Possible Source Of Energy Research Articles

Current Limit Avoidance Algorithms for DEMO Operation

Tokamaks are the most promising devices to prove the feasibility of energy production using nuclear fusion on Earth which is foreseen as a possible source of energy for the next centuries. In large tokamaks with superconducting poloidal field (PF) coils, the problem of avoiding saturation of the currents is of paramount importance, especially for a reactor such as the European demonstration fusion power plant DEMO. Indeed, reaching the current limits during plasma operation may cause a loss of control of the plasma shape and/or current, leading to a major disruption. Therefore, a current limit avoidance (CLA) system is essential to assure safe operation. Three different algorithms to be implemented within a CLA system are proposed in this paper: two are based on online solutions of constrained optimization problems, while the third one relies on dynamic allocation. The performance assessment for all the proposed solutions is carried out by considering challenging operation scenarios for the DEMO reactor, such as the case where more than one PF current simultaneously saturates during the discharge. An evaluation of the computational burden needed to solve the allocation problem for the various proposed alternatives is also presented, which shows the compliance of the optimization-based approaches with the envisaged deadlines for real-time implementation of the DEMO plasma magnetic control system.

Novel Scenedesmus obliquus algae biofuel emission and performance characterise in Si-DLC coated diesel engine

Investigation of the viability of providing biodiesel made from the algae Scenedesmus obliquus in a compression ignition (CI) engine. This research suggests Scenedesmus slick biodiesel (SOBD) as a possible source of energy, as it is found widely in marine, freshwater and aquaculture communities worldwide. SOBD was mixed with neat diesel fossil fuel at multiple volume ratios of 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and its properties as a biofuel were analyzed according to ASTM standards. The characteristics study towards combustion, performance and emission of biofuel were analyzed by testing it on a single cylinder diesel engine at a 1500 rpm rated speed. The outcomes of the tests reveal that the efficiency of B20 (20 %SOBD + 80 % diesel) blend is comparable to pure diesel thermal efficiency, smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Still, the SOBD blend caused somewhat increased emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. At 100 % load, SOBD when compared with diesel achieves relatively lower cylinder pressures and lower heat release rates. In general, it is possible to deduce that the B20 blend (20 % SOBD 80 % diesel) will be a favourable feedstock variety that will be employed in unaltered combustion engines with minimal exhaust emissions.

Miscanthus giganteus in the Middle Volga region: opportunities and prospects

The main raw material for the production of cellulose is wood, which is also used as fuel, but it takes at least 80 years to regenerate forests. Therefore, it became necessary to find other possible sources of energy and cellulose. Miscanthus giganteus could become a possible and efficient renewable raw material. It also could replace forest crops in several ways. In this regard, in the Middle Volga region, which belongs to the zone of unstable moisture, the current research has been carried out since 2013 on the application of Miscanthus giganteus in light gray soil. Well-formed plants in the year the sowing with sufficient moisture provided the yield of the aboveground mass of 14 t/ha, in the second year it increased 2 times, in the third, despite the arid conditions, it reached 36 t/ha. The next two years were the most productive, when, with sufficient moisture, it was received 40 and 41 t/ha. In the severely arid years 2018 and 2019, it decreased by 9 and 11 t/ha, respectively, in relation to the fifth year of growing. The growing season of the last two years was favorable, but precipitation fell earlier or later than the critical phases of Miscanthus giganteus growing, which led to a decrease in yield to 25 t/ha. On average, per year, starting from the second year of growing, it could form 32 t/ha of energy biomass, which in terms of cellulose content, depending on the age of plants, is equal to wood (48.10-59.81%), and in terms of calorific value, raw materials correspond to the European standards.

Waste Profile and Waste-to-Energy Conversion Potential of Medical, Hazardous Industrial, and Electronic Residual Wastes in Metro Manila, Philippines

Waste disposal is an important issue that needs to be addressed, not only for health and environmental reasons but also for its social and economic impacts. Three important waste streams that contribute to the growing amount of wastes generated come from medical, industrial, and electronic residual wastes. These residual wastes are usually just being dumped or disposed of in sanitary landfills. Apart from finding solutions to these environmental waste problems, these wastes can be a possible source of energy that can support our energy sustainability. In this study, three different waste streams, medical, industrial, and electronic wastes in Metro Manila – the capital region in the Philippines – were profiled and investigated for their potential as waste-to-energy (WTE) feeds. The daily generation, types of wastes, and heating values were studied. The total generated daily waste for medical wastes, hazardous industrial wastes, and residual electronic wastes that have a potential for WTE was about 143,834 kg/d or about 52,500 tons/yr. Its total energy potential was about 4,727 GJ/d. These large amounts of residual WTE feeds can potentially support daily energy needs, as well as mitigate problems associated with the typical disposal of these hazardous and residual wastes.

Characteristics of features formed by gas hydrate and free gas in the continental slope and abyssal plain of the Middle Caspian Sea

Physicochemical conditions are proper to form gas hydrate and free gas in the Caspian Sea which are considered both for geohazard assessment and future possible source of energy. Gas migration, hydrate formation and decomposition cause different types of features to form in the seabed and sediments which can be affected by geological and physical conditions of sea. In this study, high-resolution marine seismoacoustic profiles were interpreted to investigate features formed by gas hydrate and free gas and assess their characteristics in the continental slope and abyssal plain of the middle Caspian Sea. A mud volcano, gas chimneys, pockmarks, gas pipes, sediment disturbances, a crater, a giant landslide and a big gentle diapir were investigated and reported in the present study. The geological and physical conditions including bathymetry, tectonic activity, sediments supply and water depth are different in the continental slope and abyssal plain, thereby the features of these two environments were compared to understand the effect of different conditions.

Performance and Emission Characterstics of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine using Transformer Oil and Pine Oil Blend with Butanol Additive

Reuse and recycling are better options to derive energy or value added products from waste substances and to minimize the disposal problems. Transformer oil is generally used as a coolant in welding transformers, power transformers and electromotive units. After a prolonged use in these devices, the transformer oil becomes waste and is disposed of. The disposal of used transformer oil causes an environmental pollution. However, the used transformer oil has properties that are similar to that of diesel fuel with a marginally higher viscosity and lower calorific value. The aim of the primary investigation is to reuse the used transformer oil as a possible source of energy to run a small powered, single cylinder, four stroke, and direct injection diesel engine with different compression ratios to study the performance and emission characteristics of used transformer oil. The results are analyzed and compared with diesel fuel operation.

Refuse-derived fuel for diesel engine utilizing waste transformer oil

In this article, a refuse-derived fuel (RDF) utilizing waste transformer oil (WTO) as an alternative fuel for use in diesel engines was investigated. As WTO has properties similar to those of diesel fuel with a marginally higher viscosity and lower calorific value, this investigation was aimed to reuse the WTO as a possible source of energy to run a small powered, single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, direct-injection (DI) diesel engine. For this, untreated WTO was filtered and then blended with diesel in various proportions (10%, 20% and 30%) and tested in the diesel engine. Engine performance parameters, namely brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency, and emissions of engine exhaust gases such as COx and NOx, were studied for different loading conditions at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. Investigations were also repeated with after-pyrolysis refined WTO (RWTO). The test results indicate that there is a slight increase in brake thermal efficiency and decrease in specific fuel consumption for all blended fuels (both unrefined and refined) when compared to that of diesel fuel. The results are analyzed and compared with diesel operation of the same engine.

The Origin of Interstellar Turbulence in M33

Abstract We utilize the multi-wavelength data of M33 to study the origin of turbulence in its interstellar medium. We find that the H i turbulent energy surface density inside 8 kpc is ∼1–3 × 1046 erg pc−2, and has no strong dependence on galactocentric radius because of the lack of variation in H i surface density and H i velocity dispersion. Then, we consider the energies injected by supernovae (SNe), the magneto-rotational instability (MRI), and the gravity-driven turbulence from accreted materials as the sources of turbulent energy. For a constant dissipation time of turbulence, the SNe energy can maintain turbulence inside ∼4 kpc radius (equivalent to ∼0.5 R 25), while the MRI energy is always smaller than the turbulent energy within 8 kpc radius. However, when we let the dissipation time to be equal to the crossing time of turbulence across the H i scale height, the SNe energy is enough to maintain turbulence out to 7 kpc radius, and the sum of SNe and MRI energies is able to maintain turbulence out to 8 kpc radius. Due to lack of constraint in the mass accretion rate through the disk of M33, we cannot rule out the accretion driven turbulence as a possible source of energy. Furthermore, by resolving individual giant molecular clouds in M33, we also show that the SNe energy can maintain turbulence within individual molecular clouds with ∼1% of coupling efficiency. This result strengthens the proposition that stellar feedback is an important source of energy to maintain turbulence in nearby galaxies.

S-factor of reaction at low-energies.

The astrophysical S-factor of the reaction has been studied at range of bombarding energy 1–1.30 MeV. The process is important in low energy astrophysics so that a possible source of energy in massive stars which have spent their hydrogen cycle. Using the Wood-saxon potential model, we have been calculated non resonances the astrophysical S-factors for the transition and our results for MeV is MeV.b where from experimental is measured to is MeV.b (Couch et al., 1971) that in comparison with our data good agreement is achieved for the astrophysical S-factor of this process.

Aquifer Detection and Characterisation Using Material Balance: A Case Study of Reservoirs A, B, C and D

Oil and gas production needs energy, sufficient enough to drive the produced hydrocarbon to the surface of the well. Usually some of this required energy is supplied by nature. The hydrocarbon fluids are under pressure because of their depth. The gas and water in petroleum reservoirs under pressure are the two main sources that help move oil to the well bore and sometimes up to the surface. Depending on the original characteristics of hydrocarbon reservoirs, the type of drive energy is different. The material balance equation has been a very useful tool in analyzing these mechanisms. If none of the terms in the material balance equation can be neglected, then the reservoir can be described as having a combination drive in which all possible sources of energy contribute a significant part in producing the reservoir fluids, and determining the primary recovery factor. For this to happen, the water must be produced from an aquifer. The aquifer water expands slightly, displacing the oil or gas from the reservoir towards the borehole as pressure drops around the borehole. Most literatures have been able to call attention to the analysis of strong and partial water drive. This study was able to bring to light the aquifer characteristics based on weak water drives. Knowledge of the cumulative water influx is also important to the reservoir engineer. This study also goes ahead to add to aquifer detection and characterization, the cumulative water influx of each reservoir. The whole process entailed analyzing reservoirs A,B,C and D using the method proposed by Cole and Campbell. The plots showed a weak water drive for all reservoirs. The water influx for all the reservoirs were calculated and results obtained. The Cole and Campbell plots were proven to be more accurate method of detecting and characterizing aquifer and water drive strength.

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF SHALE OIL FROM JORDANIAN OIL SHALE

Oil shale as an alternative to oil is considered a major possible source of energy in Jordan which has an estimated 50 billion tons of geo- logical proven reserves that are widely distributed all over the country. Many methods have been used for extracting shale oil from oil shale. This investi- gation suggests the application of a novel technique, namely microwave- assisted extraction. Several solvents were tested for extractive capacity at different temperatures (50 to 140 C) by the microwave irradiation of the investigated oil shale. The extraction results showed that all the solvents except hexane followed a sigmoid behaviour. Methanol exhibited the highest extractive capacity of about 23% of shale oil. Several particle sizes in the range of 94-910 m were examined and the results indicated that shale oil extraction is not diffusion controlled. The dynamic effect of extraction was also considered and found to have a very little effect after 10 minutes of irradiation.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENERGY, UTILIZATION AND EMISSION

Natural or artificial energy is the first essential component for development. That is why man always tries his best for the utilization of all possible sources of energy for the fulfillment of his every day needs. Due to this reason today we are getting the most new and advanced sources of energy which compensate certain amount of energy problems due to the limitations of organic fuel sources. This project is aimed to see the different sources of energy, then for requirement how it is utilized by different conversion methods and during conversion unwanted thing comes in the form of waste and emission which is most challenging to the present society. We look in this project how; we can make a balance cycle by regeneration of waste and pollution because this is practical example of the beautiful earth. In this report we analyze the total fuel energy basically (coal) utilized in India to meet the required demand and thus amount of emission generate by the combustion of coal in different power plants. Then in the next part how the emissive gases and waste can be controlled and re-utilized for various industrial or other applications. Due to which there may be the maximum utilization of waste and emission control can possible. After various analysis and calculation it is found that the use of natural gas for power plants and for other industrial application is more beneficial over the coal and diesel which generates 10 to 15% less emission by consuming half of fuel rate.

Preventing hydrogen detonations in road tunnels hydrogen trap concept

During research of new possible sources of energy, hydrogen was identified as a very promising potential energy carrier. Because of its very good energy characteristics, it has received a lot of research attention while its safety features are the ones that were its drawback for potential use. Before it can be put in general use in transportation industry, there were safety problems identified as hazard which has to be further analysed. The main problem in the transport is the safe use of hydrogen in road tunnels where it should be safe in case of possible accidents where its release could end up in fire, deflagration and even detonation. In the article, concept of hydrogen trap on the ceiling is developed and described based on the available data and research results from which passive safety approach is suggested to be used in future designs of the road tunnels.

The origin and evolution of Saturn’s 2011–2012 stratospheric vortex

The planet-encircling springtime storm in Saturn’s troposphere (December 2010–July 2011, Fletcher, L.N. et al. [2011]. Science 332, 1413–1414; Sánchez-Lavega, A. et al. [2011]. Nature 475, 71–74; Fischer, G. et al. [2011]. Nature 475, 75–77) produced dramatic perturbations to stratospheric temperatures, winds and composition at mbar pressures that persisted long after the tropospheric disturbance had abated. Thermal infrared (IR) spectroscopy from the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), supported by ground-based IR imaging from the VISIR instrument on the Very Large Telescope and the MIRSI instrument on NASA’s IRTF, is used to track the evolution of a large, hot stratospheric anticyclone between January 2011 and March 2012. The evolutionary sequence can be divided into three phases: (I) the formation and intensification of two distinct warm airmasses near 0.5mbar between 25 and 35°N (B1 and B2) between January–April 2011, moving westward with different zonal velocities, B1 residing directly above the convective tropospheric storm head; (II) the merging of the warm airmasses to form the large single ‘stratospheric beacon’ near 40°N (B0) between April and June 2011, disassociated from the storm head and at a higher pressure (2 mbar) than the original beacons, a downward shift of 1.4 scale heights (approximately 85km) post-merger; and (III) the mature phase characterised by slow cooling (0.11±0.01K/day) and longitudinal shrinkage of the anticyclone since July 2011. Peak temperatures of 221.6±1.4K at 2mbar were measured on May 5th 2011 immediately after the merger, some 80K warmer than the quiescent surroundings. From July 2011 to the time of writing, B0 remained as a long-lived stable stratospheric phenomenon at 2mbar, moving west with a near-constant velocity of 2.70±0.04deg/day (−24.5±0.4m/s at 40°N relative to System III longitudes). No perturbations to visible clouds and hazes were detected during this period.With no direct tracers of motion in the stratosphere, we use thermal windshear calculations to estimate clockwise peripheral velocities of 200–400m/s at 2mbar around B0. The peripheral velocities of the two original airmasses were smaller (70–140m/s). In August 2011, the size of the vortex as defined by the peripheral collar was 65° longitude (50,000km in diameter) and 25° latitude. Stratospheric acetylene (C2H2) was uniformly enhanced by a factor of three within the vortex, whereas ethane (C2H6) remained unaffected. The passage of B0 generated a new band of warm stratospheric emission at 0.5mbar at its northern edge, and there are hints of warm stratospheric structures associated with the beacons at higher altitudes (p<0.1mbar) than can be reliably observed by CIRS nadir spectroscopy. Analysis of the zonal windshear suggests that Rossby wave perturbations from the convective storm could have propagated vertically into the stratosphere at this point in Saturn’s seasonal cycle, one possible source of energy for the formation of these stratospheric anticyclones.

Ionizing Radiation, an Instrument in Chemical Evolution Studies: Scope and Perspectives

The study of synthesis and stability of molecules in different environments it’s been part of chemistry evolution and origin of life studies for more than 70 years. Various kinds of ionizing radiation have been analyzed as possible sources of energy for the transformations undergone by the first organic molecules. Now experimental and computational simulation approaches continue with different groups of organic molecules, in search for more information that help us to understand and reconstruct somehow the mechanisms that toke place on early Earth and space. In that line, this paper presents first approach of keto acids stability to ionizing radiation, an interesting group of molecules involved in the Krebs cycle and glycolysis. Preliminary results obtained by HPLC/UV analysis of irradiating aqueous solutions of 5 keto acids ranging from 3 to 6 carbons with a 60Co gamma ray source, using doses up to 53 kGy, show different stabilities and a general tendency of shifting the keto-enol equilibrium to the enol tautomer before decomposition.

The Potential for Harvesting Energy from the Movement of Trees

Over the last decade, wireless devices have decreased in size and power requirements. These devices generally use batteries as a power source but can employ additional means of power, such as solar, thermal or wind energy. However, sensor networks are often deployed in conditions of minimal lighting and thermal gradient such as densely wooded environments, where even normal wind energy harvesting is limited. In these cases a possible source of energy is from the motion of the trees themselves. We investigated the amount of energy and power available from the motion of a tree in a sheltered position, during Beaufort 4 winds. We measured the work performed by the tree to lift a mass, we measured horizontal acceleration of free movement, and we determined the angular deflection of the movement of the tree trunk, to determine the energy and power available to various types of harvesting devices. We found that the amount of power available from the tree, as demonstrated by lifting a mass, compares favourably with the power required to run a wireless sensor node.

On a possible source of energy for the ejection of matter from cosmic objects

The transformation of the energy of an accelerating, expanding universe into internal energy of cosmic objects is discussed. The well known fact that Hubble expansion is observed on scale lengths two or more orders of magnitude smaller than the “cells of homogeneity” is taken into account, along with observational data indicating that this expansion also takes place on the scale of the solar system. Changes in the potential energy of individual model objects are examined on this basis and it is shown that the potential energy increases, thereby threatening the continued existence of these objects. An expression is obtained for the mass which can attain the escape energy within a given energy accumulation time. Some estimates are made for the assumed masses of galactic clusters. Over a period of 10 7 years a protocluster can

A magnetized, spherical plasma expansion in an inhomogeneous plasma: Transition from super- to sub-Alfvénic

[1] In this letter the transition of a strong 3-D collisionless shock into sub-Alfvenic waves is numerically. The transition occurs due to changes in the background plasma parameters. The Alfven speed eventually exceeds the shock speed; the shock does not run out of energy. At this velocity transition, the shock disassembles into two types of waves: the usual compressional Alfven wave and a left-hand polarized electromagnetic shear Alfven wave. This latter wave shows remarkable 3-D coherence, and preliminary analysis suggests that there are two possible sources of energy: one is coupling to the strong electromagnetic waves that exist within the collisionless shock and the other is the density and magnetic field gradients at the interface.

Diagenetic and epigenetic alteration of Cretaceous to Paleogene organic-rich sedimentary successions in northwestern Jordan, typical of the western margin of the Arabian Plate

ABSTRACTFour reference sections through the calcareous-siliciclastic rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Kurnub Group and the Amman and Muwaqqar formations of the Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene Belqa Group in Jordan document the various processes of accumulation and alteration of organic matter (OM). Sections at Jerash, Sultani, Wadi Isal, and in the Kharazeh area were investigated by means of sedimentary petrography/mineralogy, organic petrography, and organic chemistry, and correlated with equivalent deposits in Syria and Egypt. The impacts of oxidation potential (Eh), acidity/basicity (pH) and temperature variations during the post-depositional alteration of these organic concentrations were assessed using x-y plots. Syngenetic Aptian-Albian coaly and organic-rich amber beds near Jerash developed in a tide-dominated delta under marginally alkaline conditions and were altered under slightly acidic conditions at temperatures of less than 100°C. Environmental analysis focused on Maastrichtian-Paleocene (?), oil shales in the Sultani area that were deposited in a small restricted basin on the continental shelf of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Abnormally high contents of vanadium (V), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), and uranium (U) gave rise to yellow uranium ore minerals, phosphates and zinc sulfides and so bridge the gap between OM concentrations and those of uranium. The western part of the Arabian Peninsula is known for its uraniferous phosphorites and U-bearing calcretes. Reducing conditions during deposition of syngenetic OM in the oil shales may have shifted, in places, toward more oxidizing conditions in the course of post-depositional alteration at temperatures well below 200°C. Epigenetic fault-related concentration of OM was responsible for the Wadi Isal Aptian-Albian tar sand deposit and the oil seepage system in calcareous wall rocks of the Kharazeh Fault. The alteration of the tar sands (fluvial sandstones) is designated a high-sulfidation type (introduced aluminum sulfate minerals), whereas the oil seepage in Campanian shallow-marine carbonates is a low-sulfidation type (removal of aluminum sulfate minerals). Both alteration patterns may have implications for structure-bound base- and precious-metal deposits whose emplacement involves hydrocarbons as a carrier of metals in the mineralizing fluids. The Jordanian oil shales, tar sands, and uranium mineralization are possible sources of energy. Recent economic deals on the recovery and use of oil shales and uranium in Jordan are reviewed.

INTEGRAL observations of PSR J1811−1925 and its associated pulsar wind nebula

Abstract We present spectral measurements made in the soft (20–100 keV) γ-ray band of the region containing the composite supernova remnant G11.2-0.3 and its associated pulsar PSR J1811−1925. Analysis of INTEGRAL/IBIS data allows characterization of the system above 10 keV. The IBIS spectrum is best fitted by a power law having photon index Γ= 1.8+0.4−0.3 and a 20–100 keV flux of 1.5 × 10−11 erg cm−2 s−1. Analysis of archival Chandra data over different energy bands rules out the supernova shell as the site of the soft γ-ray emission while broadband (1–200 keV) spectral analysis strongly indicates that the INTEGRAL/IBIS photons originate in the central zone of the system which contains both the pulsar and its nebula. The composite X-ray and soft γ-ray spectrum indicates that the pulsar provides around half of the emission seen in the soft γ-ray domain; its spectrum is hard with no sign of a cut off up to at least 80 keV. The other half of the emission above 10 keV comes from the pulsar wind nebula; with a Γ= 1.7 its spectrum is softer than that of the pulsar. From the IBIS/ISGRI mosaics we are able to derive 2σ upper limits for the 20–100 keV flux from the location of the nearby TeV source HESS J1809−193 to be 4.8 ×10−12 erg cm−2 s−1. We have also examined the likelihood of an association between PSR J1811−1925 and HESS J1809−193. Although PSR J1811−1925 is the most energetic pulsar in the region, the only one detected above 10 keV and thus a possible source of energy to fuel the TeV fluxes, there is no morphological evidence to support this pairing, making it an unlikely counterpart.