produces high amount of ethylene which is known as ‘Ripening hormone’. However, the fruit quality and commercialization were drastically reduced by the fungus anthracnose incited by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; it causes the post-harvest losses of about 35 to 40 percentage, becaming a major post-harvest disease of mango. Many pre-harvest and post-harvest management practices have been practiced to control mango anthracnose including chemical methods. This review summarizes an overview on exhibiting of this disease, the factors influencing them and the recent management approaches to sustain the fruit quality and maintain the supply chain of mango.

Penyuluhan dan Praktik Pengelolaan Pascapanen Tanaman Obat di Plalangan Gunungpati Semarang

Post-harvest management is essential because it will affect the final results. Post-harvest management products can be classified as simplicia because the stages include wet sorting, washing, draining, changing shape, drying, packaging, and storage. These steps must be paid attention to to ensure the content of active compounds in simplicia. The Bejo Bintang Toedjoe herbal garden at the Plalangan Gunungpati sub-district is managed by women from the Plalangan sub-district, both housewives and workers. Community service was implemented by preparing and making leaflets/brochures, conducting site surveys, conducting pretests and posttests, and monitoring and evaluating the practical results. This activity was attended by 25 participants, not only participants from the managers of the Bejo Bintang Toedjoe herbal garden but also residents from representatives of several community associations. The discussion session was opened after the counseling had been delivered. After the discussion session is finished, it continues with practice. The results of the pretest analysis showed that most participants still need to learn the effect of direct heating with sunlight for drying medicinal plant materials. Some participants also needed to learn that the tools used to cut medicinal plant materials were stainless steel. The posttest results showed that there was an increase in knowledge after conducting counseling and post-harvest management practices of medicinal plants.

Information Sources Utilization and Adoption Behaviour of Pineapple Growers in Nagaland

Pineapple being one of the important horticultural crops of Nagaland, adoption of sustainable cultivation practices is crucial with changing climatic conditions. The study was conducted in Nagaland during 2018-2022 to evaluate the factors influencing the use of information sources and technology adoption for sustainable pineapple cultivation. Altogether 275 respondents were selected from 13 villages representing three leading pineapple growing districts of Nagaland using proportionate random sampling. The study revealed that informal sources of information were most preferred by the respondents. Selection of improved varieties, planting materials, weed management, ratooning, storage, and post-harvest management practices were fully adopted by the respondents. Variables viz., size of land under pineapple cultivation, annual income, income from pineapple cultivation, training exposure, experience, social participation, attitude, economic motivation, and knowledge had significant relationships with the information sources utilization and technology adoption. The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.582 and 0.581 for explaining the utilization of information sources and adoption respectively. It is recommended that strengthening extension-farmer linkages and improving digital literacy may help enhance the efficacy of the information sources as well as improve technology adoption by pineapple growers.

Advances in Postharvest Management of Cherry Tomato

The cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) stands as a highly consumed fresh vegetable globally, renowned for its climacteric ripening nature and nutritional richness. Despite its popularity, the inherent challenges of a short shelf life, susceptibility to microbial decay, and mechanical damage contribute to significant postharvest losses. The continuous demand for fresh fruit vegetables containing health-promoting compounds, such as vitamin C, flavonoids, and carotenoids, has fuelled market growth due to both recognized health benefits and vibrant visual appeal. The current review delves into postharvest handling practices crucial for maintaining cherry tomato quality and extending shelf life. Key practices include harvesting, precooling, cleaning, disinfecting, sorting, grading, packaging, storing, and transportation and the advancement in this field. The impact of these practices on the overall postharvest mass loss, particularly in tropical and subtropical climates, is emphasized, with a focus on mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses. The study reviews a spectrum of postharvest technologies for postharvest management of cherry tomato encompassing both physical and chemical treatments. Physical treatments include LowTemperature Conditioning, Controlled Atmosphere (CA), Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP), Encapsulation and Ultraviolet Irradiation. Chemical treatments involve Edible Coating, melatonin, salicylates and jasmonate, polyamines, and various other chemical substances. Both physical and chemical treatments facilitate controlled gas diffusion, establishing equilibrium between external and internal gases, enhancing shelf life, and preserving quality. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into postharvest management practices and innovative technologies, addressing challenges associated with postharvest management in cherry tomatoes.

The Role of Agricultural Projects in Building Sustainable and Resilient Maize Value Chain in Burkina Faso

Poor seed quality and climate change significantly affect the maize value chain in Burkina Faso. To address the challenges, a catalytic project titled “Strengthening resilient seed systems in the maize value chain in Burkina Faso—from research to markets” was initiated to enhance the development of a resilient maize value chain. This study aims to assess the role of the project in developing a sustainable and resilient maize value chain. In this study, we used a mixed approach in design and implementation: qualitative research using key informants’ interviews, secondary data such as baseline survey reports, and lessons learned during the seed value chain greening intervention implemented in the Hauts-Bassins and Cascades regions of Burkina Faso. We analyzed qualitative data following the Gioia method. Kabako, a drought-tolerant hybrid seed variety, doubled crop yields in demonstration plots compared to smallholder farms and regional and national averages. Extension officers and village-based advisors (VBAs) were trained on improved seeds, composting, strip cropping, intercropping, crop rotation, and water management technologies and afterward trained smallholders. The VBAs trained smallholders on proper postharvest management practices and processing. The off-takers acted as the market. However, smallholders also sold their maize products in the informal open markets. The aggregator system was the missing link in Burkina Faso’s maize value chain. There was limited involvement of women in the project. Results obtained from this study are valuable for policymakers and value chain actors in preparing policies and filling missing gaps for exploiting the potential of the maize value chain.

Effect of Postharvest Treatments on Physiological, Chemical, Microbial and Sensory Qualities of Fruits of Papaya Variety Surya

Background: Papaya is a climacteric fruit which is highly perishable due to rapid ripening and softening and susceptibility to biotic or abiotic stresses, resulting in large losses during storage. Traditionally, people resort to the application of synthetic chemical fungicides on to the crop plant and to the fruits during storage, to control the anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on fruits. But their repeated use has caused resistance in microorganisms and toxicity for humans. Hence, nowadays there has been increasing interest in using natural alternatives instead of chemical treatment. Methods: Fruits of papaya variety Surya collected at fully mature green stage were subjected to different postharvest management practices namely precooling, surface sanitization, treatment with chitosan and were packaged in corrugated fibre board boxes and stored till the end of shelf life under ambient condition. Untreated fruits (control) were also used in the study. Result: Fruits coated with chitosan (1%) registered an improved shelf life of 6.33 days as against 4.33 days in control in ambient storage and it further improved the sensory score for all the organoleptic parameters, after six days of storage. 1% chitosan coating also reported significantly lowest physiological loss in weight (3.51 %), ion leakage (60.47%), total soluble solids (12.13 °Brix), total carotenoids (2.34 mg 100g-1), total sugar (7.26%) and reducing sugar (6.34%) and least disease index (16.67%), bacterial count (22.33 cfu/ml × 106) and fungal count (7.33 cfu/ml × 103) after three days of storage when compared with control.

Preharvest and postharvest management practices related to mycotoxin contamination in maize in Ethiopia – a review

Abstract Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that commonly contaminate food crops such as maize. Conducive climatic conditions together with improper crop value chain practices are favorable for mycotoxin contamination. Previous studies in Ethiopia have indicated that mycotoxin contamination in maize is prevalent. For the implementation of proper mycotoxin prevention and control strategies, identifying the current local value chain practices that are related to mycotoxin contamination is needed. This review investigates current preharvest and postharvest management practices of maize cultivation in Ethiopia in relation to mycotoxin contamination and identifies gaps in knowledge and priority areas for future research. Findings indicate that the majority of applied preharvest and postharvest practices of maize in Ethiopia seem to favor mycotoxin contamination. Recent developments in grain drying and storage technologies, which are also potential mycotoxin management strategies, are facing constraints for proper implementation in subsistence farmers’ level.

Effect of post-harvest management practices on the mycobiome and ochratoxin A contamination of differently processed Robusta coffees from Ivory Coast

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced primarily by the genus Aspergillus sp. sections Circumdati and Nigri. It can accumulate in coffee at post-harvest stage. In the present study five different dry processed coffees were sampled from Ivory Coast at harvesting and after drying. The OTA was detected in all the samples, from 3.62 μg/kg of coffee just after harvest to a higher-level of contamination in the dried coffee, between 11.04 and 760.24 μg/kg of coffee. Metabarcoding was used to further study the changes in the mycobiota. The alpha and beta diversity analysis revealed the presence of unique and more diverse fungal communities on the coffee after drying compared to fresh harvested coffee. Specially, coffee dried for a longer period showed a higher diversity. Fungal species such as Hypopichia sp. or Bernettozyma sp., were replaced in the top ten abundant species after drying by species such as Kurtzmaniella sp., Meyerozyma sp. and Fusarium sp. The increasing abundance of the ochratoxigenic fungi, A. carbonarius was correlated to the increased concentration of OTA on coffee. The construction of the negative correlation network shows that some yeasts could be good candidates for the biocontrol of A. carbonarius. The combination of DNA metabarcoding and OTA quantification was effective at deciphering the post-harvest origin of the OTA contamination. Overall, this study highlights the changes in the mycobiota under different drying conditions. Future perspectives include developing actions of prevention and control of the contamination with OTA during the post-harvest stages.

Asymmetric Effects of Cereal Crops on Agriculture Economic Growth: Case Study of Pakistan

Agricultural marketing includes all activities which add value to agricultural products as they move from areas of agricultural production to ultimate consumption points. An effective and efficient marketing system is required in order to ensure fair returns to stakeholders but unfortunately little attention was paid to this sector in Pakistan. This resulted in welfare risk to stakeholders as price variation and values are common phenomena in the country. Public and private sectors jointly run agricultural marketing system in the country, as public sector is responsible for framing and implementing rules and regulation whereas private sector operates the system. Agricultural markets are governed under the Agricultural Produce Markets Ordinance 1978 which needs to be updated Due to poor post-harvest management practices, almost 25-40% produce is wasted which caused considerable value losses. In this chapter, an effort has been made to describe theoretical foundation of agricultural marketing along with highlighting the marketing system of major and minor agricultural commodities in Pakistan and the role of various institutions and regulations. Marketing efficiency is often understood in terms of marketing margins, physical losses and state of market competition. These indicators are also discussed in this chapter. Further, a section is devoted to identify major agricultural marketing problems with their possible solutions

Postharvest Handling Practices and Hygiene Knowledge of Cowpea Leaves among Households in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Kenya

Cowpea leaves are highly perishable seasonal crops with limited utilization in the arid and semi- arid lands. The instituted coping strategies among households to enhance the availability of the vegetable for consumption are yet to be elucidated in any documented studies. The study sought to assess the post-harvest handling practices and hygiene knowledge in the arid lands of Kenya. A cross-sectional study involving 405 randomly selected households was used in Taita Taveta and Kitui Counties. A large percentage (97.5%) of households consumed cowpea leaves sourced from their farms. Households producing cowpea leaves in Taita Taveta County had less odds (OR=0.6) of having surplus produce than those from Kitui County (χ2=5.4, df =1, p&lt;0.05). Major storage techniques for surplus produce among the households included drying (16.8%) and storage under low temperature (8.4%), there was a significant difference in the storage techniques between the two counties (p&lt;0.05). Field heat management was only done among 55.3% households with the higher percentage (71.7%) being from Taita Taveta County (χ2=45.2, df=1, p&lt;0.05). Some households have learnt some methods to extend the shelf life but have not been adopted, there was no statistical significance difference between the two counties on the adoption of the preservation methods (χ2=0.3, df=1, p&gt;0.05). Losses are majorly attributed by poor storages facilities, at least 59.6 % of farmers from Taita Taveta lack these facilities and 40.4%/ from Kitui, with a significant difference (p&lt;0.05, χ2=16.2). Both regions had poor hygiene and post-harvest handling knowledge scores with Kitui County having higher scores, A significant difference (p&lt;0.05, x=33.2) in knowledge scores was noted between the two counties. In conclusion, post-harvest management practices in both counties are inadequate and need to be improved in order to increase utilization and reduce post-harvest losses.

Impact of PYXERA Global Yieldwise Project on Improved Tomato PostHarvest Loss Management Practices of Farmers’ Output, Income and Poverty Status in North-West Zone, Nigeria

The study was conducted to determine the impact of PYXERA Global Yieldwise project improved tomato postharvest loss management practices on farmers output, income and poverty status in North-West Zone, Nigeria. A multi-stage random selection method was used to choose the study locations, and 540 farmers were administered with structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the descriptive, double difference estimates and FGT poverty index. The results showed that the difference in value between the two output differences [?211,255.8 – ?128,366.86] was N82, 888,94. The poverty incidence of poor farm households in the study area was 95% for the non-adopters, and 61% for the adopters. In addition, the poverty depth among the farm households in the study area was 85% for non–adopters and 36% for adopters. The severity of the poverty index was 79% for non–adopters and 26% for adopters of improved tomato post-harvest loss reduction management practices. This implies that poverty incidence is higher among non-adopting poor than their adopting poor households. The study concluded that the adoption of the improved tomato post-harvest management practices had a positive impact on tomato postharvest loss reduction, income, and poverty status as revealed in the results of this study, although the extent of tomato post-harvest loss was still high. It was therefore recommended that the tomato post-harvest loss reduction campaign should be sustained to further decrease the losses suffered by tomato farmers especially as the end line for achieving the SDG on food loss and food waste draws closer. All stakeholders in the tomato value chain should address other challenges limiting the adoption of improved tomato production and post-harvest loss reduction such as low extension visits, poor market linkages, and distance to market.

Do Post-harvest Losses Affect the Farmers’ Income? - Post-Harvest Loss Estimation for Major Vegetables in South India

Over the last two decades, India’s food system with population surge has been undergoing a transformation with increase in demand for high value fruits and vegetables. However, farmers are not benefitted from these transitions as the post-harvest losses are fairly high due to poorly developed post-harvest management practices. The present study aims to estimate the nature and extent of losses and also analysed the determinants of post-harvest losses for major vegetables (gourds) in South India. Palakkad district of Kerala was chosen for the study as it contributes the most, for the state’s vegetable area and production. Multi-stage random sampling techniques were adopted and the vegetables selected were based on their annual production in the study area. The total loss observed in bitter gourd at farm level was about 12.46 percent (34.53 qtl/ha). At trader level, the physiological loss contributed to almost 45 percent of the total losses. Hence, the total loss in bitter gourd was observed to be 21.88 per cent. Likewise in snake gourd, the extent of losses at farm level was found to be 9 percent (26.1 qtl/ha), where the highest losses (4.74 percent) were due to biotic factors like pests and diseases prevailing in the study area. Therefore, the total loss estimated in snake gourd was 13.89 percent which included 4.89 percent loss at trader level. Regression analyses delineated that in bitter gourd, area under cultivation, unfavourable weather conditions, pests and diseases and use of packing materials like jute sacks and wooden baskets were found as major determinants for losses. Whereas, area under cultivation, experience in farming and prevailing pests and diseases in snake gourd were found to affect the volume of post-harvest losses at farm level. The study found that adoption of proper post-harvest handling practices by farmers would help minimizing the losses to a remarkable extent. Besides, analysis of farmers’ perception, brought out the fact that the farmers aware of losses incurred only to a limited extent.

Improving nutrition-sensitive value chains of African indigenous vegetables: current trends in postharvest management and processing

The value chains of African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) are highly constrained by high postharvest losses (up to 50%) along the chain, largely occasioned by poor postharvest management and a lack of optimized processing technologies. The technologies and practices are key technical aspects that can transform the capacity of the chain by enhancing the overall value generated from the system. AIVs have recently experienced an increase in demand due to their high nutritional value and the opportunity they present to enhance rural incomes, since they are predominantly produced by smallholder farmers in rural and peri-urban areas. This implies that they can positively contribute to increased availability and hence supply of nutritious food within local food systems. Furthermore, the fact that half of the economic value of AIVs is potentially lost due to inappropriate postharvest management and inadequate processing demonstrates the potential that related interventions and transformations could have in enhancing and preserving value along AIV value chains. Currently, the approaches applied to reduce food waste, preserve nutritional quality, and add value to AIVs are largely traditional in nature. They require upgrading and need to be aligned toward achieving a nutrition-sensitive value chain. By looking at these as value creation processes, this mini-review examines the current postharvest management practices, highlights relevant new and innovative technologies and related challenges, and suggests potential options to improve the benefits for AIV value chain actors and thus contribute to a sustainable transformation of nutrition-sensitive food systems.

What Makes Research on Aflatoxin Crucial for Human Health and Development?

Food security involves not only ensuring access to adequate food, but also ensuring that the food is nutritious and free from contaminants that can harm human health. Aflatoxins, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are one example of a contaminant that can pose a threat to food security. To address this issue, it is important to implement effective management practices throughout the food chain, from the field to the table, to minimize the risk of aflatoxin contamination. Additionally, promoting awareness about the dangers of aflatoxins at the social level and using a combination of genetic and management practices can help provide a stable and sustainable solution to this problem. This article extensively discusses the harmful effects of Aflatoxins (AFs) and outlines strategies for managing contamination before and after harvest, including the potential for breeding crops with higher resistance. The article also examines the relationship between moisture content and AF contamination in peanuts before harvest. It highlights the impact of AFs on the production of meat, milk, and eggs from animals and underscores the need for a comprehensive policy to prevent AF contamination from entering the food chain at every stage. Improved agronomic practices and cattle feeding, as well as public awareness efforts, can help reduce the risk of AFs in the food supply. With a combination of current genetic improvements and effective pre- and post-harvest management practices, it may be possible to mitigate the issue of AF contamination

Editorial: Sustainable postharvest management practices for fresh produce

Editorial: Sustainable postharvest management practices for fresh produce

Impact of Post-Harvest Management Practices in Corn (Zea mays L.) Fields on Arthropods in Subsequent Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Plantings

There is increased adoption of cover cropping and conservation tillage in the USA. Many farmers view these practices as methods for improving their soils. However, different cover cropping and tillage practices conducted post-harvest can have a disparate impact on arthropods within the subsequent cash crop. Field experiments were conducted during 2017 and 2018 at two experimental sites to examine the influences of different post-harvest practices following corn (Zea mays L.) harvest on pests and beneficials in subsequent soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plantings. Experimental treatments included: (1) tillage via chisel plow (CP), (2) no-tillage in which corn residue/stubble remained on the soil surface (CS), and (3) planting a cover crop into corn residue (CC) following corn harvest. Overall, insect herbivore abundance was greater in the CP treatment. Foliar predator numbers were similar among treatments or of greater abundance in CP. The activity density of epigeal insect predators varied according to site and feeding guild. However, spider activity density was greatest in CP. Stink bug egg mortality due to predation and parasitism varied among treatments. However, the percentage of stink bug eggs that hatched was greatest in the CC during both years. Findings suggest that post-harvest practices investigated during this study will have a similar influence on most epigeal and foliar arthropods in soybean.

Knowledge Status of Onion Growers Regarding Pre and Post-Harvest Management Practices

India’s large population is vegetarian and their routine diet and healthy diet include vegetables which play very signifi cant role by supplying diff erent minerals and vitamins essential for healthy body. Therefore, vegetables have great importance for food and nutritional security. Onion is one of the major crops among cultivated vegetables in our country. It is popularly known as “Queen of kitchen” plays an important role in cookery, as it is used in both forms i.e. green as well as in mature form by the people in diff erent dishes and soups. The fi ndings reported that overall knowledge of farmers pertaining to pre and post-harvest management practices for onion production was moderate to high since about 85 per cent of the onion farmers belonged to these categories mainly due to correct knowledge of pre harvest management practices viz. number as well critical stages of irrigation, time of sowing in nursery, time of transplanting, weed control measures and proper seed rate while maturity index and proper harvesting, precooling, proper packaging material as post harvest management practices. But it was found low in case of curative measures and certain value addition practices which included diseases and their control measures followed by storage, curing, stoppage of irrigation before harvesting, grading, insect pests and their control measures, and waiting period for spray of chemicals before harvesting of produce.

Exploring Socio-Cultural Hybridity and the Role of Indigenous Postharvest Practices in Northern Uganda: The Case of Kwania and Kole Districts

Background: There is growing recognition that addressing food and nutrition (in)security requires an acknowledgement of the plurality of knowledge systems, including indigenous management practices. This paper relies on quantitative research strategies to explore 'socio-cultural hybridity' as a bridge between low levels of 'modern' technology adoption and the loss of indigenous postharvest management practices. The results presented here partly informed a more participatory project on indigenous knowledge in Northern Uganda, and has wider implications for interventions towards postharvest food loss and waste in rural communities globally. Data was collected in Uganda’s Kwania and Kole Districts between June and July 2022 (n=213). We uniquely calculate reliance levels on post-harvest management practices using ordinal data. Results: Although sex does not significantly impact reliance on indigenous knowledge and practices (IK_Score), the coefficient of the sex variable shows that men have an IK_Score 0.87 units lower than women, explained by the skewness of access to education (p= 0.044) towards men. Secondary and tertiary educated participants had a lower IK_Score than those without formal education. Additionally, age was statistically significant on the IK_Score. Participants above 70 (p=0.01E-6) have an IK_Score 24.1 units higher than those aged between 19-35. Tertiary/university-level education has a significant impact (p=7.50E-6) reliance on modern technology (MT_Score). The importance of 'social situatedness' e.g., belonging to farmers group, is essential for 'cultural mixing' and explains the importance of social variables on adopting modern technology. Participants who belong to farmers groups (p=0.034) had a higher MT_Score. Although income was not a statistically significant variable for the IK_Score, income was statistically significant for the MT_Score (p=1.2E-4), which ultimately affects cultural mixing. Conclusion: Modernisation variables, such as education and income, significantly impact smallholder farmers' willingness to change. Finally, social situatedness, such as belonging to farmer's groups positively impacts socio-cultural hybridity. If researchers, policymakers and practitioners continuously fail to account for local and indigenous knowledge systems, the actual agents of change in rural communities may be continuously side-lined in their efforts towards reducing postharvest losses. Identifying these socioeconomic factors provides opportunities to review approaches to reducing postharvest management practices in these rural settings.

Factors affecting adoption of post-harvest management practices by vegetable growers

Factors affecting adoption of post-harvest management practices by vegetable growers