Positive Relationship Outcomes Research Articles

Unpacking how trust, communication and flow interact to sustain quality relationships between disabled people, family and support workers: a realist qualitative study

Purpose Many disabled people require support workers to complete personal care, daily tasks and participate in life roles. Due to the intimate nature of community disability support in domestic environments, understanding what facilitates positive relationships is paramount. We examined the intricate interplay of context and mechanisms that drive positive relationship outcomes for disabled people, their family members and support workers. Methods A realist-informed, participatory methodology involving three participant groups: disabled people, family members, and disability support workers. Results Sixteen participants participated in two workshops per group (5 disabled people, 5 family members, and 6 disability support workers). All three participant groups prioritised three key generative mechanism processes involved in positive relationship outcomes: (1) having clear communication, (2) building trust, and (3) developing a sense of flow. We describe how each mechanism manifested in a unique way for each group, and also how the activation of each mechanism was influenced by a dynamic resources/tensions balance specific to each group. Conclusion We describe the interaction between three mechanism processes involved in triadic relationships between disabled people, family members, and support workers. Attention is now required to explore strategies to negotiate the resource/tension balance particular to each group.

The relation between perceived partner responsiveness and sexual communication in romantic relationships

Sexual communication can be challenging to initiate. Nevertheless, people with a responsive romantic partner may feel more comfortable with sexual communication. Thus, we examined whether there is an association between partner responsiveness and greater sexual communication, and whether greater sexual communication may potentially mediate associations between responsiveness and positive relationship outcomes (i.e. intimacy types, sexual satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction). We recruited participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 119) and a sample of undergraduate students (N = 89) to complete online measures. As hypothesized, partner responsiveness was associated with greater sexual communication. Results from structural equation modeling showed that sexual communication mediated associations between responsiveness and intimacy types, and the association between responsiveness and sexual satisfaction in both samples. Interestingly, sexual communication only mediated the association between responsiveness and relationship satisfaction in the sample of undergraduate students. Other notable differences between the samples are discussed, such as differences in age, relationship length, and sexual satisfaction. These results show the importance of sexual communication for romantic relationships, and that even non-sexual partner characteristics may impact a sexual relationship.

Communication patterns and marital satisfaction: A review of English language discourse in family counseling

Effective communication lies at the heart of marital satisfaction, serving as a pivotal determinant in the success or failure of intimate relationships. This review delves into an in-depth review of English language discourse within the realm of family counseling, focusing on the intricate interplay between communication patterns and marital satisfaction. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, this review synthesizes the multifaceted dynamics of communication within marital relationships. It explores the diverse array of communication patterns exhibited by couples, ranging from constructive dialogues characterized by openness, empathy, and active listening, to maladaptive behaviors such as criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling. The impact of these communication patterns on marital satisfaction is scrutinized, elucidating how they influence emotional intimacy, conflict resolution, and overall relationship quality. Moreover, this review highlights the role of family counseling as a crucial intervention in addressing communication challenges within marital dyads. By employing evidence-based techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, emotion-focused therapy, and systemic approaches, counselors aim to facilitate healthy communication patterns and enhance marital satisfaction. The efficacy of various therapeutic strategies in fostering positive relational outcomes is examined, shedding light on the nuances of intervention implementation and client responsiveness. Furthermore, cultural considerations within English language discourse are explored, recognizing the diverse cultural backgrounds and communication styles of couples seeking counseling services. Cultural competence emerges as an essential component in understanding and navigating communication dynamics, ensuring that interventions are tailored to the unique needs and values of diverse clientele. This review underscores the pivotal role of communication patterns in shaping marital satisfaction, underscoring the significance of effective communication skills in fostering resilient and fulfilling relationships. By synthesizing empirical research and clinical insights, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between communication dynamics and marital well-being, thereby informing future research directions and clinical practice in the field of family counseling.

The association between mobile dating app use and relationship status satisfaction: A survey study

Connecting with others through mobile dating apps has become one of the most popular ways for people to meet. These apps might help people find a suitable partner and, thus, achieve a satisfactory love life. To examine whether mobile dating apps deliver on their potential for positive relationship outcomes, this study investigates if and how the use of these apps is related to satisfaction with one's relationship status. In a survey study, we compared previous and current users of mobile dating apps with people who have never used such apps ( n= 1,054, from the United States or United Kingdom, younger than 35). Results showed that dating app users score lower on satisfaction with their relationship status than non-users. This negative association between dating app use and satisfaction was stronger for women than it was for men. The most crucial factor in relationship status satisfaction, however, is whether people are in a relationship or not. Future research should aim to disentangle the causal order of the association between mobile dating app use and relationship status satisfaction, and investigate if these apps have the potential to improve users’ satisfaction with their relationship status in the long term through facilitating romantic relationships.

Peer correction of misinformation on social media: (In)civility, success experience and relationship consequences

Misinformation often involves sensitive topics, and individuals may attempt to correct their peers using uncivil tones. We examined the effect of civil versus uncivil corrections on the perceived success of the correction and the reported relationship consequences. We used three-wave panel data consisting of 1513 participants in the first wave, and followed 686 individuals who participated in all three waves. Our results indicate that demographic variables were important predictors of the frequency and tone of correction. Furthermore, individuals reported an equal number of successful and unsuccessful correction experiences. Importantly, we found that more frequent civil correction was associated with a higher likelihood of success, and a successful correction experience was associated with positive relationship outcomes. In contrast, uncivil correction was associated with negative relationship consequences. In addition, individuals with higher appraisal literacy and those correcting close ties were more likely to report successful correction experiences.

Changes in relationships, HIV risk, and feelings towards PrEP: findings from a qualitative explanatory study among participants in the CHARISMA intervention trial

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) and other relationship-based challenges have been demonstrated to reduce women’s ability to use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) effectively for HIV prevention. The Community Health Clinical Model for Agency in Relationships and Safer Microbicide Adherence (CHARISMA) intervention was designed to mitigate these challenges and increase South African women’s agency to use PrEP. The CHARISMA randomized controlled trial did not identify statistically significant differences in PrEP adherence or relationship dynamics between the intervention and control arms. As such, the aim of this explanatory qualitative sub-study was to understand women’s experiences with the CHARISMA trial and explore reasons for the null results.MethodsTwelve CHARISMA trial participants were purposively selected to participate in serial in-depth interviews, which took place at the trial end and 3 months later. Participants represented individuals who had received each of the three counselling modules, 1) healthy communication counselling, 2) PrEP disclosure counselling, or 3) IPV counselling, as well as those in the control arm who received IPV standard-of-care counselling.ResultsA thematic case analysis revealed numerous positive relationship outcomes among intervention participants, including identifying and ending unhealthy relationships, gaining a sense of personal empowerment, and enacting more positive behaviors and HIV risk reduction strategies in subsequent relationships. These positive shifts were occasionally described as contributing to decisions to discontinue PrEP use, which may partly explain the limited impact of the intervention on PrEP adherence.ConclusionsFuture investigations of counselling interventions addressing relationship-based barriers to PrEP use should account for changing risk dynamics and need for PrEP.

Through a relational lens: reflections about foster care experience in Italian emancipated foster youth.

The study aimed to investigate relational outcomes of Italian emancipated foster youth across open-ended reflections about their perceptions of their relationships with the biological and foster family, with partner and peers. A total of 26 Italian emancipated foster youth (19-25 years old) recruited by social services completed a single in-depth interview. A qualitative thematic analysis was selected for this study. The results revealed two major themes of foster care experience that emerged often simultaneously from the participants' narration: (1) Positive Relational Outcomes including "Feeling supported," "Sense of belonging," "Good memories," "Relationship with family of choice," and "Staying in touch"; and (2) Negative Relational Outcomes referring "Devaluation," "Refuse," "Bad memories," and "Isolation." Foster care experience leads to complex relational perceptions in emerging adulthood according to different relational outcomes and ways of processing foster care experience. Professionals could work on relational outcomes and memories, especially during a critical transition like emerging adulthood, to support youth in making sense of their past experiences.

Bringing a mentalizing framework to understanding mothers with addiction: The groundbreaking work of Nancy E. Suchman.

Nancy Suchman is remembered as a pioneer whose mentalization-based intervention-Mothering from the Inside Out (MIO)-transformed the treatment of parents struggling with substance use disorders. Specifically, Suchman's work highlighted the neural mechanisms underlying substance use disorders and identified the promotion of parental mentalizing as a key therapeutic focus in enhancing early parent-child relationships. Her work transformed parenting support models for this population of parents. Several randomized controlled trials (RCT) show the effectiveness of MIO in promoting parental reflective functioning (PRF) and positive relational outcomes in parents with substance use disorders and their children. Suchman's MIO model has since been extended to parenting in many contexts. She is also remembered as a generous colleague, a gifted researcher and clinician, and an inspiration to generations of researchers and practitioners working with parents who aspire to raise healthy, secure children despite multiple challenges and adversities. This special issue compiles the work of researchers inspired by Suchman as they carry on her legacy in examining aspects of parental mentalization. Collectively, the research presented yields confirmation of MIO core assumptions, offers new insights into roles of positive sentiment and savoring in mentalization processes, and presents evaluations of MIO in multiple contexts and with new adaptations.

Romantic Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The coronavirus pandemic and the resultant lockdown had been harsh on many people especially those in romantic relationships. There was increase in psychological issues such as anxiety, stress, depression, alcoholism, and problematic eating behaviors which resulted in conflicts and breakdown in relationships. Aim and Objectives: The present cross-sectional exploratory study investigated how individuals in romantic dating relationships have coped during the times of COVID-19. The objectives were to examine the stressors faced by romantic dating couples during the pandemic, the differences among them with respect to dyadic coping, conflict, and resolution strategies employed. Materials and Methods: A total of 232 individuals (males = 104, females = 128) were assessed on a semi-structured Stressor Checklist, the Dyadic Coping Inventory, and Romantic Partner Conflict Scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, ANOVA, and Tukey's honestly significant difference were calculated. Results: 45% of participants reported growing closer to their partners during the pandemic; others reported strained relationships or break-ups. Distance, difficulty in in-person meetings, reduced communication emerged as the most reported stressors among participants. Dyadic coping was found to be significantly better in the closer group than in the strained group or the break-up group (t = −1.89,P< 0.05). Stress communication by partner was found to be significantly better in closer couples (t = −2.38,P< 0.01). With respect to conflict resolution, significant differences were found among the three groups on compromise (r = 0.459,P< 0.01) avoidance (r = 0.224,P< 0.01), interactional reactivity (r= −0.446,P< 0.01), domination (r = −0.223,P< 0.01), and submission (r = −0.491,P< 0.01). No difference was found among the groups on separation (r = −0.07; NS). Conclusion: Individuals who found themselves in strained relationships or breakups during COVID-19 attributed negative outcome in relationship to factors internal to the relationship. Individuals with positive relationship outcomes engaged in positive dyadic coping; conflict resolution strategies employed by them were positive. The limitations, mental health implications and suggestions for further research have been discussed.

All is nice and well unless she outshines him: Higher social status benefits women's well‐being and relationship quality but not if they surpass their male partner

AbstractIn two studies, we find that climbing the societal ladder has positive associations with women's well‐being and relationship outcomes but can also have negative consequences when women surpass their male partners in status. In Study 1 (N = 314), we found that women who reported having higher personal status also reported several positive relationship outcomes (e.g., higher relationship quality than women with lower personal status). However, these associations reversed for women who surpassed their partners in social status. In Study 2, a diary study (N = 112), we show how women's implicit endorsement of gender stereotypes qualifies the negative associations of surpassing one's partner in status. Among women with higher status than their partner, traditional women intend to adjust their behavior to fit the gender norm (e.g., thinking about reducing work hours in favor of their time at home), whereas egalitarian women did not, but felt guilty toward their partner. We show how the relationship dynamics of women who have surpassed their partners in social status should be considered when attempting to tackle structural discrimination and advance women's careers.

"Where have you been in this world?" a qualitative study of clients' curiosity about their psychotherapists.

Curiosity is widely seen as a basic human drive, important to the development of relationships as well as to the process of change in psychotherapy. Less attention, however, has been directed toward examining curiosity in the client-therapist relationship. In particular, we lack a comprehensive understanding of what occurs for clients when they become curious about their therapists. As a result, we aimed to explore clients' experiences of curiosity about their therapists. Using a consensual qualitative research approach, we analyzed data from ten current and former adult psychotherapy clients. Results were organized in six domains that captured different facets of participants' experiences of curiosity about their therapists: the content of the curiosity, motivation(s) for the curiosity, triggers of the curiosity, expressions of curiosity, influences on the curiosity, and consequences of the curiosity. More specifically, results revealed participants experienced curiosity that (a) concerned the therapist's professional and personal life, (b) was motivated by concerns over the therapist's ability to understand or relate, and (c) was triggered by therapist behavior (e.g., disclosures). For some participants, having a positive therapeutic relationship led to greater curiosity; by the same token, participants' desire for professional boundaries at times quelled this curiosity. Moreover, although some participants described positive relational outcomes, others disclosed feelings of shame or discomfort resulting from their curiosity. Several cultural factors were also found to influence participants' curiosity. Implications for research and practice are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Elixir of love or venom of violence: When does a drinking event result in couple intimacy or couple conflict?

The short-term consequences of drinking events may be positive or negative. Most studies have considered only one outcome, but people may experience different alcohol outcomes on different occasions, depending on the circumstances. The present study sought to identify predictors of drinking events that resulted in couple intimacy, conflict, or neither outcome using existing data from a 30-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study. Participants were a community sample of partnered, moderately drinking adults with a recent history of verbal or physical partner aggression (N = 249 couples). They provided reports of drinking events, intimacy and conflict events, and ratings of relationship harmony and discord in three randomly signaled reports each day. Mixed-effects multinomial analyses were used to compare predictors of drinking events that, within three hours, resulted in intimacy, conflict, or neither outcome. Consistent with previous research, characteristics of the drinker (individual tendencies to experience intimacy or conflict) and characteristics of the drinking event (alcohol quantity, drinking companions) both predicted drinking outcomes. Moreover, the pre-drinking relationship context predicted post-drinking relationship outcomes, consistent with the idea that alcohol focuses attention on salient contextual cues. Specifically, greater pre-drinking relationship harmony predicted greater likelihood of experiencing intimacy after drinking, whereas greater pre-drinking relationship discord predicted greater likelihood of experiencing conflict after drinking. In summary, characteristics of the drinker, the drinking event, and the pre-drinking relationship context contribute to the likelihood that a given drinking event will have short-term positive or negative relationship outcomes.

Associations between childhood family‐based nature activities and family relationship quality in emerging adulthood

AbstractObjectiveTo explore changes in family‐based nature activities (FBNA) across five developmental stages and investigate whether frequency and type of FBNA across the early life course is associated with greater family relationship quality in emerging adulthood.MethodRetrospective survey data was collected from 451 undergraduate students who primarily identified as Asian American (44.9%) and Latinx (42.7%).ResultsMultilevel models showed that participants who showed greater stability in FBNA across the early life course reported more positive family relationship quality in emerging adulthood. Higher income participants' FBNA declined more rapidly as they aged, whereas lower income participants showed greater stability across five developmental stages. Greater participation in social, physical, nature, and travel types of outdoor family activities were associated with more positive family relationship quality in emerging adulthood, whereas sports and entertainment were not significantly associated.ConclusionFindings support the FBNA framework, suggesting that continued participation in outdoor family rituals across the early life course is associated with positive family relationship outcomes in adulthood.ImplicationsResults are discussed in relation to the importance of studying outdoor family leisure rituals in the field of human development and family studies.

Effects of information and communication technology on the quality of family relationships: A systematic review

Information and communication technology (ICT) facilitates communication within families but may also displace face-to-face communication and intimacy. The aims of this systematic review were to investigate what positive and negative relationship outcomes are associated with ICT use in families, and whether and how the outcomes differ depending on relationship type (romantic relationship, parent–child relationship, or sibling). Included in the review were research published in English between 2009 and 2019 studying the effects of ICT on family relationships with quantitative data. 70 peer-reviewed articles (73 studies) were retrieved and categorized based on four types of ICT variables: personal use, personal use in the presence of a family member (technoference), communication between family members, and co-use with family members. Personal use and technoference were mostly related to negative outcomes due to, for example, displaced attention and more frequent conflicts. Romantic partners were especially strongly negatively affected displaying stressors unique to romantic relationships, such as infidelity. By contrast, communication and co-use showed mostly positive effects across all relationship types. In particular, “rich” communication media resembling face-to-face interaction were strongly associated with positive outcomes. We conclude that ICT impacts family relations in different ways, depending on both the type of relationship and type of ICT use. Personal ICT use tends to weaken both parenting and romantic relationships in ways that can partly be mitigated by co-use and communication. Directions for future research include, assessing how often ICT is used in relationship-strengthening versus relationship-interfering ways, investigating causal pathways between ICT use and relationship quality, and focusing on understudied relationship types, such as siblings and grandparents.

Are you happy for me?: Responses to sharing good news in North America and East Asia

Previous research has shown that enthusiastic responses to personal good news are associated with positive relationship qualities, whereas more muted or ambivalent responses tend to have negative effects on relationships. This process, called capitalization, has been studied almost exclusively in Western cultures. The present research examined capitalization in three East Asian cultural groups (Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan), as well as in the United States. Whereas enthusiastic responses were associated with positive relationship outcomes in all groups, muted and critical responses showed significant moderation by culture. In three North American samples, these responses were negatively associated with relationship qualities. However, muted and critical responses revealed strong and positive correlations with relationship outcomes in Mainland China, non-significant associations in Hong Kong, and significant negative (but still weaker than in North America) associations in Taiwan. These findings point to the importance of examining relationship processes in the context of culture.

What happens when people refuse to go along with orgasm coercion? An assessment of refusal strategies, perpetrators’ subsequent reactions, and relationship and psychological outcomes

ABSTRACT Orgasm coercion occurs when someone pressures a partner to orgasm by implying that not orgasming will have negative consequences. But what happens when the coerced partner refuses to go along with orgasm coercion? And how do perpetrators of orgasm coercion react? In the current study, we analysed 100 participants’ (cisgender women, n = 66; cisgender men, n = 24; gender/sex minorities, n = 10) descriptions of refusing orgasm coercion during their most recent orgasm coercion encounter. We assessed how participants expressed refusals, perpetrators reacted to these refusals, and perpetrator reactions connected to relationship and psychological outcomes. Results showed that participants used a variety of refusal strategies that were positively- or negatively-valenced. Some perpetrators (31%) reacted in positive, understanding ways. However, most perpetrators (61%) reacted negatively or with more coercion when confronted. Of note, results suggested that whether perpetrators responded in positive vs. negative ways did not depend on participants’ refusal strategies. We also found that positive perpetrator reactions were associated with positive relationship outcomes, but participants reported high negative psychological outcomes regardless of perpetrators’ reactions. Findings support that perpetrators of orgasm coercion are not necessarily invested in partners’ positive experiences and that orgasm coercion cannot be resolved through better communication.

Couples’ Experience of Enactment-Based Couple-Centered Intervention vs. Therapist-Centered Intervention—An Exploratory Qualitative Examination

Enactments represent a clinical process and structure common to marital therapy, consisting of episodes of direct couple engagement carefully promoted, monitored, and coached by the therapist. Couple-enactment-centered therapy is supported by a relational systems theory rationale for interaction-focused intervention. We specifically explored couples’ experience of relationship enactments and their potential to promote positive relationship interaction and outcomes. In an experimental design, participant couples received three couple-enactment-centered sessions (intervention through couple interaction) followed by three therapist-centered sessions (intervention through therapist interaction), with sequencing randomly alternated (CECx3–TCx3 or TCx3–CECx3). In this study, through qualitative interviews we sought the voices, perceptions, and experiences of couples regarding these modalities and their potentially unique utility. Qualitative data from 12 participants was analyzed using a group hermeneutic approach. Findings included that (a) therapeutic alliance, achieved in a more salient way through TC, was important to positive clinical and couple outcomes, (b) the sequencing of approaches was significant, and (c) modality (CEC or TC) influenced participant experience of relational change. Our discussion hypothesizes a general profile of participants’ experiences of these two approaches in therapy, contributing to an emerging framework potentially informing best couple therapy practice utilizing both TC and CEC modalities in sequence.

Orgasm Coercion and Negative Relationship and Psychological Outcomes: The Role of Gender, Sexual Identity, Perpetration Tactics, and Perceptions of the Perpetrator's Intentions.

Orgasm coercion involves pressuring a partner to orgasm by implying that not orgasming will have negative consequences. In the present study, we used mixed methods to explore (1) how various individual and contextual factors-i.e., frequency of orgasm coercion, orgasm frequency, gender/sex, sexual identity, the orgasm coercion tactics used, and perceptions of the perpetrator's intention-affect relationship and psychological outcomes associated with orgasm coercion, and (2) how different individuals characterize these outcomes. Cisgender women, cisgender men, and gender/sex minority participants (N = 308, M age = 30.44years, SD = 8.16) described the most recent encounter in which they experienced orgasm coercion and then rated and described the positive and negative relationship and psychological outcomes associated with the incident. Quantitative results showed that the following predicted significantly higher negative relationship and psychological outcomes: a higher frequency of experiencing orgasm coercion, lower frequency of orgasming with partners in general, and experiencing orgasm coercion via physical or emotional threats. Believing that the perpetrator was motivated by altruism or social pressures mitigated these effects. And, experiencing orgasm coercion via implied fault predicted significantly higher negative relationship outcomes only for cisgender women. Additionally, being a sexual minority predicted higher negative relationship (but not psychological) outcomes, whereas being a gender/sex minority predicted higher negative psychological (but not relationship) outcomes. Qualitative results showed that relationship and psychological outcomes varied; for example, participants discussed making a partner happy, disappointment with their partner's behaviors, ending the relationship, and lasting feelings of anxiety, guilt, and abuse. Together, findings offer new insights into how orgasm coercion affects those who experience it.

I hope my partner can make me change: expected relational self-changes and relational outcomes

ABSTRACT The Two-Dimensional Model of Relational Self-change (TDM) suggests four types of self-change that may be elicited by romantic relationships: self-expansion, self-adulteration, self-pruning, and self-contraction. Previous research has shown that these four types of relational self-change were associated with relational outcomes. Prior research has also shown that positive illusions and expectations in romantic relationships can lead to positive relational outcomes. The current study used a longitudinal design to investigate how the four types of expected relational self-change affect future relationship satisfaction and commitment. Results indicated that participants had higher expected self-changes than their actual self-changes after three months, but their expected self-changes and actual self-changes were correlated. At Time 1 of their relationship, participants’ relationship satisfaction and commitment were related to their expected self-changes. However, controlling for Time 1 relationship satisfaction and commitment, expected self-changes predicted commitment, but not relationship satisfaction, three months later.

Mindfulness and Sexual Mindfulness as Moderators Between Conflict Resolution and Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction

Mindfulness has shown positive links with conflict resolution. Additionally, couples skilled in conflict resolution report greater sexual and relationship satisfaction. However, no research has examined the moderating effect of mindfulness, specifically sexual mindfulness, between conflict resolution and sexual and relationship satisfaction. We used 1,627 couples from wave III of the Couple Relationships and Transition Experiences (CREATE) study. Sexual mindfulness moderated the association between conflict resolution and sexual satisfaction, even after controlling for attachment. Wives higher in sexual mindful awareness may rely less on conflict resolution for their sexual satisfaction. Karremans and colleagues’ (2017) model of mindfulness and romantic relationships provides a framework for testing whether, when, and how mindfulness increases positive romantic relationship processes and outcomes. Under this framework, mindfulness may provide a mechanism to help couples achieve sexual and relationship satisfaction. Mindfulness and sexual mindfulness may provide a useful mechanism for therapists, educators, social workers, and couples to enhance satisfaction within the romantic and sexual relationship even without partner buy-in.