Post-emergence Application Of Metribuzin Research Articles

Application and Effects of Different Herbicides against Weed Flora in Wheat Crop for Sustainable Agriculture

Weed management is a sustainable approach which promotes the majority of crop production. To control weeds in various cropping systems, farmers employ a variety of techniques, although nowadays, the most popular method is the application of herbicides, which can be attributed to labour shortage. Application and effects of different herbicides against weed flora in wheat crop for sustainable agriculture," was conducted in 2020 and 2021. The experiment's goal was to assess how many herbicides performed against complex weed flora in wheat crop. The experiment was planned and laid out with nine treatments which are pre-emergance application of pendinethalin 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at (3 DAS) (T2) and post emergence application of metribuzin 0.3 kg a.i. ha-1 (T1), sulfosulfuron 0.03 kg a.i. ha-1 (T3), metsulfuron-methyl 0.005 kg a.i. ha-1 (T4), clodinafop-propargyl 0.04 kg a.i. ha-1 kg (T5), 2,4-D 0.6 kg a.i. ha-1 (T6), carfentrazone-ethyl 0.025 kg a.i. ha-1 (T7), weed free (T8) and weedy check (T9) and four replications under randomized block design. The major weeds infesting the wheat crop field were Anagallis arvensis, Chenopodium album, Phalaris minor, Parthenium hysterophorus and Cyperus rotundus. The post-emergence application of carfentrazone-ethyl 0.025 kg a i/ha at 33 days after sowing was most efficient in controlling the weeds (both grassy and non-grassy) among the various applied herbicides. Weed growth suppression effect of carfentrazone-ethyl 0.025 resulted significant increase the growth parameters, yield attributes and higher economic yield of wheat over check control in order to promote the sustainability.

Effect of Weed Management Practices on Growth, Yield of Vegetable Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) cv. Kashi Kanchan

The present investigation contains seven different treatments viz., weedy check (control), weed free check (3 hand weeding) (first hand weeding at 25 DAS), pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6ml/L, pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6ml/L + one hand weeding, pre- emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6ml/L + post emergence @ 40-50 g/ha at 25 DAS, post-emergence application of Metribuzin @ 525g/ha at 25DAS and post-emergence spray of Imazethapyr @ 100 g ai/ha at 25 DAS replicated thrice. The cowpea variety ‘Kashi Kanchan’ was used in experiment. Results of the experiment revealed that though, the weed free check (T2) recorded zero weed population and slightly higher values of growth and yield parameters but among tested treatments, pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6ml/L + one hand weeding (T4) and pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6ml/L + Quizalofop ethyl @ 40-50 g/ha at 25 DAS(T5) significantly reduced weed number (48.12 and 52.18/m2) and produced significantly highest plant height (47.30 and 45.98 cm), pod length (21.64 and 20.86 cm), number of pods/plant (35.94 and 34.18), average pod weight(11.18 and 11.06 g), green pod weight/plant (367.84 and 348.63g), green pod weight/plot (11.24 and 10.54 kg) and green pod yield per hectare(118.96 and 111.55q). However, these three treatments (T2, T4 and T5) were statistically at par with each other in terms of growth and yield parameters.Hence, these two weed management practices (T4 and T5) may serve as alternative of manual weeding and may be recommended for farmers of the central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh for higher returns from vegetable cowpea crop.

Phalaris minor management in wheat by post-emergence application of metribuzin based tank-mixed herbicides in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains

Phalaris minor management in wheat by post-emergence application of metribuzin based tank-mixed herbicides in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains

Integrated weed management in preseasonal sugarcane

A field experiment on “Integrated Weed Management for preseasonal sugarcane” was conducted for three consecutive years at Central Sugarcane Research Station, Padegaon, Tal Phaltan District Satara, Maharashtra, India during 2015-16 to 2017-18 to find out tank mix optimum combination dose of post emergence herbicide for effective control in sugarcane. Dominant weeds observed in sugarcane crop were Brachiaria eruciformis, Cyperus rotundous, Alternanthera sessils, Parthenium hysterophorus L., Euphorbia geniculata Linn., Cardiosoermum lalicacabum, Ipomoea hederacea and Hylandis latiprosa. The result showed that mean total weed count and weed dry weight reduced with post emergence application of metribuzin @ 0.50 kg a.i.ha-1 + 2, 4-D @ 1.00 kg a.i. ha-1 at 25 DAP fb hoeing at 60 and 90 DAP and found at par with treatment post emergence application of metribuzin @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 + 2, 4-D @ 1 kg a.i. ha-1 at 25 DAP fb hoeing at 60 and 90 DAP. Among the herbicidal treatments, post emergence application of metribuzin @ 0.50 kg a.i ha-1 + 2, 4-D @ 1 kg a.i. ha-1 at 25 DAP fb hoeing at 60 and 90 DAP recorded significantly the highest germination per cent (66.73 %), number of internodes per cane (22) and average cane weight (1.93 kg) over all herbicidal treatments which was at par with pre emergence spray of metribuzin @1 kg a.i. ha-1 and post emergence spray of 2,4-D @1kg a.i. ha-1 at 60 DAP fb hoeing at 90 DAP for number of internodes per cane (21.90) and average cane weight (1.92 kg). Among the herbicidal treatments, maximum weed control efficiency of 60.59 %, 56.38 % and 75.99 % was found in treatment of post emergence application of metribuzin @ 0.50 kg a.i. ha-1+ 2,4-D @ 1.00 kg a.i. ha-1 at 25 DAP fb hoeing at 60 and 90 DAP to sugarcane crop at 30, 60 and 90 days after application, respectively followed by post emergence application of metribuzin @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 + 2, 4-D @ 1 kg a.i. ha-1 at 25 DAP with hoeing at 60 and 90 DAP. Similarly, the significantly highest cane yield (155.21 t ha-1) and CCS yield (21.38 t ha-1) was recorded by same treatment over all herbicidal treatments which was at par with treatment metribuzin @1 kg a.i. ha-1 as pre emergence, 2,4-D @1 kg a.i. ha-1 as post emergence application at 60 DAP fb hoeing at 90 DAP for CCS yield. The maximum net return (Rs. 278454) and benefit cost ratio (3.13) was also reported by same treatment followed by post emergence application of metribuzin @1.00 kg a.i. ha-1 + 2,4-D @ 0.50 kg a.i. ha-1 at 25 DAP fb hoeing at 60 and 90 DAP. The cane quality like commercial cane sugar %, sucrose %, brix (00) and purity % was not affected by hand weeding, mechanical weed control and application of any herbicide.

Tillage and weed management on yield and nutrient uptake of wheat under maize-wheat cropping system in Western Himalayas

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2013–14 and 2014–15 at SKUAST-Jammu to study the effect of tillage and weed management on yield and nutrient uptake of wheat under maize- wheat cropping system in sub-tropical irrigated conditions. The results revealed that different tillage systems recorded non-significant grain yield of wheat. However, ZT in wheat either preceded by conventional tillage (CT) or zero tillage (ZT) in maize was more beneficial as it recorded higher net returns and benefit: cost ratio than CT in wheat. Among the weed management, post-emergence application of metribuzin at 200 g/ha resulted in lowest total weed density and biomass of weeds, which was statistically at par with two hand weedings and significantly lower than weedy check. The postemergence application of metribuzin at 200 g/ha also recorded highest weed control efficiency (WCE), net returns and B:C ratio during both the years of experimentation followed by two hand weedings.

Weed Control in Potato (Solanum tuberosum) with Rimsulfuron and Metribuzin

Field studies were conducted for 3 yr to determine weed and potato response to preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) applications of rimsulfuron, metribuzin, and rimsulfuron plus metribuzin. Preemergence applications of rimsulfuron at 27 g ai/ha and POST applications at 18 g/ha controlled barnyardgrass, redroot pigweed, and wild buckwheat. Common lambsquarters was controlled by PRE or POST applications of metribuzin or a tank mixture of 18 g/ha rimsulfuron plus 140 g ai/ha of metribuzin. ‘Russet Burbank’ potato was relatively tolerant to all rimsulfuron, metribuzin, and rimsulfuron plus metribuzin applications, and potato yield was not reduced compared to the hand-weeded control.

Use of foliar symptoms and plant height to predict yield loss in potatoes due to metribuzin injury

A model to predict yield loss due to metribuzin injury was developed using data from four experiments involving postemergence applications of metribuzin to numerous cultivars and breeding selections. Two explanatory variables, plant height proportion (PHR), defined as injured/uninjured, and percent foliar injury (FI), were used to predict yield loss. Three multiple regression models, including linear, quadratic, and a linear-log were considered and evaluated. Acceptance of the best model was based on comparison of fit as indicated by Residual Mean Squares, Adjusted R2, and Predicted Sums of Squares. The best fit was for a linear-log model utilizing percent foliar injury and a natural log transformation of the plant height proportion (injured/uninjured). The predictive model was statistically validated by utilizing residual analysis on an independent data set. The model can be used to simply and quickly predict yield losses due to metribuzin injury

Effectiveness of selective herbicides for the control of annual weed species in lathyrus ( Lathyrus sativus L.)

Field research was conducted over a four-year period, 1987–1990, to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of trifluralin, metribuzin, cyanazine, bentazone, imazethapyr and several formulations of MCPA in lathyrus ( Lathyrus sativus L.). Lathyrus exhibited satisfactory tolerance to trifluralin applied pre-planting soil incorporated and to postemergence applications of bentazone and imazethapyr. Lathyrus tolerated both pre-planting soil-incorporated and postemergence applications of metribuzin in dry years, but was injured by this herbicide in years with adequate precipitation. Tank mixtures of metribuzin or cyanazine with sethoxydim plus surfactant markedly increased the phytotoxicity of these herbicides to lathyrus. Lathyrus was sensitive to all formulations of MCPA and phytotoxicity increased with the addition of sethoxydim plus surfactant to the spray mixture.

Tolerance of wheat cultivars to metribuzin and implications for the control of Bromus diandrus and B. rigidus in Western Australia

Field experiments were carried out in Western Australia to investigate the response of 9 wheat cultivars to metribuzin and to evaluate its potential for the control of Bromus diandrus and B. rigidus in wheat. The wheat cultivars differed significantly in their response to metribuzin; a South Australian cultivar (Blade) was markedly more tolerant than all other cultivars investigated. Metribuzin alone (100-150 g/ha) or as a tank-mix with pendimethalin, incorporated by sowing, combined reliable brome grass control with good crop safety when used on Blade. Post-emergence application of metribuzin was generally less effective on brome grass and more phytotoxic to the crop than incorporation by sowing. This herbicide-cultivar package gives farmers an opportunity to selectively control brome grass in wheat.

Effect of herbicides and annual weeds on the yield and seed quality of lathyrus ( Lathyrus sativus L.)

Field research conducted over six location years has indicated that lathyrus ( Lathyrus sativus L.) is a poor competitor with annual weed species. Failure to control annual weeds reduced lathyrus seed yields by 54–95%, depending on the weed species present and their density. Weed competition also reduced thousand-seed weight. Preplant soil-incorporated applications of trifluralin and postemergence applications of sethoxydim controlled wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) and green foxtail ( Setaria viridis (L.) Beav.). Trifluralin failed to control wild mustard ( Sinapis arvensis L.), an important broad-leaved weed in western Canada, but this weed was controlled by both preplant soil-incorporated and postemergence applications of metribuzin. Lathyrus exhibited excellent tolerance to these herbicides, which are currently registered for use on high-acreage crops in Canada.

TOLERANCE OF LENTIL (Lens culinaris Medik.) TO HERBICIDES

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) was tolerant to trifluralin, ethalfluralin, triallate, metolachlor and metribuzin applied preplant soil incorporated at rates of 1.1, 1.1, 1.7, 2.6 and 0.28 kg (a.i.)/ha, respectively. Chloramben and EPTC applied in a similar manner at rates of 2.0 and 3.0 kg (a.i.)/ha, respectively, injured lentils. Diclofop methyl, sethoxydim, fluazifop butyl, haloxyfop methyl and several experimental grass-specific herbicides were tolerated by lentil but propanil and flam-prop methyl were phytotoxic to this crop. Lentil was also tolerant to tank mixtures of trifluralin and triallate, trifluralin and metribuzin, metolachlor and metribuzin, and sequential treatments of dinitroaniline-type herbicides applied preplant incorporated followed by a post-emergence application of metribuzin or dinoseb. Lentil seed density was reduced by triallate in 1983 and seed size was reduced by flamprop methyl in 1982 and by trifluralin, triallate, metolachlor, EPTC, chloramben, metribuzin and trifluralin + metribuzin mixtures in 1983.Key words: Herbicides, lentil, preplant incorporated, postemergence, seed quality, sequential treatments

DIFFERENTIAL TOLERANCE OF TWO BARLEY CULTIVARS TO METRIBUZIN

In greenhouse and growth cabinet studies, two cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Klondike’ and ’Summit’) were found to differ in their tolerance to postemergence applications of metribuzin. Klondike was more susceptible than Summit, although both displayed varying amounts of injury depending on environmental conditions. Klondike was most susceptible following herbicide application at the three-leaf stage; when soil was moist at application; and when application was followed by a period of cold (0 °C). For both cultivars, high relative humidity and increasing duration of a dark period following spraying increased the injury from metribuzin. Increasing the duration of a light period following spraying had the opposite effect. The magnitude of the light/dark regime response was greater for Klondike than for Summit.Key words: Barley cultivar tolerance, metribuzin, environmental factors

Inactivation of Metribuzin in Winter Wheat by Activated Carbon

Preemergence and postemergence application of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)-one] at 0.6 and 1.1 kg ai/ha controlled downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. ♯ BROTE) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘McDermid’) but caused considerable injury without the use of activated carbon over the seeded row. Activated carbon applied in 5-cm bands over the seeded row at 84, 167, and 336 kg/ha protected winter wheat at Pendleton on a silt loam soil. On a sandy loam soil, only a 336 kg/ha rate provided protection from metribuzin. Metribuzin toxicity to winter wheat was more difficult to neutralize when applied preemergence. Downy brome control was not reduced by carbon applied over the wheat row. The best treatment in this study was carbon at 336 kg/ha applied preemergence over the row followed by metribuzin at 0.6 or 1.1 kg/ha postemergence. A 10-week delay between preemergence carbon banding and postemergence metribuzin protected winter wheat from chemical injury.

The effect of metribuzin interaction with potato viruses X and Y on potato foliage, yield and grade

Foliar treatment of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with metribuzin at 0.57–1.0 lb/A caused a necrotic reaction in leaflets of plants infected with potato virus Y (PVY), but not in plants infected with potato virus X (PVX) or potato leafroll virus. Necrosis symptoms resulting from metribuzin-PVY interaction were distinct from symptoms of either PVY infection or of metribuzin injury. This reaction was similar in the Russet Burbank, Lemhi Russet, and Pioneer cultivars. Russet Burbank infected with PVY and PVX, alone or in combination, was treated with metribuzin to study herbicidevirus interaction effects on yield. Secondary PVY infection alone caused a 57% yield reduction, and when combined with PVX caused a 71% yield reduction. Although leaflet necrosis was induced by the metribuzin-PVY combination, there was no significant yield interaction. Results suggest that post-emergence application of metribuzin can be used as an aid for detecting and removing potato virus Y infected plants from potato seed fields

Fall and Spring Applications of Trifluralin and Metribuzin in Fababeans (Vicia faba)

Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of fall and spring pre-plant incorporated applications of trifluralin (α,α,α-tri-fluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)-one] alone and in combinations on crop tolerance, seed yield, and weed control in fababeans (Vicia fabaL. ‘Diana’). Trifluralin applied either in the fall or the spring resulted in acceptable control of green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.] and wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) while metribuzin resulted in excellent control of wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler]. In 2 out of 3 yr, a tank-mixture of trifluralin plus metribuzin applied in the fall at 1.4 and 0.4 kg/ha, respectively, resulted in significantly larger seed yield than the same combination applied at 1.1 and 0.3 kg/ha in the spring. Although the fall treatments generally resulted in higher seed yields, there was no consistent difference in weed densities between fall and spring applications. In both field and growth room studies, trifluralin reduced the injury to fababeans from metribuzin. A postemergence application of metribuzin in the spring at 0.3 kg/ha following a fall-application of trifluralin resulted in good wild mustard control but caused considerable crop damage. Dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) and bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2dioxide] controlled wild mustard effectively with no injury to the crop.