Positive Interactions Research Articles

Effects of name learning and name use on interethnic perceptions

Names are important aspects of identity, but when they are perceived as difficult to pronounce or “foreign,” they may trigger discriminatory responses. Rather than engaging in name “whitening” as a solution, we advocate placing the onus on others to learn to pronounce names of ethnic minority group members. In one study with White American college students, we examine the effects of a name learning intervention on communications to and perceptions of a Chinese student partner. In a second study with Chinese international students, we examine how name use is perceived. Those who learned to pronounce names (Study 1) and those whose names were used (Study 2) showed increased interest in and behavior geared toward maintaining partner contact, though other outcomes related to ethnic attitudes were unaffected. The data provide initial evidence that name learning and use contribute to more positive interactions and shed light on strategies for promoting inclusion.

Evaluating the Unconfined Compressive Strength Retention of Corn Starch Stabilized Lateritic Soils

This study evaluates the effectiveness of corn starch as a sustainable stabilizer for lateritic soils, focusing on unconfined compressive strength (UCS) retention under wet–dry cycles. A (3,2) Scheffé simplex lattice design was employed to vary lateritic soil, corn starch, and water-to-solids (w/s) ratio across 12 mixes (6 trial, 6 control). Samples were cured for 28 days, then subjected to 12 wet–dry cycles to assess UCS retention. UCS retention ranged from 69.68% to 90.12% for trial mixes and 69.68% to 91.24% for control mixes, indicating strong durability. The best-performing mixes exceeded 90%, confirming corn starch’s potential for long-term stabilization. The Scheffé regression model developed had an R² of 0.998 and an F-value of 1.056 (< F-critical of 5.05), confirming predictive reliability and statistical adequacy. Model coefficients showed corn starch had the greatest influence (β₂ = 87.50), followed by lateritic soil (β₁ = 83.33) and water-to-solids ratio (β₃ = 69.68). Positive interactions between lateritic soil and corn starch (18.82) and between lateritic soil and water-to-solids ratio (43.98) improved retention, while a slight negative effect between corn starch and water-to-solids ratio (−0.72) indicated that excess water could reduce binding. Overall, corn starch significantly improves UCS retention, offering a durable, eco-friendly solution for lateritic soil stabilization.

Role of individual and population heterogeneity in shaping dynamics of multi-pathogen shedding in an island endemic bat.

Understanding processes driving pathogen transmission in bats is critical to prevent spillovers and emergence events. Although substantial research has addressed this topic, few studies have directly examined shedding dynamics (as opposed to serological studies) and co-infection patterns using fine-scale spatio-temporal datasets. Here, based on the monitoring of 5,714 Reunion free-tailed bats (Mormopterus francoismoutoui) in 17 roosts over 24 months, we studied the co-shedding dynamics of paramyxoviruses (PMV) and Leptospira bacteria (LEPTO) in urine, and herpesviruses (HSV) in saliva. We evidenced all year long shedding with high prevalence of all three infectious agents (37% - 87%), as well as an exceptionally high level of co-shedding (59%), with both positive and negative interactions between infectious agents. Shedding patterns displayed temporal synchrony among roosts, with a peak during summer months, but were not influenced by roost size. Repeated shedding in recaptured bats supports within-host persistence, though underlying mechanisms remain to be identified. Our results also showed rapid HSV infection of juveniles (< 6 months), and suggest longer protection of juveniles by maternal antibodies for PMV and LEPTO. Reproductively-active individuals (both during the pregnancy and mating) were associated with increased PMV and LEPTO shedding, which could result from tradeoffs between reproduction and infection in both sexes, and/or an age-related bias with the progressive infection of older juveniles during reproductive periods. This study highlights the significance of persistent shedding of multiple pathogens, including bacteria, and their intricate interactions within bat populations. Understanding how human-driven ecological changes may disrupt within-host processes and influence pathogen shedding in bats will help assessing the risk of pathogen spillover from bats to other species, including humans.

Changes in the bulk soil after fresh corn grown with organic and inorganic fertilizer application.

The effects of different fertilizer applications on crop growth, soil health, and microbial communities are critical for sustainable agriculture. Positive interactions between crop roots and their associated microbiomes are essential to improve nutrient availability and promote plant growth. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the changes in bulk soil chemical properties and diversity of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms after growing three fresh corn plants under the application of vermicompost, black soldier flies, and inorganic fertilizers. Fresh corn yield and soil samples were collected from purple waxy, pink waxy, and sweet corn grown under field conditions. The capacity to solubilize mineral phosphate and indole acetic acid was also determined using a spectrophotometer. The results showed that organic and inorganic fertilizers can maintain the ear-fresh weight of the three fresh corn varieties and tend to increase some soil chemicals after growth. Application of inorganic fertilizer and black soldier flies mixed with inorganic fertilizer resulted in the highest ear fresh weight, with 6,291.30 and 5,887.40 kg ha-1, respectively. Moreover, the soil pH, available phosphorus, and copper tended to increase, whereas zinc and chromium decreased. However, fertilizer management did not affect the diversity of the phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms. In addition, the three phosphate-solubilizing fungal isolates were similar to the type strain of Candida tropicalis. The phosphate-solubilizing fungi isolate potentials were not significantly different in AlPO4, and FePO4 solubilizing. Only two PSF isolates from purple waxy produced IAA hormone between 462.81-562.81 mg l-1.

Interaction of genetic risk score (GRS) and Plant-Based diet on atherogenic factors and body fat distribution indices among women with overweight and obesity: a cross-sectional study

The association between plant-based diets, obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and genetic predisposition is still not fully understood. This study explored how plant-based diets interact with genetic susceptibility to atherosclerosis and body fat in 377 Iranian women aged 18 to 48 who were overweight or obese. Using a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), we established three plant-based diet indices: the Plant-Based Diet Index (PDI), the Healthy Plant-Based Diet Index (hPDI), and the Unhealthy Plant-Based Diet Index (uPDI). We calculated a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) based on three body mass index (BMI)-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and analyzed its interaction with the PDI. Results showed that tertile 2 of the PDI had a significant negative interaction with moderate and high-risk alleles on key atherogenic factors, including the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), triglyceride glucose (TyG), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and visceral adiposity index (VAI) (P < 0.05). A borderline negative interaction between tertile 2 of the hPDI and moderate risk alleles regarding the Body Shape Index (ABSI) was also observed (P = 0.05). Conversely, tertile 2 of the uPDI had a significant positive interaction with moderate risk alleles related to both the Castelli Risk Index I (CRI.I) and II (CRI.II) (P = 0.03). This study suggests that interactions between genetic susceptibility and plant-based diet indices are linked to atherogenic factors and body composition.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH DATA ON THE ORAL MICROFLORA IN PATIENTS WITH PERIODONTITIS OF VARYING SEVERITY

BACKGROUND: The oral cavity (OC) is known to be a favorable environment for the reproduction and biological activity of most microorganisms. At the same time, both positive symbiotic interactions and negative effects on the soft tissues of the periodontal complex, including representatives of the normal microflora, are observed. AIMS: To determine the etiopathogenetic role of the main inhabitants of the oral cavity (OC) and their frequency among patients with periodontitis and a control group (CG) of healthy individuals. The primary criteria for patient examination included the presence of hyperemia, edema in the mucosa, and other visible pathologies of the periodontal complex with signs of exacerbation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors of the article conducted a comparative analysis of the frequency of various bacterial pathogens in the oral cavity (OC) among patients with periodontitis of varying severity and a control group (CG) of healthy individuals, as well as their role in the etiology of periodontal complex diseases. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that an analysis of the composition of the mucosal microflora of the oral cavity (OC) and gums, using both classical and modern methods, revealed significantly more frequent changes in the periodontal complex microflora among individuals with various inflammatory periodontal diseases. These changes included an increase in the number of both periodontopathogenic agents and pathogenic coccal flora. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of microorganisms from the "red complex" together with Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus promotes the formation of biofilms and a higher risk of exopolymeric matrix destruction, which corresponded to the clinical manifestations and severity of periodontitis progression.

The correlations between serum bone biomarkers and those related to metabolic and hormonal profile, low-grade inflammation and redox balance, in lean and overweight PCOS adolescent girls

IntroductionIt has been proven that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and impaired bone metabolism. However, to the best of our knowledge, neither the relationship between indices of bone turnover in adolescent girls was examined, nor were lean and overweight PCOS young females compared in this regard, which were the aims of our study.MethodsThirty-nine PCOS subjects, aged 14–18 years, were assigned to one of the two groups: Ov/Ob (overweight/obese group, n = 14) and lean (non-overweight/non-obese group, n = 25). Fasting blood samples were collected to assess bone turnover, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal markers. Basic anthropometric and biochemical data were also obtained.ResultsIn Ov/Ob young females, concentrations of bone turnover markers, GlaOC, GluOC, and CTX-I (selective bone resorption marker), were lower than in lean PCOSs. However, this difference was statistically significant only for GlaOC. The serum activity of bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), a bone formation index, tended to be higher in the Ov/Ob than in lean PCOS patients, although not significantly. Additionally, we observed an inverse association between low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, androgen levels (total testosterone and/or DHEA-S), and BAP and/or GlaOC in both lean and Ov/Ob groups, together with a positive association between Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and BAP. Moreover, fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR positively correlated with GluOC and BAP in lean girls.DiscussionOur outcomes suggest a potential negative interaction between bone markers and immune-hormonal abnormalities featuring lean and Ov/Ob adolescent PCOS girls. Moreover, these findings suggest a positive interaction between bone metabolism and total antioxidant capacity, and insulin and glucose management exists in the body. Although these findings require further investigation, all possible preventive measures should be taken to lower inflammation, oxidative stress, and androgen levels, also keeping bone well-being/homeostasis in mind.

Behind the screen: Exploring perceptions, attitudes, and coping behaviors toward cyberbullying on Douyin among Chinese undergraduates

ABSTRACT Cyberbullying has emerged as a critical issue among young people, with platforms like Douyin enabling both positive social interactions and harmful online behaviors. This study explores Chinese undergraduate students’ perceptions, attitudes, and coping strategies regarding cyberbullying on Douyin, drawing on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and the Spiral of Silence Theory as theoretical frameworks. A mixed-methods approach was employed: a structured questionnaire was administered to 760 students from two universities using stratified random sampling, followed by in-depth interviews with selected participants. Findings reveal notable differences in the perceived severity of cyberbullying. Students from public universities demonstrated heightened sensitivity to appearance-based shaming, identity fraud, and physical threats, whereas their counterparts from private universities exhibited more varied and less consistent perceptions. Influencing factors included peer-group dynamics, social pressure, and media influence. Public university students showed more uniform attitudes, while private university students displayed greater diversity in views. In terms of coping strategies, public university students tended to adopt more proactive and structured approaches, while those from private universities employed fragmented and less cohesive responses. Notably, professional psychological support was underutilized in both groups. These results underscore the influence of educational background and social context in shaping students’ experiences and responses to cyberbullying. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions, including strengthened campus mental health services, enhanced content regulation on platforms like Douyin, and comprehensive digital literacy education. This research offers empirical evidence and theoretical insights to inform support mechanisms for victims and guide the development of effective prevention strategies within higher education settings.

Democratic School Culture and Student–Teacher Relationships: Insights from Native and Immigrant-Background Students

This paper examines how various dimensions of democratic school and classroom culture—openness in classroom discussions, peer interactions, civic learning, influence on decision-making, and civic participation—relate to perceptions of student–teacher relationships of two distinct groups of students (native and immigrant-background students) in Slovenia. Using representative data from the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS 2022 cycle), analyses revealed that student-perceived positive peer interactions and decision-making influence were consistent, strong predictors of positive student–teacher relationships for both groups of students. However, open classroom discussions and civic learning at school were only significant for native students, suggesting that these aspects of classroom life may not resonate uniformly with all students. Moreover, participation in civic activities, although often seen as an integral part of democratic school culture, emerged as a significant negative predictor of student–teacher relationships only among students with an immigrant background, indicating that these activities may inadvertently highlight barriers or differences rather than promote inclusive engagement. Results are discussed through the lens of fostering positive student–teacher relationships for all students.

From Hospital to Home: Continuity between Skin-to-Skin Care and Later Verbal Engagement in Infants Born Preterm.

This descriptive cohort study documented continuity between family-delivered skin-to-skin care rates for preterm infants in the NICU and amount of child-directed speech at child age 9 months. Involvement in skin-to-skin care may be an early marker of caregiver engagement and a target for early interventions that support positive caregiver-infant interactions.

An Organizational Psychology Approach to Understanding Overuse in Pediatric Hospital Medicine.

Medical overuse in pediatrics is estimated to cost $27 million yearly and carries physical and emotional harms. Despite guidelines promoting high-value care, practice has changed minimally, and studies have focused on individual behaviors. We aimed to learn the perspectives of pediatric hospitalists on overuse and apply an organizational psychology framework as a novel way of understanding this issue. This was a qualitative study interviewing pediatric hospitalists at 2 sites. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was reached. Transcripts were coded using grounded-theory methodology and themes were identified. An organizational psychologist reviewed emerging themes and recommended applying the levels of analysis framework, a method for diagnosing institutional issues by examining group and system factors. There were 16 study participants (69% female, 31% male). The following themes influenced physicians toward overuse: (1) at the individual level, fear and risk-aversion, particularly among early-career faculty; (2) at the interpersonal level, the emphasis on maintaining positive interactions and relationships with other clinicians; (3) at the group level, the desire to align with peers; (4) at the intergroup level, using previous interactions with members of a group (such as parents and consultants) to inform the contemporary dynamic; and (5) at the system level, institutional factors and competing priorities, such as patient throughput demands and a focus on errors of omission. Overuse is driven by influence of the individual's membership within a group or system and their interactions with other groups. Interventions should target complex group dynamics and systems pressures contributing to overuse.

Factors associated with parental literacy and hesitancy toward pediatric vaccination

BackgroundVaccine literacy (knowledge about vaccines and the ability to identify accurate information about them) and vaccine hesitancy (delay in or refusal of vaccination) among parents may affect immunization decision-making and pediatric vaccine uptake. This study aimed to examine the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of parents by vaccine literacy and hesitancy and to assess the relationship between attitudinal, behavioral, and experiential factors and parents’ vaccine literacy and hesitancy.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was administered in 2022 to US adults aged ≥ 18 (N = 692) who self-identified as parents/guardians of children aged < 18. Parents were asked questions about their experiences assessing information on pediatric vaccinations, their information-seeking and decision-making practices, interactions with healthcare providers (HCPs) regarding pediatric vaccines, beliefs about vaccine efficacy and safety, trust in scientific and medical information from various sources, perceptions of the danger and severity of vaccine-preventable diseases, and the benefits and convenience of vaccination. High vaccine literacy was defined as being moderately or extremely familiar with the vaccines a child should receive. Vaccine hesitancy was defined as being somewhat or very hesitant, or not sure, about childhood immunizations (i.e., shots). An exploratory factor analysis reflected 7 discrete underlying variables describing self-reported behaviors, beliefs, and experiences regarding childhood vaccination.ResultsVaccine literacy and hesitancy were associated with parents’ gender, race/ethnicity, education level, and urbanicity. Factors associated with increased vaccine literacy were positive interactions with HCPs (OR 2.24, P < 0.001), active information-seeking behavior (OR 1.88, P < 0.001), positive beliefs about vaccines (OR 1.39, P = 0.001), and beliefs about vaccination requirements (OR 1.21, P = 0.041). Trouble understanding information from HCPs was associated with decreased vaccine literacy (OR 0.80, P = 0.025). Factors associated with decreased vaccine hesitancy were positive beliefs about vaccines (OR 0.41, P < 0.001), minimal concerns over childhood vaccines (OR 0.46, P < 0.001), and positive interactions with HCPs (OR 0.76, P = 0.002). Increased hesitancy was associated with negative beliefs about vaccines (OR 3.26, P < 0.001) and trouble understanding information from HCPs (OR 1.44, P < 0.001).ConclusionsGreater vaccine literacy levels and less vaccine hesitancy correlated with positive parental beliefs about vaccines and positive interactions with HCPs. Challenges in comprehending HCP-delivered information were correlated with lower literacy and greater hesitancy.

Identifying Reference Groups in Social Norms Campaigns Intended to Promote College Students’ Mental Health Help-Seeking in South Korea

This study examines which types of perceived social norms are strongly associated with professional mental health help-seeking (PMHS), and whether and how such associations are moderated by evaluative identification among college students. We conducted an online survey with 638 Korean adults. Results show that general college students’ perceived injunctive norms (β = .37, p < .001) have the strongest associations with intentions, followed by close friends’ perceived descriptive norms (β = .22, p < .001). Also, there was a significant positive interaction between perceived injunctive norms among general college students and evaluative identification (β = .18, p < .001), between friends’ perceived descriptive norms and evaluative identification (β = .07, p < .001), as well as between family perceived injunctive norms and evaluative identification (β = .13, p < .01). The findings suggest that distal reference group norms and evaluative identification are crucial in promoting PMHS.

Landscape‐Wide Metabarcoding Shows Interactions Among the Gut Microbiome and Pollen Diversity in the Invasive Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris

ABSTRACTGut microbial communities can facilitate traits that are essential for invasive species survival in novel environments. Despite the global plethora of invasive social insect species, the role of the gut microbiome in colonisation success under novel dietary and environmental conditions is little known. The introduction of the European buff‐tailed bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, to the island of Tasmania (Australia) ~30 years ago is of ecological concern due to its negative impacts on native vegetation and endemic bees. Here, we investigate how the gut microbiota of B. terrestris workers is affected by corbicular pollen diversity and environmental variation across diverse landscapes in an invaded island system. B. terrestris female workers were sampled from 19 sites across Tasmania, for which environmental data for seven variables were extracted. Using 16S rRNA and ITS2 metabarcoding on gut samples and foraged pollen, respectively, we examine how the gut microbiota of B. terrestris is influenced by pollen diversity, environmental variables and their interactions. Gut bacterial community composition was significantly predicted by site annual precipitation and the percentage of pasture, which each explained 9% of the variation. Gut bacterial diversity was also explained by precipitation and pasture (40% and 30% of the variation, respectively). Furthermore, a positive interaction between annual precipitation and annual temperature significantly predicted site gut bacterial diversity. The interaction effect of pollen diversity and summer wind velocity was also positively related to gut bacterial diversity. Our findings contribute to understanding how interactions between the local environment and pollen diet affect the bee gut microbiome and thus the health and success of invasive pollinators.

Chickens perceive humans as social buffers and may follow human-given cues: A pilot study.

Positive perception of humans, extensively documented in domestic mammals, remains comparatively underexplored in domestic birds like chickens, with existing studies largely focusing on fear reduction. This research evaluated whether chickens perceive humans positively, accounting for interaction types and breed differences. Two breeds (Lohmann LSL Classic, Brown Classic) experienced physical contact (PC), visual-only contact (VC), or minimal human contact (MC) over 13 days (Days 35-51; PC and VC: 1-2 min/day). Birds were assessed using three behavioral tests. During the separation-reunion test (Days 52-53), individuals underwent two 3-min separations (experimenter absent) and reunions (experimenter present) in an open-field setting. Subsequently, the experimenter attempted up to six standardized capture attempts to catch the birds (the capture test). Lastly, the local enhancement test (Days 120-137) assessed birds' ability to use human presence/gestures to locate food. In the separation-reunion test, PC birds exhibited calmer/positive behaviors, such as reduced vigilance and increased foraging, in the presence of the experimenter compared to being alone. Conversely, MC birds displayed fewer calm behaviors and greater withdrawal when the experimenter was present. Brown birds showed more calm behaviors, reduced movement, and spent more time near the experimenter than white birds. The capture test supported these results, with PC and brown birds being easier to capture. In the local enhancement test, two PC individuals and the brown PC group as a whole successfully used human-given cues to locate food rewards. These results indicate that, as observed in other species, chickens-especially those with positive human experiences-can associate humans with rewarding outcomes. Positive interactions may also lead chickens to perceive humans as social buffers-that is, as factors that help mitigate stress in challenging situations. Although fundamental, this study highlights the potential of breed-sensitive approaches to improve poultry welfare and opens the discussion on adapting human-animal interactions to breed-specific characteristics. These insights can inform welfare-enhancing practices and provide practical tools for on-farm management that benefit both animals and farmers.

Exploring Power Dynamics: An Analysis of Power Bases in University Classroom Settings

Classroom interaction is crucial for student engagement and learning (Uijl et al., 2017). Power dynamics significantly influence these interactions, potentially fostering or hindering them. This study analyses the existence and manifestation of French and Raven's (1959) five power bases within university classrooms in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected through 25 hours of classroom observation and interviews with three instructors and twelve students (N=15). The data were analysed using conversation analysis and critical discourse analysis. The findings revealed the presence of all five power bases. Reward, legitimate, referent, and expert power were associated with positive interaction, while coercive power had a negative impact. The study concludes that an awareness of these power dynamics can inform pedagogical practices to enhance student engagement and create a more equitable learning environment in Saudi university contexts. Further research is needed to explore the long-term impact of these dynamics.

Police-Youth Programs as Citizen-State Interactions: A Case Study of Police and Underrepresented Youth Perceptions

Interactions with government impact the perceptions and experiences of underrepresented and marginalized groups. Public agencies are increasingly implementing programs designed explicitly for underrepresented citizens to improve these interactions. In the United States, the Miami-Dade County, Florida police-youth program aims to promote positive perceptions and experiences for underrepresented and marginalized youth through citizen-state interactions. This case study qualitatively examined the features and impact of a police-youth program using virtual semi-structured interviews with police officers and youth. The findings revealed that building trusting relationships between the police and marginalized youth requires an understanding of the contexts marginalized youth are embedded in, as well as informal and positive interactions. Despite the program’s best efforts, negative perceptions of the police are common among marginalized youth and are influenced by media, history, and personal or vicarious police encounters. Thus, efforts to improve perceptions may take time and persistence.

Investigating the Effect of Lecturer-Student Interaction on Student Engagement in Class

Lecturer-student interaction, as a key determinant of student attitudes toward learning and academic performance, has garnered considerable attention and investigation by researchers. A positive interaction between lecturers and students can help students bolster their learning engagement. This study undertakes a review of relevant literature and research concerning lecturer-student interactions and examines its effects on student engagement at a public university in Vietnam. A self-designed cross-sectional quantitative survey was used in this study. Analysis of the 225 responses indicates that students exhibit a significant interest in lecturer-student interactions, and the current level of such interactions is relatively high. Additionally, the findings reveal a positive correlation between lecturer-student interactions and student engagement, and demonstrate a substantial effect of that interaction on student engagement. Specifically, when students perceive a high degree of care, support, and rapport from lecturers, they exhibit increased involvement in learning across behavioural, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. The limitations and academic suggestions for further research are also addressed in this study.

Barriers and facilitators to patient utilization of noncommunicable disease services in primary healthcare facilities in Nepal: a qualitative study

BackgroundThe Nepalese government endorsed and implemented the Package of Essential Non-Communicable Disease Interventions (PEN) by the World Health Organization (WHO) to prevent and manage four major non-communicable diseases (NCDs): cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases. This study explored barriers and facilitators to patient utilization of NCD services at primary healthcare facilities in Nepal.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study with a 35 purposive sample of patients living with one or more NCDs (hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD/ asthma) who sought healthcare at primary healthcare facilities in 14 randomly selected districts in seven provinces in Nepal that implemented PEN. Trained qualitative researchers conducted in-depth interviews in person in a private setting using a semi-structured interview guide developed based on the Health Belief Model in the local language. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded inductively and deductively, and analyzed by a framework approach using Dedoose software.ResultsFrom the perspectives of patients, key facilitators of service utilization encompassed free medicines, low-cost services, geographical and financial accessibility, less waiting time, positive interactions with health service providers, experiencing improvements in their health conditions, and support from family and peers. Barriers to utilizing services included inadequate health services (e.g., lack of medications and equipment), inaccessibility and affordability, inadequate health-related information from health service providers, low knowledge of NCD care, and lack of reminders or follow-ups.ConclusionEnhancing NCD service utilization is potentially attainable through interventions that address patients’ knowledge, self-motivation, and misconceptions. Furthermore, strengthening the availability and accessibility of crucial services such as laboratory investigations, medications, equipment, and the patient-provider relationship is crucial for the sustainable implementation of PEN.

Adapting the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process for Faculty to Effectively Support and Meet Student Needs.

Adapting the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process for Faculty to Effectively Support and Meet Student Needs.