Post Grafting Research Articles

Nursery origin and propagation stage influence the endophytic fungal communities inhabiting grapevine planting stocks

Infection of grapevine trunk disease (GTD) pathogens can occur in nursery and may result in young vine decline in newly established vineyards. We aimed at profiling the causal agents of GTD in California nurseries and explore how the vine propagation processes affect pathogens spread and fungal community dynamics. Plant and environmental samples were collected throughout the plant propagation. For grafted vines, wood tissue samples were collected above the graft union (scion), below the graft union (rootstock) and at the crown (rootstock) and wood necrosis was scored using a 0-3 rating system. We used both a metabarcoding approach using PCR primers custom-designed for GTDs and culturing technique coupled with Sanger sequencing for sample diagnosis. Results showed that mycobiome diversity and composition in vines was significantly influenced by the nursery of origin and the propagation stage. We identified 21 GTD-taxa across all plant samples associated with Petri disease, black foot, Botryosphaeria dieback, Phomopsis dieback and Eutypa dieback. Only 10% of the mother vines cuttings were GTD-pathogens free but co-infection with multiple pathogens became more frequent as the vines progressed through the propagation pipeline. Especially, the incidence of pathogens associated with Petri disease (Phaeoacremonium, Cadophora, Pleurostoma) and Fusarium increased during that time span likely because of high contamination levels in soil and water environments. Wood necrosis at the graft union and crown also increased post grafting and Phaeoacremonium and Fusarium correlated with more necrosis whereas Trichoderma with healthier wood ratings. Our study suggests that nursery practices strongly influence GTD pathogen profile.

Management of post-iliac crest bone harvesting hernias: Insights from a case series and systematic review

IntroductionHernias following iliac bone grafting are a rare but significant complication, with the earliest case reported in 1945. Repairing these hernias is challenging. Appropriate repair techniques are needed to minimise morbidity and recurrence. We present our experience with three cases of post-iliac graft hernia repair with mesh anchored to titanium mini-plates and a systematic review of current literature. MethodWe conducted a systematic review of the literature in February 2024 on two online databases, PubMed®/MEDLINE and EMBASE, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Keywords used were “Hernia,” “Iliac,” and “Graft.” Data on demographics, initial pathology, time to presentation, type of hernia repair, and outcome were collected. Studies not in English and related to other types of hernia were excluded. ResultsWe included 30 studies out of 751 results, spanning from 1975 to 2023. There were 40 reported cases of hernias post iliac bone grafting. The age distribution ranged from 37 to 88 years, with a median age of 60. The majority of patients (40 %) presented within one year. Fracture management, accounting for 19 cases (47.5 %), was the main indication for bone grafting. Mesh repair was performed in 31 cases (77.5 %). Seven cases (17.5 %) of recurrence were reported. ConclusionRecurrence is a common complication in patients with post-iliac graft hernias. Open mesh repair is the most frequently performed surgery and involves various techniques. While titanium mini-plates as anchors enable a pre-peritoneal plane mesh repair, long-term follow-up and comparative studies are needed to evaluate its efficacy compared to simple mesh.

Immunohistochemical Localization of Fibroblast Activation Protein in Coronary Arteries with Different Forms of Atherosclerosis

Background: Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed by myofibroblasts in areas of active tissue remodeling. It plays a potentially important role in cardiac remodeling, atherosclerotic plaque formation, and plaque rupture. Given the distinct pathophysiology and morphology of different forms of atherosclerosis, we analyzed FAP expression in human coronary vessels with no coronary artery disease, atherosclerotic plaques at different levels of progression, and other distinct forms of coronary disease in post bypass vein grafting and cardiac allograft vasculopathy after a heart transplant. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal F19 mouse anti-human FAP antibody was performed to identify FAP in human atherosclerotic plaques, coronary bypass atherosclerosis, and post-transplant arteriosclerosis. The presence and distribution of FAP in different types and stages of human atherosclerosis were compared. Results: There was no FAP staining in patients with no significant coronary disease. All different types of human atherosclerotic lesioning lesions showed the presence of FAP expression, with different staining patterns in advanced atherosclerotic plaque, vein graft atherosclerosis lesions, and arteriosclerosis after a heart transplant. Conclusions: These data suggest that FAP may be a potential diagnostic marker and target for interventions, not only in coronary atherosclerotic plaque, but also in other forms of coronary disease, which have distinct pathophysiologies and currently limited treatment options.

Boosting the cold flow properties and oxidation stability of diesel-biodiesel blends by novel polymethacrylate graft copolymer nanocomposites

The applications and development of biodiesel fuels are restricted by the poor low-temperature fluidity and oxidation stability. Meanwhile, typical antioxidants are usually compounds containing phenyl groups, which have the disadvantages of high toxicity and carcinogenicity. To address these defects, our study originally synthesized a multifunctional additive using both post grafting and nanocomposite technology, as well as apply a biofuel antioxidant free of benzene ring group, 4-Amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. Our findings reveal that the delayed crystallization behavior of B20 (20 vol%. biodiesel +80 vol%. diesel) is strongly dependent on the additive structure and amount, which the pour point (PP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) are decreased by 20 and 16 °C respectively at 1000 ppm. The post grafting technology enhanced additive antioxidant properties, which extend the induction period of B20 from 2.0 to 6.9 h. Our study confirmed the synthesized additives through possess synergistic enhancement effects on both cold flow properties and oxidation stability. In addition, DFT calculations simulating the potential energy changes of B20 solutions forecast copolymer structure affects the low-temperature fluidity. Hence this study pioneered the proposal for developing multifunctional additives through both post grafting and nanocomposite technology of methacrylate copolymer for biofuels, and provide a theoretical prediction strategy for exploring optimum copolymer pour point depressant for fuels.

WP1.4 - Iliac Crest Bone Grafts and Hernia Formation: Insights from a Case Series And Review of Literature

Abstract Introduction Hernias following iliac bone grafting are a rare but significant complication, with the earliest case reported in 1945. Repair of these hernia is challenging. There is a need for appropriate repair techniques to minimize morbidity and recurrence. We present our experience with 3 cases of post-iliac graft hernia repair and a systematic review of current literature. Method We conducted a systematic review of literature in two online databases, PubMed®/ MEDLINE and EMBASE) February 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. Keywords used were “Hernia”, “iliac”, and “Graft”. Data on demographics, initial pathology, time to presentation, type of hernia repair, and outcome were collected. Studies not in English and related to other types of hernia were excluded. Results 31 studies, spanning from 1975-2023, were included of 751 results. There were 41 reported cases of hernias post iliac bone grafting. Age distribution ranged from 37-88 years, with an average age of 59 years. Average time of presentation was 4 years. 8 cases (25.8%) of recurrence were reported. The main indication for bone grafting was fracture with delayed/ non-union in 20 cases (64.5%). Mesh repair was performed in 70% of cases. Average follow-up period was approximately 17 months. Conclusion Hernias post iliac bone grafting should be suspected as a probable complication. If identified, most can be managed with mesh, however patients need to be followed up due to risk of recurrence.

Photodegradation of Rhodamine B using gallium hybrids as an efficient photocatalyst.

Keeping in view the toxicity of the Rhodamine B, the present study is designed to remediate the water loaded with toxic dyes using gallium oxide and gallium hybrids as photocatalyst. Precipitation coupled with sonochemical method is adopted for the synthesis of gallium oxide while the post grafting method is adopted for the synthesis of gallium hybrids with the indole and its derivatives. FTIR spectra showed the characteristic absorption bands of gallium oxide and gallium hybrids at 400-700cm-1 and 1400-1600cm-1. SEM and XRD showed the micro-sized rectangular rod-shaped gallium oxide with rhombohedral geometry. The average crystallite size of gallium hybrids was 26-32nm calculated using the Debye Scherrer and Williamson-Hal models. The BET isotherm of gallium hybrids revealed the adsorption type-IV and hysteresis loop (H3) proposing multilayer and mesoporous structures with increase in surface area from 26 m2/g of gallium oxide to 31 m2/g of gallium-indole, 35 m2/g of gallium-methyl indole, and 37 m2/g of gallium-carboxylic indole. XPS showed the presence of gallium (3-14%), oxygen (28-32%), nitrogen (23-46%), and carbon (9-46%). The gallium oxide and gallium hybrids showed 47-72% optimum degradation of Rhodamine B under 2h of illumination at pH 7 and 0.03mg/L. The degradation rate followed a Langmuir-Hinshelwood model with R2 > 0.9.

A comparative study on the effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy versus conventional dressing in patients post skin grafting procedure

A comparative study on the effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy versus conventional dressing in patients post skin grafting procedure

High folate receptor expression in gliomas can be detected in vivo using folate-based positron emission tomography with high tumor-to-brain uptake ratio divulging potential future targeting possibilities.

Non-invasive imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) are extremely important for cancer detection and characterization especially for difficult to biopsy or extremely delicate organs such as the brain. The folate analogue 1,4,7-triazacylononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid-conjugated folate radiolabeled with aluminum fluoride-18 ([18F]FOL) has been previously shown to accumulate preferentially in tumor cells with an overexpression of folate receptors (FRs) and here was investigated for its ability to detect orthotopic gliomas in a rat model. In addition, we studied the expression of FRs in human glioblastoma samples to investigate if an analogous relationship may exist. Nine BDIX rats were injected with BT4C rat glioma cells into the right hemisphere of the brain. Animals were imaged with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging at on days prior to PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging. Animals were divided into two groups, and were PET/CT imaged with either [18F]FOL or 2-deoxy-2-18F-fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) on 19 and 32-days post glioma grafting. Two subjects were also PET/CT imaged with [18F]FOL on day 16. Biodistribution was studied and brains were cryosectioned for autoradiography, immunofluorescence, and histological studies. Patient-derived paraffin-embedded glioblastomas were sectioned and stained with similar methods. PET imaging showed an increase of [18F]FOL tumor-to-brain uptake ratio (TBR) over the study duration from day 16/19 (3.3 ± 0.9) increasing to 5.7 ± 1.0 by day 32. [18F]FDG PET-imaged rats had a consistent TBR of 1.6 ± 0.1 throughout the study. Ex vivo autoradiography results revealed an exceptionally high TBR of 116.1 ± 26.9 for [18F]FOL while the [18F]FDG values were significantly lower giving 2.9 ± 0.6 (P<0.0001). Immunostaining demonstrated an increased presence of FR-α in the BT4C gliomas versus the contralateral brain tissue, while FR-β was present only on glioma periphery. Human sections assayed showed similar FRs expression characteristics. This study shows upregulation of FR-α inside glioma regions in both human and animal tissue, providing a biochemical basis for the observed increased [18F]FOL uptake in animal PET images. These results suggest that FRs targeting imaging and therapeutic compounds may possess clinically relevant translational abilities for the detection and treatment of gliomas.

Amino functionalized SBA-15 Loaded Rh Catalyst for Asymmetric Hydroformylation of Styrene

A recoverable Rh/N-SBA-15 heterogeneous catalyst for asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene was prepared by post grafting method. XRD, TG, 29Si MAS NMR and ICP characterization, revealed that the introduction of amino silane and RhCl3 had no adverse influence on the ordered mesoporous structure of the support. The Rh/N-SBA-15 catalyst was proved to be highly efficacious and stable for asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene. The experimental results demonstrated that amino silane improved the loading capacity of SBA-15 to RhCl3, and thereby improved its catalytic performance. The high efficiency and recyclability of Rh/N-SBA-15 catalyst demonstrated its great potential for application in asymmetric hydroformylation reactions.

Ultrastructure of human ovarian tissues and risk of cancer cells re-implantation after transplantation to chick embryo chorioallantois membrane (CAM) following vitrification or slow freezing

Ovarian follicle depletion and premature ovarian failure are significant challenges in cancer patients subjected to radio- or chemotherapy. Ovarian tissue (OT) cryopreservation would be an option when other fertility preservation methods are not accessible.This study aimed to analyze the structure and ultrastructure of human OTs transplanted onto chick embryo chorioallantois membrane (CAM) after cryopreservation by vitrification or slow freezing. OTs from 10 cancer patients underwent cryopreservation. CAM transplantation was done on fresh and cryopreserved OTs, to assign samples to nine study groups as follows: 1) FI-FIII = fresh, 5- and 10-days post-CAM transplantation groups; 2) VI-VIII = vitrified, 5- and 10-days post-transplantation vitrified groups; 3) SFI-SFIII: slow frozen, 5- and 10-days post-transplantation slow freezing groups. Proliferation ability, folliculogenesis, and structural and ultrastructure were analyzed.The density of primordial follicles did not change after both freezing methods, but reduced after 5 (P ≥ 0.05) and 10 days (P ≤ 0.05) post-CAM transplantation. The follicular grade significantly decreased in all transplanted tissues (P ≤ 0.0). The proliferation marker increased after cryopreservation, but reduced after transplantation (P ≤ 0.05). TEM evaluation showed better follicular ultrastructure in the fresh group, after transplantation. Stromal ultrastructure appeared more preserved after vitrification compared with slow freezing. There was no sign of malignant cell contamination after transplantation.Some follicular TEM abnormalities were found in both methods of freezing, with a better transplantation rate after vitrification. Also, enhanced follicular activation resulted in faster follicular depletion in this method. The information regarding post grafting events would improve our knowledge for longer OTs' lifespans.

Quantitative Study of the Enhanced Content and Chemical Stability of Functional Groups in Mesoporous Silica by In-Situ Co-condensation Synthesis

The chemical stability and content of organic functional groups significantly affect the application of materials in the field of adsorption. In this study, we quantitatively studied the effect of in-situ co-condensation and post grafting on the physico-chemical properties and sorption properties of modified mesoporous silica. The results showed that the grafting method changed the morphology of mesoporous silica while the in-situ method kept the spherical morphology well, and the amino groups were both successfully introduced into the materials. Besides, the amino content of the material prepared by in-situ method (ami-MSN) was 2.71 mmol/g, which was significantly higher than the 0.98 mmol/g of the grafting method (ami-g-MS). Moreover, the chemical stability of functional groups in ami-MSN was much better than ami-g-MS. Furthermore, ami-MSN showed better capability in removing toxic metals of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cu, and the removal efficiency of Pb reached 98.80%. Besides, ami-MSN exhibited higher dynamic CO2 adsorption of 0.78 mmol/g than ami-g-MS of 0.34 mmol/g. This study revealed the relationship between modification methods and the modification efficiency, functional groups stability, and sorption properties through quantitative comparative studies, which provided a reference for preparing modified mesoporous silica materials with high sorption properties.

Unique way of chest wall reconstruction using Integra Dermal Regeneration Template (IDRT) in a patient with post traumatic mucormycosis: A case report.

Introduction and importanceNecrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI) are caused by toxin-producing bacteria and fungi that results in rapid progression of disease with significant local tissue destruction.Case presentationWe present a case report of a 57-year-old male patient in line with the SCARE 2020 criteria. He was admitted to the emergency department with a small abrasion on the right antero-lateral chest wall, and a diffuse necrotic patch of skin and soft tissues with purulent discharge.Clinical discussionClinical examination, routine blood investigations, CT scan chest, and chest x-ray were performed. Patient underwent debridement six times, followed by negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). After negative culture report, Integra Meshed Dermal Regeneration Template (IMDRT), measuring 4 × 5 in. was applied and NPWT continued. The outer layer of IDRT was removed on Day 19. Split thickness skin grafting (STSG) was performed once neodermis formation was confirmed. NPWT was continued post skin grafting for a week. IDRT was successfully taken up over the raw area with exposed lung. Patient was discharged 10 days after STSG. The patient's condition improved remarkably and he was able to breathe normally. There was no puckering or tethering effect on the grafted area and not much fibrosis. He showed speedy recovery with healed donor site and 100% uptake of grafted tissue.ConclusionIDRT along with NPWT is an effective and useful technique for spontaneous regeneration of the dermis and basement membrane to promote wound healing in traumatic patients with NSTIs.Level of evidenceLevel V.Study typeTherapeutic.

Fat Grafts Augmented With Vitamin E Improve Volume Retention and Radiation-Induced Fibrosis.

Treatments for radiation-induced fibrosis range from vitamin E (VE) and pentoxifylline (PTX) systemically to deferoxamine and fat grafting locally. Regarding fat grafting, volume retention hinders its long-term functionality and is affected by 2 factors: inflammation and necrosis secondary to hypovascularity. The authors aimed to simultaneously improve fat graft retention and radiation-induced fibrosis by integrating VE and PTX into fat grafts locally. Forty adult CD-1 nude male mice, 6 weeks old, underwent scalp irradiation and recovered for 4 weeks to allow for development of fibrosis. Mice received 200 μL of donor human fat graft to the scalp. Mice were separated into 4 conditions: no grafting, fat graft without treatment, graft treated with PTX, and graft treated with VE. Fat graft volume retention was monitored in vivo with micro-computed tomography scans at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 after grafting. Histological and cytokine analysis of the scalp skin and fat grafts were performed. VE-treated grafts had significant improvement in dermal thickness and collagen density of overlying skin compared with all other groups. VE decreased 8-isoprostane and increased CD31+ staining compared with the other grafted groups. Cytokine analysis revealed decreased inflammatory and increased angiogenic markers in both the fat graft and overlying skin of the VE group. Fat graft volume retention was significantly improved in the VE group starting at 1 week post grafting. Radiation-induced fibrosis and fat graft volume retention are both simultaneously improved with local administration of VE.

A Radiological Evaluation of Bone Healing in Postextraction Sockets Following Bone Grafting Using Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate and Calcium Phosphosilicate: A Controlled Comparative Study.

Background:Healing unbinds a well choreographed array of cellular, physiologic, biochemical, and molecular processes directed toward restoring the integrity and functional capacity of the damaged structures. The rate and degree of healing vary among individuals but is greatest during the first few months or years after tooth loss. Evidence suggests that alveolar bone ridge resorption may be prevented, initially by reconstructive surgical techniques using several materials which are employed at the time of extraction. This droves to the development of bone substitutes materials such as hydroxyapatite, beta tricalcium phosphate (β TCP), and bioactive glasses. These regenerative materials not only act as an osteoconductive scaffold but also interact with the surrounding tissues and impart an osseostimulatory effect.Methods:Twenty adult patients who required bilateral removal of homologous tooth, were informed and described regarding post extraction socket grafting using β TCP and CPS followed by covering with Collagen Membrane. Radiographic densitometry evaluation of postoperative visits of immediate; 1st month; 3rd month; and 6th month using orthopantomograph was done.Results:The Karl Pearson's Correlation coefficient was used to determine the degree of bone density with adjacent bone preoperatively and postoperatively. The statistical evaluation, CPS was more superior to β TCP, with a difference of 58.75 and P value showed more significance (<0.0001).Conclusion:This article evaluates radiographically quality and quantity of bone formation in the socket, following extraction and bone grafting using Calcium Phosphosilicate (CPS) and β TCP, it is concluded that the two modalities of treatment were efficient in improving the clinical outcome parameters as well as showed comparable regenerative effects when used in the treatment of “socket grafting” while between them CPS more superior to β TCP biomaterials by Osteogenic properties.

Formulation, adsorption performance, and mechanical integrity of triamine grafted binder-based mesoporous silica pellets for CO2 capture

This work explored the formation of mesoporous silicas pellets using a range of bentonite and colloidal silica (LUDOX) fractions, aiming to optimise the binder composition that minimises any deteriorating effects on adsorption performance, while providing adequate mechanical integrity. Thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to structurally characterise the pellets. Further, CO2 adsorption isotherms of synthesised pellets, pre and post triamine grafting, were measured. Bentonite was found to be an effective single binder that forms mechanically strong pellets and retains up to 85% of CO2 capacity of the base adsorbent. In the presence of LUDOX, pellet hardness was lower, and led to the largest decrease in CO2 capacity. Formulation with 25% bentonite was found to provide pellets with post triamine functionalisation CO2 capacity equivalent to powder SBA-15, at an amine efficiency of 0.41 mol CO2/mol, while minimising pore blockage and maintaining a compressive strength of 1.5 MPa.

Effects of Solanum photeinocarpum and its post grafting generations straw on cadmium accumulation of loquat seedlings

ABSTRACT Herein, we prepared a pot experiment to explore the potential effects of cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator Solanum photeinocarpum and its post grafting generations straw on Cd accumulation in loquat seedlings. Two varieties (‘Dawuxing’ and ‘Chuanzao’) of loquat seedlings were planted in Cd-contaminated soil together with the straw of S. photeinocarpum (UG) and its post grafting generations with self-rooted grafting involving one S. photeinocarpum seedling (SG), self-rooted grafting involving two S. photeinocarpum seedling developmental stages (DG), and grafting on wild potato rootstock (PG). With the application of DG and PG straw, biomass of the root, stem, leaf, and shoot of loquat seedlings were slightly higher, whereas UG and SG straw had no apparent effects. DG and PG straw increased the Cd contents in various organs of loquat seedlings and elevated the Cd extractions in various organs of loquat seedlings to some extent while UG and SG had no apparent effects on that. These findings demonstrate that the straw of DG and PG can promote growth and increase the phytoremediation ability of loquat seedlings (not suitable for the resulting loquat tree), with PG as the best choice.

Orthodontic Pre Grafting Closure of Large Alveolar Bony and Soft Tissue Gaps: A Novel Nonsurgical Protraction of the Lesser Segments in Growing Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate

Closure of wide alveolar clefts with large soft tissue gaps and reconstruction of the dentoalveolar defect are challenging for the surgeon. Some authors successfully used interdental segmental distraction, which requires an additional surgical procedure. This study evaluates the effectiveness of tooth borne devices utilized to orthopedically advance the lesser segments, with a complete approximation of the soft tissue of the alveolar stumps, allowing traditional simultaneous soft tissue closure and bone grafting, and avoiding the need for supplementary surgery. Eight growing patients, 2 with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and 6 with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCLP), with large soft tissue and bony alveolar defects prior to bone grafting were prospectively selected. A banded rapid palatal expander (RPE) in BCLP and a modified RPE in UCLP combined with protraction face mask in younger patients or a modified Alt-Ramec in patients older than 12 years were applied. Radiographic and photographic records were available at T0, at the end of protraction (T1) and at least 1 year after bone grafting (T2). Patients with large gaps showed a significant reduction in the bony cleft area and approximation of the soft tissues at T1. All patients received bone grafting with good healing and ossification at T2. In growing patients with UCLP and BCLP with large gaps, presurgical orthodontic protraction seems to be an efficient method to reduce the cleft defect, minimizing the risk of post grafting fistulas, reducing the need for supplementary surgical procedures.

638 Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix in Combination with Wide Meshed Graft and Autologous Spray Cell Suspension (ASCS) Graft Can be Used for Reconstruction of Extensive Necrotizing Infections: A Case Report

Abstract Introduction Background: A necrotizing infection of the left upper extremity underwent extensive debridement with remaining exposed muscle, tendon, and bone. BTM was used to provide an acceptable temporizing matrix in conjunction with wide meshed split thickness skin graft (STSG) 3:1 ratio and ASCS graft for successful reconstruction. This left a functional limb and avoided arm forequarter amputation. Methods Case Presentation: We present a 67 y/o male with necrotizing infection who underwent extensive surgical debridement of skin and subcutaneous tissues of the left hand, forearm, and upper arm. BTM was applied for coverage over muscle, tendon, and bone to salvage his arm and avoid forequarter amputation. Following maturation of the BTM a 3:1 ratio STSG was placed along with application of an ASCS graft. A vacuum assisted closure (VAC) dressing was successfully used to stabilize the grafts. One month post grafting the wound was approximately 94% healed, with good range of motion, and limited but improving function of his arm. Results Conclusion: Necrotizing infection extremity reconstruction can be achieved with BTM, wide meshed STSG, and autologous ASCS grafting. A wound VAC provided a safe and effective dressing over these grafted mediums. Conclusions Conclusion: Necrotizing infection extremity reconstruction can be achieved with BTM, wide meshed STSG, and ASCS epidermal autograft. A wound VAC provided a safe and effective dressing over these grafted mediums.

Comparison of Structure and Adsorption Properties of Mesoporous Silica Functionalized with Aminopropyl Groups by the Co-Condensation and the Post Grafting Methods.

The adsorptive potential has been evaluated for the aminopropyl functionalized mesoporous silica materials obtained by co-condensation and post grafting methods. Nitrogen sorption, small angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) demonstrated high surface area and well-ordered hexagonal pore structure suitable for applications as adsorbents of metals from waste waters. A comparison of Cr(VI) adsorption properties of the materials prepared by different functionalization methods has been performed. The obtained results demonstrated the adsorption capacity due to the affinity of the chromium ions to the amino groups, and showed that co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) resulted in higher metal sorption capacity of the materials compared to post-synthesis grafting of aminopropyl groups onto the mesoporous silica particles.

Potential of grafting in vegetable crops: A review

Grafting is a method of propagation that involves joining two pieces of living plant tissue together to form a single plant. Drought, excessive temperatures, salinity, flooding, low nutrients and heavy metal contamination, as well as biotic factors including soil-borne pests and diseases, are all limiting vegetable production around the world. Cropping patterns, environmental policies, and the negative effects of climate change have all exacerbated the situation. While genetic breeding can sometimes provide effective solutions to the aforementioned issues, it cannot always do so. Grafting is now seen as a quick alternative to the very slow breeding process. Because of their potential to give tolerance to biotic and abiotic challenges, the production and cultivation of grafted Solanaceous and Cucurbitaceous plants is on the rise all over the world. To reduce post grafting losses owing to incompatibility, the right rootstock and scion cultivars, as well as grafting processes, must be carefully chosen. The methods, physiological basis, and importance of vegetable grafting in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, improved plant vigour promotion, yield increase, and enhancing quality features are discussed in this paper.