Significant Positive Effect Research Articles

External Financial Flows, Fiscal Policy and Human Development Index in Nigeria

The sustainable development goals that were rolled out and adjusted from the un-attainment of Millennium development goals of 2015, lacks a notable financial option and channel that would help developing countries like Nigeria to achieve goal 3, goal 4 and goal 8, which this study captured with the human development index. This study examines the effect of external financial flows, fiscal policy and human development index in Nigeria. The used the secondary data that was collected from World development indicators and Central bank of Statistical Bulletin. The period was between 1991 to 2022 bot year inclusive. The external financial flows was captured with foreign direct investment, foreign aid, remittances, net exports, external debt while fiscal policy was captured with government expenditure for education and government expenditure for health. The findings from the external financial flows revealed that foreign direct investment and remittances have a negative significant effect on human development index while net export have a positive significant human development index. The fiscal policy measures revealed that government expenditure on education have a positive significant effect on human development index while government expenditure on health have a negative significant effect on health. The Nigerian government should focus on policies that boost export sectors, especially those that add significant value to raw materials. This can be achieved through subsidies, tax incentives, and investment in infrastructure. The Nigerian government should allocate a larger portion of the national budget to education. This increase in funding should aim to address infrastructural deficits, enhance teacher training, and provide adequate learning materials. Implement robust mechanisms to ensure that health funds are used efficiently and transparently.

Measurement of Factors Influencing Village Financial Statements Quality

Village finance is in the spotlight of the Republic Indonesia government, where there are many problems with village finance, from budgeting to financial reporting. This cannot be separated from the large disbursement of village funds from the central government to improve village welfare. This study aims to analyze the impact of competency factors, internal controls, and accounting information systems factors on the quality of village financial statements. With a population of 227 villages, this study collected samples from 138 villages through simple random sampling. The data that has been collected is then measured by Structural Equation Modeling – Partial Least Square with an alpha of 5%. The results show that the competencies have a positive significant effect on the quality of village financial statements. Likewise, internal control and accounting systems each positively affect the quality of village financial statements. This research has implications for local governments to increase training for village apparatus, expand internal control socialization and improve infrastructure related to computers and internet networks.

Importance of social media marketing and electronic word of mouth on brand and customer loyalty

Social media marketing is a powerful tool used across popular social media networks and businesses to achieve their branding and marketing goals. This study explored the role of social media on customer loyalty and brand loyalty. Data was collected from 107 students studying at various universities and high schools in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and find out the effects of social media and electronic word of mouth on customer loyalty and brand loyalty. The study findings indicate that the social media market and electronic word of mouth have a positive significant effect on customer loyalty. For brand loyalty, the findings indicate that customer loyalty and social media marketing have positive significant effects, while electronic word of mouth has no effects on it.

Effect of information on mothers’ sensory and emotional profiling of insect-based porridges in Kenya

Due to their nutritional value, insects are increasingly proposed as alternative food sources to address nutritional deficiencies. To better understand their potential for young children, this study aims to compare four insect-based instant porridges (termites and grasshoppers) and a standard ’control’ instant porridge and examine how information about the health benefits and composition of the insect-based porridges on sensory perceptions and evoked emotions. A between-subjects design was set up using 337 mothers with children aged 6–23 months in western Kenya, randomly assigned to the control and informed condition. This study found that information had a negative significant effect on the liking of flavour and mouthfeel of insect-based instant porridge, but no significant effect on overall liking and the liking of the aroma. However, information had a positive significant effect on participants appreciation of sensory attributes such as adhesiveness, nutty mouthfeel and thickness of insect-based instant porridges. Regarding the effect of information on sensory evaluation, differences were reported depending on the type of porridge. Those informed mainly criticised the fishy aroma and fishy flavour in the porridges. In addition, the provision of information had a limited, albeit negative, influence on the emotions evoked by some types of instant porridge. The participants associated positive emotions after tasting the porridges but the intensity of several positive emotions was lower in the informed group.

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND POVERTY: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF INCOME INEQUALITY

The trickle-down effect assumes that the progress of a group of people will automatically trickle down, thus creating jobs which in turn will promote the necessary conditions for equitable economic growth. However, previous studies on the association between economic growth and poverty have shown inconclusive results.This study fills the gap of the above research differences by introducing income inequality as a moderating variable in the relationship between economic growth and poverty. Secondary data from 34 provinces in Indonesia during 2016-2020 period were analyzed using panel data moderated regression. The results showed that while simple linear regression model indicates positive significant effect of economic growth on poverty, the interaction between economic growth and income inequality shows negative significant effect on poverty. This paper concludes that income inequality as measured by the Gini index moderates the effect of economic growth on poverty which supports the importance of inclusive economic growth.

어머니와 유아의 상호작용과 학습준비도의 관계에서 언어·문해 능력과 수리적 사고의 매개효과

Objectives This study aims to find alternatives that can increase children's learning readiness by confirming the mediating effects of language, literacy skills, and mathematical thinking in the relationship between mother and infant interaction and learning readiness. Methods The subjects of this study includes 796 boys and 754 girls(a total of 1,550 children) from the 7th data of the Korean Children's Panel before the age of 5-year-olds. Research tools that this study has used are belows; Fisrt, the parent-child interaction scale based on ‘Early Childhood Longitude Study Kindergarten Cohort’ (ECLS-K, 2013), Second, language, literacy ability and mathematical thinking are used as learning ability scales, Third, learning readiness measures developed by Murphy and Burns (2002), all of which were modified and supplemented by Korean Children's Panel researchers. Reliability analysis, frequency analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, and correlation analysis of the scale were performed using SPSS 25ver and PROCESS Macro for SPSS programs to verify the research model, and mediating were analyzed to verify the research model. Results As a result of the research model analysis, it was confirmed that the level of interaction between mothers and children had a positive significant effect on learning readiness, and the mediating effects of language, literacy, and mathematical thinking were also statistically significant in the relationship. Conclusions Based on the findings, this study emphasized the interaction between mothers and children in order to increase children's learning readiness, and suggested the importance of a play-child-centered curriculum that can increase academic ability such as language, literacy, and mathematical thinking. This study is significant in that it provided basic data for improving learning readiness by verifying the effect of mother-child interaction as a way to increase children's learning readiness and the mediating effect of language, literacy, and mathematical thinking on learning ability.

STUDENT LEADERS INVOLVEMENT IN DECISION MAKING AND DISCIPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN RWANDA A CASE OF NYARUGENGE DISTRICT

Despite the government sustained efforts to improve discipline among students in secondary schools, cases of indiscipline still persist in secondary schools in Rwanda. This study involved an investigation of effects of student leaders involvement in decision making on discipline management in secondary schools. The specific objectives of the study included to assess the effects of student leaders involvement in formulating rules and regulations on discipline management, to determine the effects of student leaders involvement in time keeping on discipline management and lastly to examine the effects of student leaders involvement in disciplinary meetings on discipline management in secondary schools. The study utilised descriptive survey design and causal research design to achieve study objectives. The target population was 378 consisting of head teachers, dean of studies, dean of discipline and other teachers and student leaders from public and private secondary schools. The study used purposive and simple random sampling techniques in selecting the sample population. Questionnaires and interview guides was used to collect the data from respondents. Data was analysed using IBMSPSS version 21 and findings were computed using descriptive statistics including means, frequencies and percentages and inferential statistics including Pearson correlation coefficient, beta coefficients and p-values. The findings were presented in tables and charts. Cronbach Alpha value was 0.83 which indicated the instruments were reliable and the experts opinions were also incorporated to ascertain instruments validity. The findings did indicate that over 65% of respondents agree that student participate in decision making including drafting rules and regulations, time keeping and disciplinary meetings. The mean for all items was approximately 4 with less than 1 standard deviation. Additionally, the beta coefficients for drafting rules and regulations, time keeping and disciplinary meetings were 26.9%, 30.1% and 30.5% respectively with p values of 0.001, 0.004 and 0.001. The study did conclude that there is positive significant effect of student leaders involvement in drafting rules and regulations, time keeping and disciplinary meetings on discipline management. The conclusion of the study was that head teachers should ensure student are represented in school decisions particularly when amending or introducing new rules and regulations, when drafting time tables that guides school activities and when having disciplinary meetings through their leaders. The government through education ministry should also enforce mandatory law in schools that ensures student leaders are involved in decision making process in schools by engaging their leaders. The study is important to school administrators, teachers and students in enhancing discipline.

Peranan pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam memediasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi indeks pembangunan manusia

Provincial HDI data in 2022 shows striking disparities between regions. This figure shows the uneven economic development in Indonesia. An analysis of factors that can influence HDI is needed. This research aims to analyze the influence of regional finan-cial performance and capital expenditure on HDI with economic growth as an inter-vening variable. The sample used in this research was 34 provinces that met the research criteria. The variables used in this research are regional financial performance, capital expenditure, economic growth, and HDI. Financial performance and capital expenditure are exogenous variables, economic growth is an intervening variable, and HDI is an endogenous variable. The method used to analyze the relationship between variables is SEM PLS. The test results show that financial performance, capital expenditure and economic growth directly have a positive significant effect on HDI. The results of this test have the implication that to improve the quality of life of the population, attention is needed to improve financial performance, capital expenditure and economic growth in each region. The other test results showed that economic growth was able to mediate the effect of capital expenditure on HDI but was not able to mediate the effect of financial performance on HDI.

In Debt but Still Happy? Homeownership and the Satisfactions with Housing and Life

We investigate the relationship between homeownership and life as well as housing satisfaction. Following several studies, we confirm the positive relationship between housing satisfaction and homeownership using panel data from Germany. Contrary to most of the literature, we find no positive significant effects of a home purchase on life satisfaction in the long-term. Analyzing short-term effects in an event-study design, we show that both life and housing satisfaction anticipate the acquisition and adapt shortly after. Debt-free buyers, however, do not experience anticipation or adaptation effects at all. Comparing outright homebuyers to debt-financing owners, we show that having a real estate loan affects homeowners’ life satisfaction negatively. The larger the mortgage burden relative to the household income and the last rent paid, the larger is the negative effect on life satisfaction. We conclude that the mortgage burden of a home purchase can offset the positive effect of homeownership.

Assessing Challenges to Solid Waste Management in Urban Local Authorities in Uganda: A Case Study of Arua Municipality

Purpose: Waste generation is associated with and comes with human activities and as such, waste management is an issue which should be shared by every individual, community, organisation or Country worldwide. Depending on climate, life style and behavioural differences, level of industrialisation, available waste management programmers and economic incentives, the problem of waste generation and its management continues to be a major environmental problem in urban centres worldwide. This Paper attempts to assess the Challenges to Solid Waste Management in Urban Local Authorities in Uganda with specific reference to Arua Municipality in North Western Uganda. A Case study design was used. Materials and Methods: A sample of 391 respondents was selected out of a Target population of 7,881 which included; Heads of Households, Business Operators, Elected leaders, Heads of Departments and Solid waste Collectors. The Methods for data collection adopted were Questionnaires, Interviews, Observation and Documentary Review. The Researcher used Regression Technique for data analysis. Findings: The study findings showed that, urban population growth had an inverse relationship with solid waste management while funding had a positive significant effect on solid waste management. The study further found out that, urban population behaviour had a negative relationship with solid waste management. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: From these findings the researcher concluded that lack of waste segregation; inadequate facilities and equipment, lack of legislation and bye-laws, and ineffective enforcement are among the major challenges to solid waste management in Arua Municipality. Based on the above findings, the researcher recommends the following; Solid waste segregation (separation), enforcement, legislations and bye-laws, provision of adequate solid waste management facilities and equipment and training/Capacity building programmes on solid waste management. The study findings will help policy makers in formulating sustainable solid waste management policies and designing appropriate methods of managing solid waste in urban Local Authorities. The study findings will help raise awareness on issues pertaining to solid waste management at community level. This awareness will help build initiatives to reduce the solid waste management problem in Arua Municipality. The study will further contribute to the body of knowledge on the studies already conducted on solid waste management in developing countries.

Differentiation Strategy and the Performance of Medical Insurance Companies in Kenya

Against a backdrop of escalating global competition, health insurance firms grapple with the need to stand out amidst a saturated market. The study recognizes the imperative for organizations to adopt differentiation strategies, with a focus on product, personnel, distribution, and image differentiation. Acknowledging the current dearth of comprehensive research in the Kenyan context, the research problem centres on the critical need to investigate the extent to which differentiation strategies influence the performance of health insurance companies in the region. The general objective of the study was to investigate the effect of differentiation strategy on performance of Health Insurance Companies in Kenya. Drawing on established theories such as Porter's Competitive Advantage Model, Upper Echelons Theory, Resource-Based View, and Transaction Cost Economics, the study employs a multi-theoretical framework to provide a nuanced understanding of the complex relationships between differentiation strategies and organizational outcomes. Adopting the descriptive research design, the target population comprises 980 employees in the medical insurance firms in the top management and middle level management in Nairobi, drawn from the respective insurance firms’ Human Resources Departments. Employing a multi-stage sampling technique, the established sample size is 101 top and middle level management staff who were reached by stratified random sampling. A semi-structured questionnaire was the main data collection instrument and was distributed through a drop-and- pick- latter approach. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics measures of mean and standard deviation was used, while for inferential statistics, regression equations were employed. The study established that product differentiation strategy, personnel differentiation strategy, product differentiation strategy and image differentiation strategy had a positive significant effect on performance of health insurance companies in Kenya. The study concludes that product differentiation is the key aspect distinguishing one company’s products or services from its competition. Personnel differentiation strategy gives an organization the ability to respond in time to the needs of their members through the skills and knowledge of employees. A differentiated distribution strategy allows insurance companies to expand their sale potential by getting their product in front of more potential customers. An effective image establishes the product's character and value proposition and a person responds differently to company and brand images. The study recommends that the insurance companies should consider opportunities for differentiation in all of its production areas: marketing, product management, engineering, sales, and customer support. Organizations looking to build personnel differentiation strategy will need to produce or design extremely unique or distinctive products or services that create increased value for the consumer. The insurance companies should devote resources to channel management preferably at least one dedicated manager whose sole responsibility is to manage those relationships and build the marketing programs to drive revenue through the channel. The insurance companies should identify their brand gaps, which are the discrepancies between their desired and actual brand performance.

Psychological Resilience and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction

This study examined the relationship between psychological resilience, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. The study, which was conducted with the relational survey model, was attended by 204 women and 176 men, 380 people in total (MAge=37,87±7,88) working in the Directorate of Youth and Sports. Participants answered the personal information form, "The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS)", "Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS)" and "Organizational Commitment Scale (OCS)". After data collection, the basic assumptions of parametric tests were tested, and a model was created to examine the relationship between "BRS", "JSS" and "OCS" and the causal relationship between the latent variables was analyzed with the Structural Equation Model. The Pearson correlation analysis results showed significant positive correlations between the mean scores of "BRS", "JSS" and "OCS". When the goodness of fit values of the model were examined, it was found that all values were within acceptable limits. SEM results showed that psychological resilience had direct positive significant effects on job satisfaction (βBRS-JSS=0.22; p

Durability of Effects of Cognitive Remediation on Cognition and Psychosocial Functioning in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Cognitive remediation provides substantial improvements in cognitive performance and real-world functioning for people living with schizophrenia, but the durability of these benefits needs to be reassessed and better defined. The aims of this study were to provide a comprehensive assessment of the durability of the benefits of cognitive remediation for cognition and functioning in people living with schizophrenia and evaluating potential moderators of effects. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO, and reference lists of included articles and Google Scholar were inspected. Eligible studies were randomized clinical trials of cognitive remediation in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in which follow-up assessments were included. Screening and data extraction were performed by at least two independent reviewers. Cohen's d was used to measure outcomes. Primary outcomes were changes in cognition and functioning from baseline to conclusion of follow-up. Moderators of the durability of effects were assessed. Of 2,840 identified reports, 281 full texts were assessed and 130 reports on 67 studies with 5,334 participants were included. Cognitive remediation produced statistically significant positive effects that persisted at the end of follow-up in global cognition (d=0.23) and in global functioning (d=0.26). Smaller study samples and single-center studies were associated with better cognitive outcomes; longer treatment and follow-up duration, techniques for transferring cognitive gains to the real world, integration with psychiatric rehabilitation, group format of delivery, and more female participants in the sample were associated with better functional outcomes. Cognitive remediation provides durable improvements in cognition and functioning in schizophrenia. This finding corroborates the notion that cognitive remediation should be implemented more widely in clinical and rehabilitation practice.

Effects of canopy gaps on microclimate, soil biological activity and their relationship in a European mixed floodplain forest

Forest canopy gaps can influence understorey microclimate and ecosystem functions such as decomposition. Gaps can arise from silviculture or tree mortality, increasingly influenced by climate change. However, to what degree canopy gaps affect the buffered microclimate in the understorey under macroclimatic changes is unclear. We, therefore, investigated the effect of forest gaps differing in structure and size (25 gaps: single tree gaps up to 0.67 ha cuttings) on microclimate and soil biological activity compared to closed forest in a European mixed floodplain forest. During the investigation period in the drought year 2022 between May and October, mean soil moisture and temperature as well as soil and air temperature fluctuations increased with increasing openness. In summer, the highest difference of monthly means between cuttings and closed forest in the topsoil was 3.98 ± 9.43 % volumetric moisture and 2.05 ± 0.89 °C temperature, and in the air at 30 cm height 0.61 ± 0.35 °C temperature. For buffering, both the over- and understorey tree layers appeared as relevant with a particularly strong influence of understorey density on soil temperature. Three experiments, investigating soil biological activity by quantifying decomposition rates of tea and wooden spatulas as well as mesofauna feeding activity with bait-lamina stripes, revealed no significant differences between gaps and closed forest. However, we found a positive significant effect of mean soil temperature on feeding activity throughout the season. Although soil moisture decreased during this period, it showed no counteracting effect on feeding activity. Generally, very few significant relationships were observed between microclimate and soil biological activity in single experiments. Despite the dry growing season, decomposition rates remained high, suggesting temperature had a stronger influence than soil moisture. We conclude that the microclimatic differences within the gap gradient of our experiment were not strong enough to affect soil biological activity considerably.

When and how does e-HRM optimize communication pace and processing time?

PurposeThis study aims investigate the effects of electronic human resource management (e-HRM) on communication pace and processing time reduction through the mediation of organizational agility. The study also investigates the moderating role of technological attitude (TA) on the relationship between e-HRM and organizational agility.Design/methodology/approachThe data was collected from 331 information and communication technology (ICT) companies – one respondent from each company working in the Human Resource Management (HRM) department. The data was analyzed through the partial least square structural equational model (PLS-SEM) using WarpPLS7.0 software to test the study’s hypotheses.FindingsWe found that e-HRM has positive significant effects on communication pace and processing time reduction through the mediation of organizational agility. Furthermore, TA is found to be positively moderating the relationship between e-HRM and organizational agility.Research limitations/implicationsThe study adds significant value to the existing knowledge base on e-HRM by providing empirical insights about the role of e-HRM in optimizing the communication pace and processing time of today’s businesses.Practical implicationsThe study also provides invaluable insights to practitioners to replace conventional HR systems with e-HRM to better perform HR functions by optimizing communication pace and processing time in the current fast-paced era.Originality/valueE-HRM has become an issue of great significance in the contemporary corporate landscape to improve operational efficiency. Despite its widespread adoption in the corporate world, empirical evidence on e-HRM, particularly on its consequences, is still inconclusive.

Identifying determinants of spatial agglomeration of healthcare resources by using spatial econometric methods: a longitudinal study in China.

Healthcare resources are necessary for individuals to maintain their health. The Chinese government has implemented policies to optimize the allocation of healthcare resources and achieve the goal of equality in healthcare for the Chinese people since the implementation of the new medical reform in 2009. Given that no study has investigated regional differences from the perspective of healthcare resource agglomeration, this study aimed to investigate China's healthcare agglomeration from 2009 to 2017 in China and identify its determinants to provide theoretical evidence for the government to develop and implement scientific and rational healthcare policies. The study was conducted using 2009-2017 data to analyze health-resource agglomeration on institutions, beds, and workforce in China. An agglomeration index was applied to evaluate the degree of regional differences in healthcare resource allocation, and spatial econometric models were constructed to identify determinants of the spatial agglomeration of healthcare resources. From 2009 to 2017, all the agglomeration indexes of healthcare exhibited a downward trend except for the number of institutions in China. Population density (PD), government health expenditures (GHE), urban resident's disposable income (URDI), geographical location (GL), and urbanization level (UL) all had positive significant effects on the agglomeration of beds, whereas both per capita health expenditures (PCHE), number of college students (NCS), and maternal mortality rate (MMR) had significant negative effects on the agglomeration of institutions, beds, and the workforce. In addition, population density (PD) and per capita gross domestic product (PCGDP) in one province had negative spatial spillover effects on the agglomeration of beds and the workforce in neighboring provinces. However, MMR had a positive spatial spillover effect on the agglomeration of beds and the workforce in those regions. The agglomeration of healthcare resources was observed to remain at an ideal level in China from 2009 to 2017. According to the significant determinants, some corresponding targeted measures for the Chinese government and other developing countries should be fully developed to balance regional disparities in the agglomeration of healthcare resources across administrative regions.

The Effect of Co-creation on Competitive Advantage in Processing and Service Companies in the Littoral Region of Cameroon

Aim: The current customer is more informed and educated, more selective and has a higher capacity of choice hence demands a more significant value generation from firms. The co-creation remains a vehicle for competitiveness and business growth but without co-creation, business tends to stagnate and eventually fail. This study aims to examine the effect of co-creation on competitive advantage in the processing and service firms of the Littoral Region in Cameroon. Methods: The research adapts a correlational research design with a sample size of 500 companies from the processing and service sectors. The research applied a deductive approach. Data collection was through the use of a questionnaire and data analysis using the pairwise correlation analyses. Results: The results revealed a strong correlation structure between the items as the KMO measure of sampling adequacy was supportive and significant as well as Bartlett’s test of sphericity. Conclusion: The study reaffirms the positive significant effect of co-creation on the competitive advantage of processing and service firms in the Littoral Region of Cameroon. Recommendation: Management needs to adapt co-creation with customers to improve their products and services and to engage further with customers for innovation, customization and collaboration.

Impact of Leadership Style on Employee Performance And Job Satisfaction Among Jordanian Physiotherapists

Leadership philosophies are essential organizational practices, especially when it comes to promoting and enhancing worker collaboration and job satisfaction. This study aims to ascertain and explore the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance among Jordanian physiotherapists and transformational leadership. Additionally, looks at whether job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours operate as a mediator in the link between transformational leadership and worker performance. This study's design involves a quantitative correlation analysis conducted on a conveniently chosen sample of Jordanian physiotherapists from different healthcare facilities to examine the relationship between their performance level and leadership practices, specifically transformational leadership style, as well as any potential mediating role that organizational citizenship behaviours and job satisfaction may have on that relationship. Additionally, an online questionnaire for 123 physiotherapists in a different facility is used to study the proposed relation connecting transformational leadership style and therapist satisfaction level. Data were acquired about performance, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviours of therapists as well as their opinions of the leadership styles exhibited by the facility leaders. Organizational citizenship behaviours (OCB) and job satisfaction (JS) fully mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and physiotherapy performance; as a result, the impact of transformational leadership style (TLS) on performance was indirect since the direct influence wasn’t statistically significant. Additionally, TLS has a positive and substantial impact on job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours by regression analysis; likewise, OCB and JS have a positive significant effect on performance (p-value <.001). Transformational leadership and performance among Jordanian physiotherapists are not significant directly but are significant indirectly by the mediator (OCB and JS). Because it impacts worker job satisfaction, the standard of healthcare services provided, and the patient experience in this organization, it encourages the development of transformational leadership abilities in healthcare facilities and ongoing training for leaders in this area.

Transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The role of person-job fit and person-organization fit in social exchange perspective

BACKGROUND: Transformational leadership is critical in today’s organizations from a social exchange perspective as it helps create a positive work environment, drives innovation and change, and leads to improved organizational effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to test the direct effect of transformational leadership on person-job fit (PJ fit), person-organization fit (POF), and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). This study also examines the mediating role of PJ fit and POF on the relationship between transformational leadership and OCB. METHODS: This study collects data using a cross-sectional survey from professional lecturers of three selected public universities in Southeast Sulawesi - Indonesia. A total of 221 purposively sampled responses are utilized in the data analysis. A quantitative approach with structural equation modeling (SEM) via Amos 21.0 software is used to test the proposed hypotheses. RESULTS: The findings acknowledge that transformational leadership seems to have a direct positive effect on PJ fit, POF and OCB. Also, this study reveals that PJ fit and POF have significant positive effects on OCB. This study further unveils that PJ fit and POF fully mediate the relation between transformational leadership and OCB. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the more transformational leadership behaviors are demonstrated by leaders within organization, the more PJ fit and POF of followers will accomplish and experience with their organization, which in turn, increase OCB. It further means that transformational leadership can be crucial for recent organizations from a social exchange perspective by promoting healthy relationships and positive outcomes by encouraging followers to engage in behaviors that benefit the organization.

The Effect of Energy Consumption Towards Economic Growth: The Case of 11 Asian Countries

This research aims to determine and analyze the effect of Coal Consumption per capita (Kwh), Oil Consumption per capita (Kwh), Gas Consumption per capita (Kwh), and Renewable energy consumption per capita (Kwh) towards GDP per capita (current US$). This research uses GDP Per Capita (current USD) data sourced from world banks with a period from 1994 to 2021 and Data for Coal Consumption per capita (Kwh), Oil Consumption per capita (Kwh), Gas Consumption per capita (Kwh), and Renewable energy consumption per capita (Kwh) from Our Wold within a period from 1994 to 2021. The data used is data from 11 Asian countries, which is Mainland China, The Republic of Korea, Japan, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Viet Nam. The analysis method used is Panel Data Econometrics, with Ordinary Least Square and Fixed Effect Model. The result from this research shows that Oil Consumption per capita (Kwh), Coal consumption per capita (Kwh), Gas Consumption per capita (Kwh), and Renewable energy consumption per capita (Kwh) have a positive significant effect towards GDP per capita (current USD).