Postbloom Sprays Research Articles

Impacts of Pre- and Postbloom Sprays of Tryptophan on Calcium Distribution within ‘Red Jonaprince’ Apple Trees and on Fruit Quality

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of tryptophan (L-TRP) sprays on calcium (Ca) distribution within mature ‘Red Jonaprince’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees and on fruit quality. Trees were sprayed with L-TRP before flowering (at the green and pink bud stages and when 5% to 10% of flowers were open), after flowering (at petal fall and 14 and 28 days later), and both before and after flowering. In each spray treatment, 50 g of L-TRP per ha was applied. Other trees were sprayed with calcium chloride (CaCl2) six times during the growing season at rates ranging from 6 to 9 kg⋅ha−1. Plants that were not sprayed with L-TRP or CaCl2 served as controls. The results found that the studied spray treatments did not affect yield, mean fruit weight, apple skin russeting and blush, seed set, mean seed weight, or acidity of fruit at harvest. Prebloom L-TRP sprays enhanced the concentrations of both free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in fruitlets (by ≈230% compared with those of the control plants) and Ca in fruitlets and fruit (on average by 18% compared with the control combination) but did not affect the leaf Ca concentrations. Apples from trees sprayed with L-TRP before flowering had lower starch index (SI) values at harvest than those of the control plants. Postbloom L-TRP sprays increased leaf Ca concentration, but had no effect on apple Ca concentration or fruit quality at harvest. Combined pre- and postbloom L-TRP sprays did not improve the effectiveness of this amino acid. Overall, preharvest CaCl2 sprays increased leaf and fruit Ca concentrations and decreased fruit SI. Apples sprayed with CaCl2 had lower soluble solids concentrations (SSCs) and were firmer than fruit from control trees. Prebloom L-TRP sprays are effective in improving apple Ca concentration, at least for triploid varieties that have small seed numbers.

Effect of different insecticidal treatments on aphid (Lipaphis erysimikaltenbach) infestation, yield and yield contributing traits in Brassica rapa var sarson crop in Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh, India

Different chemical treatments were applied at pre flowering stage succeeded by post bloom sprays on aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach infestation and yield and yield contributing traits of Brassica rapa (B.campestris) var sarson. The treatment consisting of the pre flowering soil treatment of carbofuran succeeded by post bloom spray of cypermethrin (T2) provided the best control of L. erysimi as significantly least dried siliquae/plant (3.03 and 2.09) were recorded during the two years observations. In case of unprotected crop, significantly higher number of dried siliqua/plant (16.70 and 16.73) was recorded during 2009-10 and 2010-11. The number of primary and secondary branches/plant, seeds/siliqua, thousand seed weight and seed yield were also significantly higher under this treatment.

Discrimination of Wines Produced from Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes Treated with Aqueous Ethanol Post-Bloom Using an Electronic Nose

Wine discrimination and analysis is typically done through chemical analysis and sensory evaluation by a trained panel. Both of these methods are proven to be successful in wine discrimination, but require extensive preparation, time and money. The electronic nose is an objective, rapid-analysis tool that has been used in the food industry for a number of applications. The purpose of this study was to determine if an electronic nose can accurately discriminate between Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) wines made from grapes that have received different pre-harvest but post-bloom spray treatments to enhance growth.Aqueous ethanol, which has been shown to impact fruit maturity, was sprayed on the grape clusters at 13 weeks post bloom in different concentrations (control, 5% and 10% v/v). Chemical analysis was able to accurately discriminate between the wines produced from these grapes. Triangle difference testing by a consumer panel was not able to differentiate between the different treatments. The electronic nose data was able to accurately identify the control group and the 5% EtOH treatment 90% of the time. Placement of the 10% EtOH group was only 13% correct. The results show the promising potential for an electronic nose to discriminate between control and treated wine samples.

Vegetative and Reproductive Responses of Apple Trees to Zinc Fertilization under Conditions of Acid Coarse-Textured Soil

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine response of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees to zinc (Zn) fertilization under conditions of acid coarse-textured soil with low 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl)-soluble Zn level. The experiment was carried out during 2004-2005 at a commercial orchard in Central Poland on mature ‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26 EMLA, planted at a spacing of 4 × 2.5 m. The trees were sprayed with Zn: (i) prebloom, at the stage of silver tip, and tight cluster at a rate of 140 and 100 g ha− 1, respectively, (ii) postbloom, at the stage of petal fall, and 2 weeks later at a rate of 80 g ha− 1 in each spray treatment, and (iii) postharvest, 4–5 weeks before the natural leaf fall at a rate of 500 g ha− 1. Other trees were supplied with Zn to soil at a rate of 3 kg ha− 1. In all the studied treatments, Zn was used as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Trees unsupplied with Zn served as the control. Tree vigor, fruit set, yield and fruit quality at harvest (mean fruit weight, firmness, color, russeting, soluble solids concentration, and acidity) were not influenced by Zn fertilization. Postharvest Zn sprays slightly damaged leaf tissues but did not cause defoliation. Soil Zn application raised Zn concentrations in flowers, and leaves 28, 56, and 84 days after petal fall. Pre- and postbloom Zn sprays increased Zn status in flowers and leaves 28 days after flowering, respectively. The obtained results indicate that Zn fertilization of ‘Jonagold’ apple trees with Zn status in mid-summer leaves and flowers of 17 mg kg− 1 and 27 mg kg− 1, respectively, is not successful in improving vigor and tree yield.

Postbloom Humic- and Fulvic-based Zinc Sprays Can Improve Apple Zinc Nutrition

Zinc supplied as a fulvic-based Zn compound was absorbed and retranslocated to unsprayed new growth as effectively as zinc sulphate in apple seedlings of low Zn status grown hydroponically in the greenhouse. Similarly, fulvic- and humic-based compounds were as effective as zinc sulphate at improving short-term growth and Zn uptake into new tissues in Zn-deficient apple seedlings, with the best growth occurring at spray concentrations of Zn at 500 mg·L-1. Under field conditions, Zn concentration of peeled and washed `Jonagold' apples at harvest was increased, without phytotoxicity, by two or four postbloom sprays of fulvic Zn. It is therefore possible to use this material safely as an effective Zn-source after bloom. However the mobility of the foliar-applied Zn is limited and any yield response by treated apple orchards of marginal Zn nutrition is unlikely to occur in the short term (within two growing seasons).

Boron Maintenance Sprays for Apple: Early-season Applications and Tank-mixing with Calcium Chloride

The recommendations for boron (B) sprays in deciduous tree fruit orchards have changed little over the past 50 years. We conducted two 3-year field studies evaluating the effect of two modifications to the existing recommendation for B maintenance sprays on apple (Malus ×domestica) tree nutritional status. A widely recommended Na polyborate-based commercial B spray product was used as the B source. Postbloom sprays of B applied at the recommended annual B maintenance rate of 0.56 kg·ha-1 to `Scarlet Gala' apple trees consistently increased fruit B concentration but had a weaker effect on leaf B concentration in early August, the recommended timing for sampling leaves for mineral element analysis. Applying half or all of the annual B maintenance rate in a spray at the pink flowering stage increased flower cluster and early-season leaf B concentrations as well as having positive effects on fruit and leaf B concentrations. The pink sprays increased flower cluster Na concentration but had no effect on leaf and fruit Na concentrations. In the second study, one-quarter of the annual B fertilizer requirement was tank-mixed with each of four biweekly CaCl2 sprays applied starting in early June for bitter pit control. This treatment consistently increased `Scarlet Gala' fruit B concentration but had a lesser effect on August leaf B concentration. It did not interfere with fruit Ca status, and increased both fruit and leaf Na concentrations. Leaf Na concentration in all treatments was substantially lower than levels associated with specific Na toxicity of deciduous fruit trees. The results of these experiments indicate that applying B sprays at the pink flowering stage timing and tank-mixing B with CaCl2 sprays applied for bitter pit control are useful practices to enhance B spray efficacy and convenience of application.

Gibberellic acid sprays, girdling, flower thinning and potassium applications affect fruit splitting and yield in the ‘Ellendale’ tangor

SummaryThis study quantified the effect of fruit set treatments on preharvest fruit splitting, a serious problem in the ‘Ellendale’ tangor, as well as treatments aimed at alleviating fruit splitting incidence. Treatments, during the full bloom period, aimed at increasing fruit set, viz. GA3 sprays and girdling, increased fruit splitting to between 30 to 60% of final yield. This related to a significant shift/delay in the normal fruit drop pattern. Only the girdling treatment during fullbloom significantly (P<0.05) increased final yield. The blossom GA3 sprays increased yield only slightly while the postbloom GA3 sprays, varying from 10 to 20mgl–1, did not affect final yield at all. In this study various approaches to reduce fruit splitting in ‘Ellendale’ tangor were tested: (i) specific chemical and mechanical flower thinning treatments reduced fruit splitting, without adversely affecting yield; (ii) potassium sprays, applied from ten weeks before fullbloom to six weeks after full bloom achieved limited s...

Sulfcarbamide, A Blossom-thinning Agent for Apples

In fruit-growing areas where pollination and fruit set conditions are optimum, biennial bearing is a regular occurrence unless steps are taken to reduce fruit set in the heavy bloom year. In the past, a two- or three-spray thinning program was used in the state of Washington on difficult cultivars, consisting of Elgetol at bloom time, followed by a petal fall spray of Amide-thin, followed by a later postbloom spray of NAA or Sevin. In 1989, Elgetol was removed from the market by the manufacturer because of the high cost of re-registration. In 1990, a search for an Elgetol replacement was initiated. Elgetol was a contact spray that damaged flower parts and prevented fertilization of the ovule. Thus, it was logical to look for other products that had a similar mode of action. Sulfcarbamide (monocarbamide dihydrogen sulfate) (D-88) (Wilthin), a foliage desiccant used on potatoes, onions, and alfalfa, and tested as a dilute full-volume spray on apple blossoms, was found to be an effective blossom thinner. Chemical rates of 0.25% to 0.5% (v/v) applied at 80% of bloom open reduced fruit set by 25% to 50% compared to controls.

COMPARISON OF NAA AND SEVIN PETAL FALL SPRAYS ON FRUIT SET OF APPLES

In Washington and other western states Elgetol, a blossom thinning agent was previously used before the postbloom NAA and Sevin applications and there was no need for an earlier timing of NAA and Sevin treatments. In 1989, Elgetol was removed from the market by the manufacturer because of minor crop use and the high cost of re-registration. Without a blossom thinner it is impossible to guarantee a return bloom on severe biennial bearing cultivars such as Golden Delicious and Fuji. Even though adequate fruit thinning occurs with the postbloom thinning sprays, flower Initiation may not occur for the next years crop because the application is made too late.NAA and Sevin are used as postbloom sprays for reducing fruit set of apples. The usual time of application is when the largest fruit are from 10 to 15 mm in diameter. Sprays applied at the 10-15 mm fruit diameter stage take advantage of warm weather after spraying which increases stress and maximizes reduction of fruit set with a minimum effect on the seed number, however, when temperature is cold seed abortion occurs without adequate reduction of fruit set.This report compares the efficacy of the postbloom thinners NAA and Sevin as early petal fall sprays for reducing fruit number and increasing return bloom the following year. Sevin is most effective as an apple fruit abscission agent when applied at petal fall. In trials for 2 years there was no reduction in fruit seed number, no reduction in fruit size and no effect on fruit shape. In comparison NAA applied at petal fall tended to reduce seed number, reduce fruit size, flatten or distort fruit shape and cause leaf curling.

Apple, Concentrate Acaricide Evaluation Experiment, 1991

Abstract Treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of 'Yorking' and 2 replicates of 'Golden Delicious'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft and were 18-yr-old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 GPA at 2 mph, with the exception of HHE-3736 70 WG and Savey 50 WP which were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump at 4.2 gallons of spray/tree. Pre-bloom sprays were applied at the half-inch green stage of tree development (8 Apr) for Sun 6 E Oil and the Apollo treatments and at pink (17 Apr) for AC-801757 20 EC. Post-bloom sprays were applied based on the following thresholds of motile mites/leaf: 5-10 for AC-801757 following Sun 6 E Oil, 5 for Kelthane 50 WP, and 3-5 for HHE-3736 70 WG and Savey 50 WP. Kelthane sprays were delayed due to extraneous circumstances. General sprays of fungicides (Benlate, Captan, Nova, and Thiram) were made at 1-2 week intervals throughout the experiment. Insecticides (Guthion and Lannate) were applied at 1-2 week intervals beginning with petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the treatments against mites was evaluated by counts at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The predator, S. punctum was observed by making 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&amp;gt;51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to &amp;gt;51% russeted surface)

Fruit and Hormones Influence Flowering of Apple. II. Effects of Hormones

Combination postbloom sprays of BA at 50 mg·liter-1 and daminozide at 2000 mg·liter-1 were made to limbs of `Early McIntosh' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) where all of the flowers were either removed before full bloom or allowed to remain. BA and fruit removal increased return bloom, whereas daminozide bad no effect. No treatment had a consistent effect on spur leaf area. Repeat sprays of GA4+7 to `Delicious' apple trees at full bloom (FB) +5, FB + 14, and FB +22 days reduced appendage development and flower bud formation on spurs. One spray of GAd+7 at 150 mg·liter-1 at FB +42 days reduced appendage formation and the percentage of flowering spurs but not as effectively as earlier repeat sprays of GA4+7 at 50 mg·liter-1 When BA at 150 mg·liter-1 was combined with the GA at FB +42 days, appendage formation was increased but the reduction in flowering was not reversed. One BA spray at 50 mg·liter-1 at FB +22 days to `McIntosh' trees increased the number of appendages formed in spurs, but return bloom was not influenced. Chemical names used: (N -phenylmethyl) -1 H -purine-6-amine (BA); butanedioic acid mono (2, 2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); gibberellins A4 and A7 (GA4+7).

Thinning Activity of Benzyladenine on Several Apple Cultivars

Postbloom sprays of BA thinned `McIntosh', `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Mutsu, `Empire', and `Abas' apples. BA at 75 to 100 mg·liter-1 was equal to NAA at 6 to 7.5 mg·liter-1 or carbaryl at 600 to 800 mg·liter-1. BA increased fruit size, flesh firmness, and soluble solids concentration (SSC) on all cultivars evaluated. Since BA is applied during the time when cell division is occurring, it is concluded that the increased fruit size and flesh firmness were due to Increased cell numbers. Increased SSC was not due solely to increased leaf: fruit ratio. Thinning with BA was additive with other chemical thinners and no interactions were found on fruit abscission. In most eases, BA increased return bloom. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl); butanedioic acid mono(2,2dimethylhydrazide (daminozide); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).

Combination studies of selected acaricides with zineb, mancozeb, or carbamate for mite control on citrus

Abstract Field experiments were conducted between 1981 and 1988 to evaluate the potential of zineb (zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate), mancozeb (a coordination product of zinc ion and manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate) and carbamate (ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate) in combination with one or more of the following acaricides: ethion, chlorpyrifos, dicofol, chlorobenzilate, propargite or formetanate for the control of the citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari:Eriophyidae). Treatments were applied to replicated single tree plots using a handgun from a truck-mounted sprayer or to replicated nine tree plots using an airblast sprayer during the postbloom, summer or supplemental fall spray periods. Mancozeb alone was slightly better than zineb alone in the suppression of P. oleivora. However, neither compound demonstrated sufficient activity to justify its use alone as an acaricide on citrus. The combinations of ethion, chlorpyrifos, dicofol or propargite with either mancozeb or zineb sh...

Gibberellins A4+7 Influence Fruit Set, Fruit Quality, and Return Bloom of Apples

Abstract Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of time, concentration, and number of GA4+7 applications on ‘McIntosh’, ‘Early McIntosh’, and ‘Empire’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). GA4+7 at 150 mg·liter−1 increased fruit set and inhibited flower bud formation on ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Early McIntosh’. Flower bud formation was inhibited on ‘McIntosh’ when GA4+7 was applied over a wide range of times from 6 days before full bloom to 34 to 35 days after full bloom. Applications made 45 and 60 days after full bloom had no effect. Following storage, ‘Empire’ fruit treated with GA4+7 were softer and had a higher incidence of senescent breakdown than controls. Postbloom sprays of GA4+7 increased fruit set on ‘Empire’ one year when applied from 0 to 150 mg·liter−1, while two applications of 50 mg·liter−1 on similar trees in another year caused thinning. GA4+7 sprays appeared to advance ripening of ‘Empire’ apples. Gibberellin sprays reduced seed number. GA4+7 inhibited flowering in ‘Empire’. Repeat applications 19 and 34 days after full bloom were only slightly more inhibitory to flowering than one application of 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg·liter−1 made 10 days after full bloom.

Apple, Early Season Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1986

Abstract The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 6 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of 4 trees, one each of the cultivars York Imperial, Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Rome Beauty. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa. Spray dates corresponded to the following phenological stages (cv. Golden Delicious): Half-inch green—3 Apr; Pink—21 Apr. A regular fungicide schedule (Cyprex, Benlate, Bayleton, Manzate) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticide sprays were applied to 1- to 2-week intervals after test treatments were completed. Effectiveness of sprays for RAA was evaluated by examining the entire tree (all cvs.) and determining the total number of infested leaves per tree. A leaf was considered infested if it contained one or more live aphids or showed visible signs of curling. Pest pressure was light.

Apple, Post-Bloom Control of Apple Pandemis, 1985

Abstract Fenoxycarb was compared with Lorsban for control of pandemis leafroller larvae in post-bloom sprays. Both materials were applied in a dilute spray to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal/A) using a hand gun sprayer at 400-500 psi to a block of 7-year-old apple trees containing 33 trees each. Treatments were applied about 2 wk after petal fall on 20 May when leafroller larvae were predominantly in the 4th and 5th instar. Treatments were evaluated on 30 Jul when larvae from summer generation were present. Insecticide treatments were compared with an untreated block of trees adjacent to treated areas. Ten trees were randomly selected from each block and examined for live larvae. Mites were sampled bi-weekly from mid-June through mid-Sep. Fifty leaves (5 per tree) were selected at random from each block, returned to the laboratory, brushed and mites counted. Mite densities are presented as mean mites per leaf for the growing season.

Apple, Comparison of Pink and Post-Bloom Insecticide Applications for Leafminer Control, 1985

Abstract Pink and post-bloom sprays of 2 insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling the 1st generation of ABLM in a 15-year-old semi-dwarf apple orchard rat Hamden, CT. Single-tree plots were arranged in a completely randomized design with 5 replicates/treatment. Insecticides were applied to runoff ; on 23 Apr (pink) and 20 May (10 days after bloom) with a Solo knapsack sprayer operated at 15 psi. Effectiveness of each treatment was determined |ion 13 Jun by randomly collecting 10 leaf clusters/replicate at a height of 1.5 m and counting no. of tentiform mines.

Effect of Chemical Thinners on ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees Previously Sprayed with GA4+7 + BA

Abstract Fruit thinning by a postbloom spray of 1-naphthyl n-methycarbamate (carbaryl) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was not increased by a previous full bloom spray of gibberellin A4+7 (GA4+7) plus 6-benzylamino purine (BA). Chemical thinning generally increased return bloom but not fruit size. GA4+7 + BA consistently increased the fruit L/D ratio, showed no effect on fruit size or seed number, and these responses were not altered by the chemical thinners. Overall responses were similar for trees treated either one or 2 consecutive years with GA4+7 + BA and chemical thinners. Response to treatment was similar among strain of ‘Delicious’ and did not vary with tree age.

Apple, Insect and Mite Control, 1984

Abstract Test materials were applied to 28-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi at 300 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 17 May (pre-pink), 3 Jun (petal fall), 16 Jun (first cover), 27 Jun (second cover), 11 Jul (third cover), 26 Jul (fourth cover), 8 Aug (fifth cover), 20 Aug (sixth cover). Materials were applied on dates as noted in table. The fungicide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100 gal) on 29 Apr, Phygon 50W (0.5 lb) on 1 Jun, Polyram 80W (2 lb) and Amid-Thin W (12 ppm) on 13 Jun, and Cyprex 65W (0.75 lb) on 29 Jun and 3 Jul. In addition, Polyram 80W (2 lb) was mixed with each insecticide treatment at each of the first 5 post-bloom sprays, and Captan 80W (1 lb) was mixed at the last 2 cover sprays. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 2 ‘Mcintosh’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars per treatment. Except for test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides. On 30 Aug, 0.5 box of apples was picked from each tree, and about 490 apples were examined per treatment on 9 to 15 Sep for external egg punctures (AM) egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM and LAW). ERM were counted on 3 dates from 19 Jul to 17 Aug on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Aphid counts are based on 5 randomly selected vegetative terminals around each tree. Numbers of live aphids on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves were recorded on 9 and 17 Jul. Jul and Aug were relatively dry (1.8 and 1.5 inches rain, respectively); Aug was also warm.

Effectiveness of a Soft-Pesticide Program on Pear Pests1

During 1980 and 1981, spray programs using soft pesticides were compared with programs using pesticides normally applied to commercial pear orchards in central Washington for the control of the insect-mite pest complex. In 1980, all pest species present except pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, were held below damaging densities by both soft and standard programs or by predators and parasites that survived. In the soft-pesticide plot, two prebloom sprays of petroleum oil and four postbloom tree washes failed to prevent serious fruit russetting by honeydew from pear psylla. In the standard program, fenvalerate and oxythioquinox sprays before bloom and three postbloom sprays of amitraz provided better control of this pest than did the oil sprays and tree washes. In 1981, both soft and standard programs controlled all pest species present. In the soft plot, pear psylla density was kept below damaging level by two prebloom petroleum oil sprays and four postbloom sprays of mancozeb. Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was controlled in the soft plot by four cover sprays each year of diflubenzuron in 1980 or Bay Sir 8514, 2-chloro-N-([L(4-trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amino)carbonyl benzamide) in 1981. Azinphosmethyl applied on a similar schedule in the standard plot also provided good codling moth control. Densities of major predators of pear psylla were higher in the soft than in the standard plot, but not as high as those in the untreated check.