Possible Forms Of Interaction Research Articles

A formal typology of process interactions

Some phonologically significant generalizations result from processes, often formalized as rewrite rules, while others result from interactions among independently motivated processes, often formalized in terms of serial ordering. We adopt these general formalizations of processes and interactions to address two questions. One is the interaction question: what are all the possible forms of interaction between two processes? The other is the opacity question: what makes an interactions between two processes opaque? We show that these questions are best addressed with a rigorous algebraic formalization of processes and their pairwise interactions, describing the complete formal typology of process interactions and identifying the formal properties of those interactions that lead to different types of opacity.

Communication: a Neglected Paradigm in the Study of Christian–Muslim Relations (7th–16th Cent.)

Communication as a paradigm of analysis has so far been neglected in the study of historical relations between Christians and Muslims. Part One demonstrates that previous forms of conceptualizing these relations fail to grasp the wide range of possible forms of interaction. It presents more differentiated recent approaches and points to the problems that still need solving. Part Two proposes a typology of different kinds of primary evidence that allow us to gain a more profound understanding of how interreligious communication is documented and which conclusions we may derive from this documentation. Part Three discusses methods of using such evidence to produce a greater picture of historical Christian–Muslim relations from the perspective of the communicative paradigm. It concludes that cooperation between specialists on different (e.g. diplomatic, economic, social, intellectual) facets of interreligious relations is necessary to formulate new macro-historical models that consider both the synchronic diversity of communicative acts and settings, as well as the diachronic evolution of larger communicative constellations in reaction to greater political, economic, social, and ideological changes.

Métodos de análisis en los mercados regionales de educación, investigación e innovación para establecer el programa de desarrollo estratégico para las universidades

El artículo describe la experiencia de conformar un programa de desarrollo estratégico analizando la situación actual e identificando posibles formas de interacción entre la Universidad y la región. Al analizar los documentos de desarrollo estratégico de la Región y documentos del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia hacia instituciones subordinadas, datos estadísticos sobre la situación en el mercado regional de educación, ciencia, innovación, el potencial de la universidad, el artículo informa sobre sus resultados. y la posibilidad de una alianza efectiva con las autoridades y las mayores corporaciones de la región y del país en la capacitación y readaptación de personal e investigación científica, considerando las tendencias de desarrollo de la región. En conclusión, la reforma de la Universidad Industrial de Tiumen es oportuna y relevante. Sin embargo, el artículo también destaca una serie de problemas relacionados tanto con el mayor desarrollo de la marca de la universidad como con la necesidad de ajustar el desarrollo a la demanda de la región para ampliar los programas de capacitación y reciclaje, desarrollar nuevas tecnologías en el negocio del petróleo y el gas, y materiales y estructuras de construcción. Los resultados permiten elaborar un programa para el desarrollo estratégico de la universidad de forma más cualitativa y profunda.

Multi-time dynamics of the Dirac-Fock-Podolsky model of QED

Dirac, Fock, and Podolsky devised a relativistic model in 1932 in which a fixed number of N Dirac electrons interact through a second-quantized electromagnetic field. It is formulated with the help of a multitime wave function ψ(t1,x1,…,tN,xN) that generalizes the Schrödinger multiparticle wave function to allow for a manifestly relativistic formulation of wave mechanics. The dynamics is given in terms of N evolution equations that have to be solved simultaneously. Integrability imposes a rather strict constraint on the possible forms of interaction between the N particles and makes the rigorous construction of interacting dynamics a long-standing problem, also present in the modern formulation of quantum field theory. For a simplified version of the multitime model, in our case describing N Dirac electrons that interact through a relativistic scalar field, we prove well-posedness of the corresponding multitime initial value problem and discuss the mechanism and type of interaction between the charges. For the sake of mathematical rigor, we are forced to employ an ultraviolet cutoff in the scalar field. Although this again breaks the desired relativistic invariance, this violation occurs only on the arbitrarily small but finite length-scale of this cutoff. In view of recent progress in this field, the main mathematical challenges faced in this work are, on the one hand, the unboundedness from below of the free Dirac Hamiltonians and the unbounded, time-dependent interaction terms, and on the other hand, the necessity of pointwise control of the multitime wave function.

ГРОМАДСЬКІ ОБ’ЄДНАННЯ ЯК ЧИННИК ДЕРЖАВОТВОРЕННЯ: ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПРОБЛЕМНОГО ПОЛЯ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ У ВІТЧИЗНЯНОМУ ПОЛІТОЛОГІЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The article presents the features of the influence of public associations on the internal policy of the state. It is noted that public associations in the conditions of development of Ukrainian society have become one of the leading factors of the modern state (a long complex process of building democratic structures and institutions). The legal basis for the establishing and functioning of public associations is well founded. The author describes the main functions that public associations are called upon to perform. Also the author examines the possible forms of interaction between government authorities and public associations, as well as the specificity of the regulatory services for this process. It is noted that at this stage in the development of society, public associations are active participants in the government processes. The author of the article proposes to identify the problem field of public associations from the positions of: clarification of the categorical research of the study; the development of regulatory services for their occurrence and activity; the selection of various forms and types of their existence; justification of their functional capacity. The development of an effective mechanism seems to be the most promising areas for further research in this sector of political science discourse (on the one hand, from the standpoint of the regulatory field, and on the other, the space for the development of civil society) of interactions of public associations with government bodies (all levels – from local to republican).

Care and caring: An ecological framework

This paper proposes a framework to guide research and analysis of informal care building on, and developing, earlier ideas about “caringscapes” and “carescapes.” We use the metaphor of a “care ecology” to suggest an overarching framework in which individuals’ “caringscapes” are viewed as dynamically interacting with the resources and services of a “carescape.” We start by summarising the main features of the caringscape and carescape frameworks, and then explore possible forms of interaction in the “care ecology.” First, we discuss the processes of reciprocation, “entrainment” and care accounting through which people use or develop social networks to provide informal care support as resources and needs for care change. We examine the links between formal and informal care and suggest how these may assist organisation and re‐organisation of care and encourage small, localised innovations, adaptations and initiatives which may create new forms of institutionalised or community support or spur wider political activism. We conclude by discussing the concept of a “care ecology.”

Non‐market Social and Political Strategies – New Integrative Approaches and Interdisciplinary Borrowings

AbstractThis paper introduces a special issue of the British Journal of Management on social and political strategies in the non‐market environment. On the one hand, it reviews the extant research on the possible forms of interaction between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies and Corporate Political Activity (CPA): CSR‐CPA complementarity, CSR‐CPA substitution and mutual exclusion between CPA and CSR. On the other hand, the paper provides an overview of the recent contributions of non‐business disciplines – psychology, sociology, economics, politics and history – to nonmarket scholarship and, above all, the potential future scholarly contributions of these disciplines.

О взаимодействии правоохранительных органов с судейским сообществом

The article discusses the possible forms of interaction between law enforcement bodies and judicial community. There are also proposals for improvement of the qualification collegiums of judges, for increasing of the public confidence in the judicial branch of power in current conditions. The current law allows bringing judges to disciplinary responsibility for the imposition of clearly illegal judicial act, if the illegality is confirmed by the highest instance, and the conclusion about the apparent illegality is made by the qualification collegium of judges. This approach does not contradict the legal approach on the principle of non-involvement of the judge to the responsibility for rendering its judgment — the judge shall be brought to disciplinary responsibility not for the opinion expressed in the judicial act, but for actions that violate the requirements of the Law on the status of judges. The author suggests the new way for the composition of the qualification collegiums of judges of all levels, which implies to guarantee the objectivity and impartiality of their work by reducing of the proportion of judges in the collegium to 51% and to replace remaining 49% of members by the members of the public society (25%) appointed by representative bodies of the relevant level, and the remaining (24%) — by the independent prosecutors appointed by the President of Russia. According to the author, creation of such institution of “independent prosecutors” in Russia will provide more effective implementation of the principle of “three keys”, when the appointment of the members of the qualification collegiums of judges will be involved popularly elected President, Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council (the legislative assemblies of the constituent entities).

Правоприменительная практика и ее влияние на развитие законодательства

The article deals with the law enforcement practices, the impact of such practices on contemporary law making and perfection of laws. Special attention is given to the analysis of possible forms of interaction between various subjects of law enforcement, institutions of civil society and law-making institutions. Subject to analysis is the role of executive, judicial powers in the law formation processes, in the process of implementation of such legal norms, development of a legal system and dynamic functioning. The author make the conclusion to the effect that realization of law and law enforcement are both conducive to perfecting legislation. Modern trends should correspond to the realities in a given sphere of law and to reflect the situation in a state and society. This pursues the objective of adoption of the Law in compliance with the required standards of formal certainty and conducive to positive changes in the life of a society. The article reveals the role of a legal monitoring process to ensure feedback which makes the combination of a law making process and enforcement natural and smooth. Further development of legislation is viewed as expedient and efficient on the basis of the data collected through the monitoring process and dynamics forecasted.

Lavorare con le comunità per trattare necessità e conflitti sociali. Il Taller Libre de Proyecto Social

The Taller Libre de Proyecto Social was born in 2002 as a result of an initiative taken by the student centre of the faculty of Architecture, Design and Urban Studies of the Universidad de Buenos Aires. It has been an active workshop for 10 years now and brings together within it lecturers, research workers, graduates and students committed to working in close contact with the city and its communities. The Taller seeks to encourage students and professionals from the world of architecture, urban planning and design to pay more attention to social issues and to acquiring greater capacity to respond to them, by increasing awareness of the social and professional role played by lecturers and students. It develops activities and projects in the field exploring and experimenting with possible forms of interaction between universities and communities.

Edge‐Effect Interactions in Fragmented and Patchy Landscapes

Ecological edges are increasingly recognized as drivers of landscape patterns and ecosystem processes. In fragmented and patchy landscapes (e.g., a fragmented forest or a savanna with scattered termite mounds), edges can become so numerous that their effects pervade the entire landscape. Results of recent studies in such landscapes show that edge effects can be altered by the presence or proximity of other nearby edges. We considered the theoretical significance of edge-effect interactions, illustrated various landscape configurations that support them and reviewed existing research on this topic. Results of studies from a variety of locations and ecosystem types show that edge-effect interactions can have significant consequences for ecosystems and conservation, including higher tree mortality rates in tropical rainforest fragments, reduced bird densities in grassland fragments, and bush encroachment and reduced wildlife densities in a tropical savanna. To clarify this underappreciated concept and synthesize existing work, we devised a conceptual framework for edge-effect interactions. We first worked to reduce terminological confusion by clarifying differences among terms such as edge intersection and edge interaction. For cases in which nearby edge effects interact, we proposed three possible forms of interaction: strengthening (presence of a second edge causes stronger edge effects), weakening (presence of a second edge causes weaker edge effects), and emergent (edge effects change completely in the presence of a second edge). By clarifying terms and concepts, this framework enables more precise descriptions of edge-effect interactions and facilitates comparisons of results among disparate study systems and response variables. A better understanding of edge-effect interactions will pave the way for more appropriate modeling, conservation, and management in complex landscapes.

A Review of Kaori Kawai's Works on Dodoth and Raiding

Kaori Kawai has been conducting field research on the Dodoth since 1998, producing the first anthropological study of the Karamoja region by a Japanese scholar. Kawai's research has revealed aspects of the Dodoth's environmental cognition (Kawai 2002), concepts of land and animal property (Kawai 2004a), and raiding practices (Kawai 2004b, 2006, 2009) in works that are only available in Japanese. This review examines Kawai's findings concerning raiding. Raiding as Interaction Kawai's (2004b) article entitled 'Raiding and Inter-group Relationships in the Dodoth' analyses the increasing and decreasing in size of a specific herd of cattle between 1983 and 2003. The data were collected through interviews with members of the household owning the herd. The earliest recorded losses happened in the 1980s, a time when all pastoral households in Dodoth suffered from raiding and drought. In the early 1980s the household had less than ten cattle. In 1981 and 1982, the head of the household was given four bulls and four goats by a Toposa friend from Sudan. Another bull was received in 1983, from a Dodoth friend in exchange for a cow. It was only following a bridewealth in 1986 that the herd started to grow significantly. In 1989, after raiding against the Acholi, there were 51 head of cattle. In the following ten years, the herd produced some 208 cattle and suffered relatively low mortality. The gains through bridewealth exceeded the number of cattle paid out. A further 19 cattle were gained from a raid against the Turkana in 1996. By 1999 the herd was more than 200 head strong. In 2000 and 2001, the household was raided again--the second time by a raiding party of Turkana, Jie and Karimojong. Some 100 head of cattle were lost in the first attack and 48 in the second. The household then embarked on new raiding and in two years the herd size had recovered to 123 head. Beside raiding, Kawai emphasizes the importance of donations and exchanges in providing a foundation population for herd reconstruction. In the case of the household under analysis, twelve cattle were received from friends within the Toposa, Turkana and Karimojong. Individual relationships allowing exchanges and gifts were possible only temporarily, and limited by group relationships. The relationships between ethnic groups do not appear to automatically dictate individuals' actions. The Turkana are allowed to use Dodoth grazing land, reflecting a mutual attitude that has no regard for attribution of territory or past enmity. Individuals within these groups do not appear to characterize one another outside their shared context of the here and now. As it is nicely put by Kawai, it is not necessary for a Dodoth man negotiating with a Turkana the exchange of a donkey for a bull to be conscious of ethnic enmity (Kawai 2004b: 560). The Dodoth do not apply moral judgement to raiding, whether it is their own act or a suffered attack.... In their narratives of damage suffered from raiding, the emphasis is put on actual consequences rather than moral aspects: people talk about 'having suffered a loss' rather than 'having been robbed' (Kawai 2004b: 559; see also Hazama 2002). Raiding appears to be conceptualised as one amongst various possible forms of interaction between different groups, rather than a deviation from a standard of legitimacy or morality. In Kawai's sample, two brothers of the head of the household had been killed by Turkana, and one of his Turkana friends had been killed by a Dodoth (Kawai 2004b: 562). Inconsistent relationships of enmity and amity can occur sequentially, with both parties holding attitudes that include varying levels of self-representation and mutual representation (see also Kitamura 2002). Constructing Social Space Kawai's (2006) paper entitled 'Movement and the Divinatory Reading of Animal Intestines: Production Mechanism of Social Space in Relations between the Dodoth and Neighboring Groups' looks at the role of raiding as a determining factor in the mobility of kraals (cattle-camps). …

Russia and Europe: Energy union or energy conflict?

The possible forms of interaction between Russia and Europe in the field of energy in the near and a more distant future are analyzed. Their relations are examined from the political, legal and, most importantly, economic point of view. The world and European demand for energy resources is evaluated. The most promising hydrocarbon resources are examined, with the projections of energy consumption in Russia made considering the dynamics of the development of Russia’s economy. All these factors determine the forms the interaction between Russia and Europe in the energy field may take, taking into account both Russia’s own energy needs and Europe’s demand for Russian energy resources.

Telenovela e família no Brasil

The present text aims to investigate the types of family in the Brazilian soap-opera and their relation with real-life families, questing into understanding approaches and severances between those two kinds of family. The results show the changes viewed in the television family approach the ones befell in the real family and that there are several possible forms of interaction.

Three-dimensional structure of the vertebrate muscle A-band: II. The myosin filament superlattice

The three-dimensional arrangement of the myosin filaments in the A-band of frog sartorius muscle was studied using electron micrographs of very thin and accurately cut transverse sections through the bare region (on each side of the M-band) where the thick filament shafts are roughly triangular in shape. It was found that the orientations of these triangular profiles are arranged to give a superlattice of the same size and shape as that proposed by Huxley & Brown (1967) on the basis of X-ray diffraction evidence, but the contents of the superlattice may not be as they suggested. The results from detailed image analysis strongly suggest that myosin filaments (which have been shown to have 3-fold rotational symmetry, Luther, 1978; Luther, Munro and Squire, unpublished results) are arranged with one of two orientations which are 60 ° (or 180 °) apart. This arrangement of filaments with 3-fold symmetry is not that predicted for a superlattice with the symmetry suggested by Huxley & Brown. Two rules define the way in which the orientations of neighbouring filaments are defined. Rule (1): no three mutually adjacent filaments in the hexagonal array of filaments in the A-band can all have identical orientations; and rule (2): no three successive filaments along a 10 1 ̄ row in the filament array can have identical orientations. These two no-three-alike rules are sufficient to describe the observed arrangement of filament profiles in the frog bare region (except for some minor violations discussed in the text), and they lead automatically to the generation of the required superlattice. The A-band structure in fish muscle is different; there is no superlattice and the triangular bare region profiles have only one orientation. The frog superlattice and fish simple lattice are explained directly in terms of different interactions between the M-bridges in the M-bands of these muscles. The observed structures require that the myosin filament symmetry at the centre of the M-band is that of the dihedral point group 32. The two possible forms of interaction between filaments with this symmetry (apart from a completely random structure) give rise to the observed A-band lattices in frog and fish muscles. The 3-fold rotational symmetry of the myosin filaments required to explain the observed micrographs also requires that the myosin crossbridge arrangements around the actin filaments in frog and fish muscles will be different. It is suggested that the structure in the frog A-band (and in the A-bands of other higher vertebrates) has evolved from that in fish to improve the distribution of crossbridges around the aotin filaments. The X-ray diffraction evidence of Huxley & Brown (1967) will be accounted for in terms of the proposed A-band structure in a further paper in this series.

Renormalized tunneling of off-center impurities in alkali halides

The renormalization of tunneling matrix elements of off-center impurities in alkali halides due to interaction with lattice displacements is studied. The possible forms of interaction between nearest-neighbor lattice ions and impurities oriented along [100], [110], or [111] directions are enumerated. The renormalization factors are expressed in terms of sums over normal modes of the perfect lattice and reduced coupling coefficients describing the impurity-lattice interaction. The lattice sums are tabulated for nine alkali halides and the coupling coefficients are expressed in terms of measurable quantities: the impurity electric dipole moment and stress splitting factors. The results are applied to several experiments: the 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} reorientation of [100]-directed O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ dipoles in several alkali halides, the 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} reorientation of [110]-directed ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{+}$ in RbCl and RbBr (see previous paper), and the reorientation of $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and $\mathrm{N}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in KCl and KI. It is found that in general the relaxation rate can be qualitatively related to the reduction in matrix element due to renormalization.