Positive Utterances Research Articles

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MEALTIME LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS IN NURSING HOME STAFF AND RESIDENTS WITH DEMENTIA

Abstract Interactive staff-resident communication is crucial for nursing home residents with dementia requiring mealtime assistance. Effective communication may facilitate food intake and promote function and nutrition. However, understanding of staff and resident language characteristics in mealtime interactions is limited. This study examined language characteristics and associated factors in mealtime interactions. This was a secondary analysis using data from videotaped mealtime observations (N=160) involving 36 staff and 27 residents with moderate-to-severe dementia (53 staff-resident dyads) in 9 nursing homes. The dependent measures were 1) the number of words produced in each utterance (expression length), and 2) whether staff named the resident in each utterance (naming the resident). Mixed-effects models examined the effect of utterance quality (positive vs. negative utterances), intervention (pre- vs. post-communication training), and subject speaking (staff vs. resident), adjusting resident comorbidities and dementia stage. Staff (mean=4.30, SD=2.98) produced significantly longer utterances than residents (mean=2.64, SD=2.27). Expression length was modulated by utterance quality and intervention. Staff’s negative utterances were shorter than their positive utterances, while residents’ negative utterances were longer than their positive utterances. Staff’s negative utterances became longer after the intervention while the length of positive utterances remained similar pre- and post-intervention. Staff named the resident in 16.72% of their utterances and was more likely to name residents with severe dementia. Findings emphasize the potential benefit of communication training on mealtime interactions. Findings also highlight the need to further examine the impact of language characteristics on food intake, which may guide intervention development to promote nutrition for residents with dementia.

ЕПІСТЕМІЧНІСТЬ СЛІВ НА ПОЗНАЧЕННЯ ВПЕВНЕНОСТІ / НЕВПЕВНЕНОСТІ

The article explores epistemic nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs that convey different levels of confidence/uncertainty. The material of the study was a selection of fiction texts of modern English literature for 1 million words. The epistemic nature of words used to indicate certainty / uncertainty is studied. Epistemicity is defined as the property of words to manifest epistemic properties and is calculated as the ratio of the number of epistemic words (EW) to the total number of words for indicating certainty / uncertainty in the selection according to the formula Eep÷Et*100%, where Eep is the number of epistemic uses of the word, Et is the total number of uses of this word in the selection. The place of EWs in utterances was considered and EWs were separated from non-epistemic ones. Epistemic verbs, adjectives, and nouns occur in affirmative, negative, and interrogative object-determining utterances before the subordinate part of the statement. Epistemic verbs in interjections and epistemic adverbs occur in any part of the utterance, marking it epistemically. EW are not considered in the past and future tenses and in phrases with personal pronouns other than I, we in positive utterances and you in questions. We also study epistemic adjectives and nouns in impersonal expressions. EW cannot be adjectives of adjacent words, discursive markers, and adverbs of action. The analysis of 28 epistemic verbs showed that for verbs, epistemicity ranges from 0‒95%, and the most used epistemic verbs are think, seem, know, see. For 21 epistemic adjectives, epistemicity ranges from 0‒75%, and the most used epistemic adjectives are sure, impossible / not possible, certain, possible. Adverbs show the highest level of epistemicity (50‒100%), and among the 25 epistemic adverbs maybe, really, probably, kind of, sort of, perhaps are used most often. Nouns show the lowest epistemicity in the range of 0‒50%, and among 17 epistemic nouns, fact, feeling, doubt, idea, chance are most often used.

Quantitative interpretation of utterances and movements from videoed interactions between rheumatology nurses and patients commencing methotrexate: a pilot study.

Educating patients about methotrexate is a core role of rheumatology nurses. We have previously reported the scoring of videoed interviews of rheumatology nurses educating patients prior to commencing methotrexate in comparison with the Calgary-Cambridge consultation model, and the qualitative analysis of the transcripts (Robinson et al. Musculoskeletal Care 2021). We were interested to investigate what could be learned from a more quantitative analysis of utterances and movements in these consultations and how they related to the qualitative interpretations. To investigate the frequency of utterances and body movements during interactions between rheumatology nurses and patients commencing methotrexate and to relate these to the qualitative interpretations of the interviews. Video-recordings of ten patients receiving methotrexate education from four different rheumatology nurses were available from the previous study. They were analysed using the Medical Interaction Process System (MIPS). This involved coding all utterances and body movements minute-by-minute by multiple inspections of the recordings. The first 10min of each consultation was coded. The utterances and movements of the nurses and patients were compared. The thematic analysis based on the structure and content of the Calgary-Cambridge (C-C) consultation model was available from the previous study. This enabled the results from the MIPS to be compared between the interviews that scored higher on the C-C model and those scoring lower. The inter-rater reliability between 2 raters for one video was satisfactory (80-100% agreement). Numerically, giving information dominated the nurse contribution and assent by positive utterances and head nodding dominated for the patients. The results were consistent with the nurse agenda dominating the interaction with little opportunity for patient involvement. Nurses in high-scoring interviews made more illustrative gestures and fewer batonic movements while patients did the opposite. Nurses in high-scoring consultations asked more open questions, with more checking of understanding and summarising but fewer interruptions. Patients in low-scoring consultations were much more animated with head movements and illustrative gestures. Patients also checked and interrupted more. In this pilot study, the MIPS was usable and demonstrated verbal and non-verbal behaviours consistent with the qualitative assessments. It also showed some behaviours that are not intuitive but may indicate how effectively the interview was progressing. Some nurse behaviours identified that were associated with the higher scoring interviews may be useful indictors for training including making illustrative rather than batonic gestures and checking understanding. Patient behaviours, such as greater animation, were exhibited in low-scoring consultations, and could indicate that the interview was not addressing the patient perspective. Quantification of utterances and movements can be done and may give insights into the consultation process.

Sarcastic Utterances in North Country Film as English Teaching Materials

This aim of the study is to determine sarcastic utterances in North Country film as a teaching material of American Cuture course at the department of English Literature, Lancang Kuning University. This analysis were using pragmatic approach. In collecting data, the researcher used the documentation type, the data were then analyzed through qualitative descriptive technique. The results show that there are three categories of sarcastic uterances found in the film discussed, (1) Propositional sarcasm, where numbers of impolite utterances used by the men workers towards women workers (2) Lexical sarcasm, that there are many positive utterances but have negative effects, and (3) illocutionary sarcasm, where many illocutionary utterances used by the opponents to defeat main character. The sarcastic utterances are used as teaching material in the American culture courseat the English Literature Study Program. The students seem to study with enthusiasm in a pleasant learning atmosphere so that the average learning outcomes they achieved are very satisfying.

Performance Evaluation of a Voice-Based Depression Assessment System Considering the Number and Type of Input Utterances.

It is empirically known that mood changes affect facial expressions and voices. In this study, the authors have focused on the voice to develop a method for estimating depression in individuals from their voices. A short input voice is ideal for applying the proposed method to a wide range of applications. Therefore, we evaluated this method using multiple input utterances while assuming a unit utterance input. The experimental results revealed that depressive states could be estimated with sufficient accuracy using the smallest number of utterances when positive utterances were included in three to four input utterances.

Person- and Task-Centered Mealtime Care: Impact on Positive, Neutral, and Challenging Behaviors in People With Dementia

Mealtime is an important daily activity to ensure intake. Person-centered and task-centered care may influence individual positive, neutral, and challenging mealtime behaviors. Yet, little work has fully examined their relationships. This study aimed to examine the association between person-centered and task-centered care approaches and individuals’ positive, neutral, and challenging mealtime behaviors. This secondary analysis of 110 videotaped mealtime observations involved 29 staff and 25 residents with dementia (42 unique staff-resident dyads) in 9 nursing homes. Videos were coded using the refined Cue Utilization and Engagement in Dementia mealtime video-coding scheme. Logistic regression models were fit to four dependent variables representing resident mealtime behaviors: 1) positive/neutral behaviors (nonverbal), 2) positive utterances (verbal), 3) functional impairments (nonverbal), and 4) resistive behaviors (verbal and nonverbal). Independent variables were staff person-centered care modifications (nonverbal), person-centered utterances (verbal), and task-centered behaviors (verbal and nonverbal). Covariates included resident age, gender, eating function, and video duration. Resident positive utterances were associated with staff person-centered care utterances (OR =1.38, 95% CI = 1.09,1.76). Resident functional impairments were associated with staff person-centered care modifications (OR=1.33, 95% CI=1.02, 1.74) and fewer staff person-centered utterances (OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.66, 1.00). Resident resistive behaviors were associated with more staff person-centered utterances (OR=1.65, 95% CI=1.18, 2.31). Findings provided preliminary information supporting the role of staff person-centered care on resident positive and challenging mealtime behaviors. Findings inform use of verbal and nonverbal person-centered care strategies to improve positive communication and reduce challenging behaviors during mealtime in people with dementia.

Pragmatic markers and events on social media in new habit era of COVID-19 outbreak

The phenomenon of language use in social media is interesting and important because it can describe positive or negative language use. The purpose of the study was to analyze the pragmatic markers and forms of language use on social media in the era of new habits during the COVID 19 outbreak. The research method used a qualitative approach. The results of the study are: (1) religious markers, (2) pronoun markers, (3) interjection markers, and (4) appreciation markers. The form of pragmatics consists of, (1) the form of syntax, (2) the form of discourse, and (3) the form of strategy. Conclusion (1). Positive utterances from speakers are responded to by positive and negative utterances from speech partners, while (2). Negative speech from the speaker is responded to by negative speech from the speech partner. (3). The pragmatic markers and forms of speech by speakers are 50% positive and 50% negative, while the pragmatic markers and forms of speech partners are 30% positive and 70% negative. (4). Positive pragmatic markers and forms are important to be used by speakers and speech partners so that they will have an impact on positive and healthy social media.

P079 Nurses educating patients about methotrexate: a video analysis study

Abstract Background/Aims Education prior to starting therapeutic drugs is essential so that patients understand how to take them, what to expect in terms of effects and anticipated side effects, also for monitoring and supply requirements. The benefits of methotrexate can be delayed, tolerability problems are common, side effects can be severe and the drug is used in much bigger doses for cancer treatment which could complicate internet searches, therefore education is essential. Undertaking education is a fundamental role for Rheumatology nurses. We were interested to explore this interaction between nurse and patient using video recordings. Methods Recordings were conducted of nurses educating patients prior to starting methotrexate, for the first time. The recordings were downloaded and reviewed minute by minute and were scored against items of the Calgary Cambridge (C-C) consultation model on a 4-point scale: 0= no evidence; 1= needs development; 2= competent; 3= excellent. Additionally, transcripts were typed and analysed thematically. Videos were further analysed quantitatively for each utterance and body movement using the Medical Interactive Process System (MIPS). Results Ten recordings involving four nurses were made. The C-C assessment showed good structure, content and flow, driven by the use of an information leaflet. The nurses dominated the conversation speaking for between 69-86% of the time and involved the patient sparsely during the encounter, there was also little checking to ensure the patient understood the information being conveyed. Thematic analysis also showed that the nurse agenda dominated, and frequently brought the encounter back to the contents of the leaflet. Cues from the patients to discuss topics important to them, were often missed. Nurses recognised that they were often overloading the patient with information. The MIPS analysis showed that “giving information” dominated the nurse utterances and head nodding and assent by positive utterances dominated for the patient. Interestingly there was a lot more head nodding than positive utterances suggesting that head nodding was more about deference to the nurses perceived higher status rather than indicating understanding. Nurses in the higher scoring interviews on the C-C comparison made more illustrative gestures, asked more open questions with more checking and summarising and less interruptions. Patients in lower scoring interviews were more animated with gestures and head movements. They also checked information given and interrupted more. Conclusion Nurses are doing many things well but consultations could be improved with training aimed at improving patient participation, awareness of cues, checking and summarising understanding. Also, interpretation of body language could be improved. Nodding does not necessarily indicate understanding and an animated patient who interrupts and checks is probably not having their perspective addressed. Disclosure S. Robinson: None. N. Adams: None. J. Scott: None. C. Walker: None. A. Hassell: None. S. Ryan: None. D. Walker: None.

Paul’s View on Christian Suffering: Honor Discourse as a Lens

Abstract The works of John H. Elliott and David A. deSilva have demonstrated the value of reading Paul’s positive utterances on the topic of Christian suffering (e.g., Phil 1:29) as embedded in an honor discourse. In his letters, Paul uses the rhetoric of “divine reversal,” in which the shame of Christians—their suffering as victims of discrimination—is transformed into the opposite: honor. Continuing in this direction, this article examines Paul’s honor discourse in Rom 8:12–39, where much of the suffering does not seem to occur “for Christ’s sake.” It argues that experiences of suffering in Romans 8 are linked to notions of mortality and sin and therefore not characterized as honorable. Comparing Romans 8 to Paul’s honor discourse in Philippians leads the author to conclude that Paul’s positive evaluation of the harsh reality of suffering does not apply to all kinds of suffering. Moreover, this article argues that we need to find more nuanced ways to speak about Paul’s positive stance on Christian suffering.

A Socio-pragmatic Investigation of Language of Insults in the Utterances of Yoruba Natives in Nigeria

An utterance is neither seen nor touched but capable of making or marring an individual, group or a nation depending on how it is used. Thus, positive utterances ensure peace and tranquility in a society while negative utterances usually tear a nation apart. Language of insult is a negative utterance that usually produces, hatred, war, or disunity in the society. This paper, therefore, investigated the language of tribal insult in the utterances of Yoruba language users. Adopting conversational Implicature and Referential Theory as a theoretical framework, the study examined the language of tribal insults in the utterances of Yoruba users of Yoruba language. Employing participatory observation and recorded utterances in informal settings with the native speakers of Yoruba, the researchers discovered that the use of language of tribal insults among the Yoruba speakers has presented some tribes less humans. Also, some words are carelessly used to insult a nation, abuser’s insults are being transferred to ethnic groups with he use simile and metaphor, and negative attitude of a particular person becomes an insult to an ethnic group. The insults ranges from “theft”, “promiscuity”, “stinginess”, “privilege abuse”, “dirtiness” to “inferiority complex”. The implication of the insults is that some tribes are seen as being worthiness. The study, therefore, recommends that government should put machinery in motion to check this menace in order to promote unity in diversity.

Characterizing Mealtime Verbal Interactions Among Nursing Home Staff and Residents With Dementia

Mealtime difficulties are common in residents with dementia, leading to negative outcomes. Interaction with staff are critical to engage residents in eating. This study characterized dyadic verbal interactions (descriptive statistics), and relationships among verbal behaviors and between verbal behaviors and individual characteristics (bivariate analyses). This secondary analysis of 110 videotaped mealtime observations involved 25 residents and 29 staff (42 unique dyads) in 9 nursing homes (NH). Verbal behaviors (utterances) were coded using the Cue Utilization and Engagement in Dementia mealtime video-coding scheme, addressing 8 positive behaviors and 4 negative behaviors. Staff spoke three times more frequently (76.5%) than residents (23.5%). Nearly all staff utterances were positive (99.2%). 85.1% of residents’ utterances were positive and 14.9% negative. Staff positive utterances were associated with staff negative utterances (p=.02), and resident positive (p<.001) and negative (p<.001) utterances. Staff negative utterances were associated with resident negative utterances (p=.02), but not with resident positive utterances (p=.39). Resident positive and negative utterances were associated (p<.001). Staff positive utterances were associated with staff race (p=.01), and resident age (p=.01), dementia stage (p<.001), and eating function (p<.001). Resident positive utterances were associated with years staff worked as caregivers (p=.02) and in the current NH (p=.01), resident age (p=.04), comorbidity (p=.04), dementia stage (p=.01), and eating function (p=.003). Resident negative utterances were associated with dementia stage (p=.01). Dyadic mealtime interactions were dynamic, interactive and complex. Multiple resident and staff characteristics were related to mealtime verbal interactions. Findings may inform development of individualized, person-centered mealtime care interventions.

Mealtime verbal interactions among nursing home staff and residents with dementia: A secondary behavioural analysis of videotaped observations.

To characterize dyadic mealtime verbal interactions and examine the associations with staff and resident characteristics. A secondary analysis of 110 videotaped mealtime observations collected from a dementia communication trial during 2011-2014. Videos involved 25 residents with dementia and 29 staff in nine nursing homes. Verbal behaviours (utterances) were coded during 2018-2019 using the Cue Utilization and Engagement in Dementia mealtime video-coding scheme, addressing eight positive behaviours and four negative behaviours. Bivariate analyses and multivariate regression models were used. Staff spoke three times more frequently (76.5%) than residents (23.5%). Nearly all staff utterances were positive (99.2%); 85.1% of residents' utterances were positive and 14.9% negative. Staff positive utterances were correlated with their negative utterances and resident positive and negative utterances. Staff negative utterances were correlated with resident negative utterances. Resident positive and negative utterances were correlated. Resident positive utterances were significantly associated with staff care-giving length in the current nursing home (OR=1.430, 95% CI=1.008, 2.027). Resident negative utterances were significantly associated with resident gender (female versus male, OR=11.892, 95% CI=1.237, 114.289) and staff years worked as a caregiver (OR=0.838, 95% CI=0.710, 0.989). Staff positive and negative utterances were not associated significantly with any participant characteristics. Staff engage residents using primarily positive verbal strategies. Staff-resident mealtime verbal interactions were dynamic, interactive, and complex and related to multiple individual characteristics. Positive dyadic mealtime interactions are critical to engage residents in eating. Little work has characterized dyadic mealtime interactions, limiting the development of effective interventions. Findings showed staff-resident mealtime verbal interactions were primarily positive, inter-related, and associated with multiple individual characteristics. Findings inform directions to improve mealtime care practice and develop person-centred mealtime interventions targeting modifiable factors, including staff care-giving experiences.

Food intake is associated with verbal interactions between nursing home staff and residents with dementia: A secondary analysis of videotaped observations

BackgroundNursing home residents with dementia commonly experience low food intake, leading to negative functional and nutritional consequences. While the importance of staff-resident (dyadic) interactions during mealtime is acknowledged, little research has examined the role of dyadic verbal interactions on food intake. ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the relationship between food intake and dyadic verbal interactions. MethodsThis study was a secondary analysis of 110 videotaped observations of mealtime care interactions among 25 residents with dementia and 29 staff (42 unique dyads) in 9 nursing homes. Staff positive utterances and resident positive and negative utterances (independent variables) and food intake (dependent variable) were coded from the videotaped observations using the Cue Utilization and Engagement in Dementia video coding scheme. A linear mixed model was fit to the data. The two-way interaction effects of food type and video duration with each independent variable as well as two-way interaction effects among the independent variables were tested. Covariates included in the model were the number of years staff worked as a caregiver, and resident age, gender, and eating function. ResultsThe model included three significant interaction effects involving verbal variables: the interaction effect of staff positive utterances with resident positive utterances (p=.030), the interaction effect of staff positive utterances with food type (p=.027), and the interaction effect of resident negative utterances with video duration (p=0.002). Increased number of intakes of liquid food per minute was associated with increased number of staff positive utterances per minute when residents did not make positive utterances. Decreased number of intakes of solid food per minute was associated with increased number of staff positive utterances per minute, especially when residents made between 0 and 3 positive utterances per minute. As the duration of the videos increased, the number of intakes per minute increased for residents who made one or more negative utterances and decreased for residents who made no negative utterances in the videos. The number of intakes per minute was associated with resident gender in that male residents had increased number of intakes per minute compared with female residents (p=.017), and was not associated with other participant characteristics. ConclusionIntake was associated with dyadic verbal interactions, and such relationship was complex in that it was moderated by food type and video duration. Findings support the significant role of dyadic verbal interactions on intake, and inform the development of effective, tailored mealtime care interventions to promote intake.

Evaluating Information-Retrieval Models and Machine-Learning Classifiers for Measuring the Social Perception towards Infectious Diseases

Recent outbreaks of infectious diseases remind us the importance of early-detection systems improvement. Infodemiology is a novel research field that analyzes online information regarding public health that aims to complement traditional surveillance methods. However, the large volume of information requires the development of algorithms that handle natural language efficiently. In the bibliography, it is possible to find different techniques to carry out these infodemiology studies. However, as far as our knowledge, there are no comprehensive studies that compare the accuracy of these techniques. Consequently, we conducted an infodemiology-based study to extract positive or negative utterances related to infectious diseases so that future syndromic surveillance systems can be improved. The contribution of this paper is two-fold. On the one hand, we use Twitter to compile and label a balanced corpus of infectious diseases with 6164 utterances written in Spanish and collected from Central America. On the other hand, we compare two statistical-models: word-grams and char-grams. The experimentation involved the analysis of different gram sizes, different partitions of the corpus, and two machine-learning classifiers: Random-Forest and Sequential Minimal Optimization. The results reach a 90.80% of accuracy applying the char-grams model with five-char-gram sequences. As a final contribution, the compiled corpus is released.

Can fans’ social media activity before the game predict players’ aggression during the game? Evidence from Israeli Basketball Premier League

This article investigates the feasibility of monitoring data obtained from comments posted by basketball fans on their Facebook pages to predict players’ aggression in Israeli basketball matches. The results revealed that aggressive behaviors of players were correlated with negative and positive utterances of fans that were collected 24 hours before the game. Negative utterances increased the level of aggression and positive utterances decreased the level of aggression. The location of the game moderates the correlations between fans’ traffic and players’ aggression. The bulk of the significant results were found in away games. The results are discussed as a possible explanation for the nexus of social media discourse and stadium aggression.

Gender and politeness on Instagram

This study is to identify the positive politeness of responses from male and female in responding to Bill Gates' caption on Instagram. It used a descriptive qualitative approach to explain the kind of positive politeness strategy applied. The data were in the form of positive utterances written by males and females in column comments in Bill Gates Instagram account analysed using Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness. The data were collected on February, 2019, involving positive comments on Instagram. The results showed not all of the fifteen strategies of positive politeness appear. The strategy of noticing or attending to one’s interests and needs ranked the highest for the category of the most often appearing strategy used by males and females. The male’s comments tend to employ the strategy of joking about putting the hearer at ease and strategy of offering, promising. Whereas, the dominant positive politeness strategy used by females are noticing, attending to the hearer’s interests, wants, needs, or goods.

The Relative Power of Negativity: The Influence of Language Intensity on Perceived Strength.

Negative utterances and words have been found to be stronger than positive utterances and words, but what happens if positive and negative utterances are intensified? Two online experiments were carried out in which participants judged the strength of (un)intensified positive and negative evaluations in written dialogues. Both studies showed intensified language was perceived as stronger than unmarked language (i.e., language that was not intensified), and negative evaluations were stronger than positive evaluations. What is more, intensification and polarity interact; the increment of perceived strength for intensified positive adjectives (Study 1) and purely intensified adverbs (really, very; Study 2) was bigger than the increment in perceived strength of intensified negative adjective and adverbs. When a meaningful intensifier (deliciously, disgustingly) was used, the negativity effect remained. The findings were discussed within cognitive frameworks such as relevance theory, theory of mind, and theory on verbal aggression.

I believe that he didn’t do it and I don’t believe that he did it. The influence of context on the semantic-communicative relations between sentence negation and performative negation

Abstract The subject matter of the paper is an analysis of the semantic relations between sentence negation, performative negation, and declarations in reference to utterances which speech acts theory gives the label of representatives. Apart from linguistic-semantic analyses, empirical studies have been conducted on the manner in which sentence negation and performative negation are processed. The results of Study I demonstrate that the semantic relation between sentence negation and performative negation changes depend on the type of comment (positive vs. negative), and contextual factors (type of expectations towards events being commented on). As it turned out, when the situational context suggests a negative comment by the sender, participants offer similar interpretations of utterances with sentence negation and performative negation. In Study II the participants assessed the likelihood of the occurrence of the facts spoken of by a sender who uses sentence negation or performative negation. In a context suggesting positive utterances by the sender, a clear difference emerged between sentence negation and performative negation. This difference was not present in respect of negative expectations. The results achieved confirm the assumptions of the model of conversational inference regarding the influence of context on interpretation of a message. The recorded results indicate the semantic relations between declarations, sentence negation, and performative negation, which change depending on the affective significance of the message and contextual factors.

Comparative Study of Different Sarcasm Detection Algorithms Based On Behavioral Approach

Sarcasm changes the dichotomy of an apparently negative or positive utterance into its contrary. While a fair amount of work has been done on automatically detecting emotion in human speech, there has been little research on sarcasm detection. In this paper, we have applied 12 classification algorithms (Gradient Boosting, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Adaboost etc.) on 4 types of datasets (Set1, Set2, Set3, Set4) and varied the split ratio of the datasets to check for the accuracy of every algorithm in different situations. We have applied the behavioral approach to sarcasm detection on twitter dataset. In set 4 were, we found gradient boosting to give the best accuracy in all 3 cases of a split ratio-50:50, 25:75, 10:90 (85.14%, 85.71%, and 85.03%).

ASPEK NILAI MORAL DALAM AKUN FACEBOOK JOKOWI

This study aims at (1) identifying the lingual form of disfemism in Joko Widodo's Facebook account; (2) describing the addressing form containing sarcasm in Joko Widodo's official Facebook account; and (3) identifying the sarcasm expression used by the operator and the uploader of the account. The object of this study is polite expressions. Linguistic unit of the expressions can be in the form of word, phrase, clause, and sentence. The data of this present study are sentence or sentences in Jokowi's official Facebook account that contains positive connotation words. The data contexts of this research are discourse containing positive connotation sentences, the topic of discourse written by people in Jokowi's account, the identity of the participant, and the context of extra-lingual that is based on the importance of the operator of the president's social media account. The data collection was conducted through documentation technique. The data in Jokowi's official account were copy-pasted. Then, the data were being read intensively to note the positive connotation utterance. The data analysis was conducted through referential (identity) method, pragmatic (identity) method, translational (identity) method, and articulatory phonetic (identity) method. The referential (identity) method was used to identify the topics that were stated by the uploader of the account. The pragmatic (identity) method was used to identify the background of (profession, organization etc) that appeared in their writings. The translational (identity) method was used in describing the origination of the language they use. It is possible that through the use of this method, this study finds the register on that account. Finally, the phonetic (identity) method was used to identify the utterance characteristic they stated. The positive or negative emotion of the speaker, usually, marked by the special pronunciation. To establish the data analysis, this study uses distributional method: substitution technique and paraphrase technique. Based on the data analysis, this study shows several results. First, the euphemism utterance in Jokowi's official Facebook account using any levels, i.e. word, phrase, clause, and sentence. Through those levels, the writer presents suggestions and critics to the owner of the account Joko Widodo. Second, the functions that are stated through that account are expression device, communication relationship to the leader, integration device, and self-control device. Third, the topics stated by the people in that account are about the depiction of Joko Widodo that in their opinion, Joko Widodo shows pretending, the existence of Megawati in the election of Joko Widodo as a president, the increasing of IDR currency and other things at the beginning of his leadership. The expression shows hatred towards the elected president. Furthermore, they also express about Jokowi's unability to establish the IDR currency and his leadership is judged as not good. In addition, to the people, especially netizen are invited to disbelieve to his leadership.