Indirect Positive Relationship Research Articles

Age–rank correlations and firm‐level outcomes: The moderating role of environmental dynamism

SummaryTraditionally, older employees have held higher positions in the organizational hierarchy. However, today, there is significant variation among firms in the extent to which age is correlated with rank. In this study, we integrate the career timetable and social exchange theory to propose that age–rank correlation is related to organizational performance, serially mediated by the perceived age discrimination climate and organizational innovation. We further suggest that the direction of this indirect relationship depends on firms' environmental dynamism. We find support for our moderated serial mediation framework using multisource data from 12,829 employees, 68 top HR representatives, and 229 top managers in 68 firms. Under lower levels of environmental dynamism, age–rank correlation was negatively related to perceived age discrimination climate and had a positive indirect relationship with organizational performance. Under higher levels of environmental dynamism, age–rank correlation was positively related to perceived age discrimination climate and had a negative indirect relationship with organizational performance. Our study provides a more nuanced view of the fading link between age and rank, which has typically been viewed negatively and from an individual perspective only. Additionally, our results have important practical implications for organizations navigating a shifting workforce demographic in increasingly dynamic environments.

Are Emotional Labor Strategies Good or Bad for Work Engagement Among Chinese Preschool Teachers? The Mediating Role of Teacher Efficacy and Grit

ABSTRACT Teacher work engagement is critical for work performance and child development, yet there is a limited understanding of how it is shaped from the perspective of teachers’ emotion. Based on the job demand-resource model, this study tested the relationship between emotional labor strategies, teacher efficacy, grit, and work engagement. Research Findings: Through structural equation modeling, self-reports of 647 Chinese preschool teachers revealed that (1) expression of naturally felt emotions showed both a direct and an indirect (via teacher efficacy and grit) positive relationship with work engagement; (2) deep acting was associated with work engagement via promoted teacher efficacy; (3) surface acting was associated with work engagement via weakened teacher efficacy. Neither deep acting nor surface acting was linked to engagement via teacher grit. Practice or Policy: The findings call for attention to teacher emotion which is particularly important for preschool teachers in Chinese society. Guidance is needed for teachers to aptly use felt emotions to achieve classroom goals and translate the regulating process into positive beliefs about themselves.

How does leader emotional labor influence employee voice: the mediating roles of psychological safety and perceived voice efficacy

Purpose This study aims to explore the impact of leader emotional labor on employee voice. According to the emotion as information theory and the voice as a deliberate decision-making process framework, this study develops and tests a model that examines the mediating effects of psychological safety and perceived voice efficacy in this relationship. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted two studies to test hypotheses. Study 1 used a quantitative research methodology using a two-wave survey of 435 employees and 58 leaders in China. The research model was analyzed using multilevel path analyses. Study 2 collected 301 full-time employees from Prolific Platform. Hypotheses were tested using Mplus. Findings The results in Study 1 reveal that leader deep acting has a positive indirect relationship with employee voice via psychological safety. Conversely, leader surface acting has a negative indirect effect on employee voice through psychological safety. The results in Study 2 supported the hypotheses. Originality/value This study contributes to the voice as a deliberative process literature by introducing leader emotional labor as an antecedent of voice behavior. Additionally, this study indicates that perceived psychological safety and perceived voice efficacy are two important mediating mechanisms for implementing voice behavior.

Fuse and fracture? The janus face of proactive personality in ostracism

AbstractDespite the well identified personality-related factors that drive ostracism, the dual role that a proactive personality plays in influencing ostracism has received little scholarly attention. Drawing on social exchange and social comparison theories, we develop a social relational model of peers’ reactions to a focal proactive member. Findings reveal that a focal member’s proactive personality not only enhances peers’ cognition-based trust in the focal person, but also triggers peers’ feeling of relative deprivation. The peers’ cognition-based trust, in turn, weakens—whereas the feeling of relative deprivation strengthens—peers’ ostracism of the focal proactive member. The focal member’s prosocial motive and proself motive further moderate these relationships. Specifically, prosocial motive strengthens the negative indirect relationship between a focal person’s proactive personality and peers’ ostracism through peers’ cognition-based trust in the focal person. Moreover, proself motive amplifies the positive indirect relationship between a focal person’s proactive personality and peers’ ostracism through peers’ feeling of relative deprivation.

A moderated mediation model of green human resource management

ABSTRACT Our paper develops and tests a moderated mediation model of green human resource management (HRM). Time-lagged data gathered were utilized to assess climate for green initiative (GI) as a mediator of the impact of green HRM on green voice behavior (GVB) and test green servant leadership (SL) as a moderator of the indirect link of green HRM to GVB via climate for GI. Results from partial least squares structural equation modeling denote that climate for GI partly mediates the linkage between green HRM and GVB. Unexpectedly, green SL reduces the indirect positive relationship of green HRM to GVB via climate for GI. By gauging the aforesaid relationships, our paper augments the existing knowledge regarding the mediating mechanism relating green HRM to GVB. Our paper also augments the green management literature by treating green SL as a moderator.

Impact of Leader’s Goal Framing on Followership Behavior: The Role of Work Meaning and Power Dependence

While there is growing interest in leader–follower relationships in the leadership literature, little is known about how a leader’s framing effect triggers employees’ proactive behaviors. This research aims to extend previous knowledge about the effects of leaders’ goal framing and uncover their potential impacts on followership behaviors. Drawing on social information processing theory, this study proposes that both types of goal framing (gaining and losing) indirectly influence employees’ followership behaviors by mobilizing their sense of work meaning, especially when they have a power dependence on their leaders, using the method of questionnaire measurement, CFA analysis, hierarchical regression analysis, and the bootstrap tested hypotheses. The results show that gain framing indirectly contributes to employees’ followership behaviors by enhancing work meaning. Furthermore, this positive indirect relationship is stronger for employees with high power dependence. Yet another finding reveals that loss framing negatively impacts followership behavior by reducing employees’ sense of work meaning, which is unaffected by power dependence. From the perspective of the framing effect, this study verifies the influence of goal framing on employees’ behaviors and illustrates the effect of work meaning as a mechanism of goal framing on followership behavior.

Once a job crafter, always a job crafter? Investigating job crafting in organizations as a reciprocal self-concordant process across time

Research depicts job crafting as a desirable, ongoing employee behavior rather than a one-off event. However, insights are lacking into how employees’ active engagement in job crafting may be sustained across time. In this study, we advance a dynamic framework of how changes that follow employees’ periods of job crafting may, in turn, motivate versus impede continued crafting of one’s job role over time. Drawing from self-concordance theorizing, we propose and test a framework on how job crafting and employees’ attainment of self-concordant and organizational work goals are reciprocally related over time. Longitudinal data from a large, three-wave study collected over four years among church ministers support a positive reciprocal relationship between job crafting and self-concordant goal attainment, as well as an indirect positive relationship between job crafting and organizational goal attainment via self-concordant goal attainment. However, in line with our theorizing, organizational goal attainment did not predict subsequent job crafting. Instead, high organizational goal attainment weakened the extent to which job crafting at one time point positively related to job crafting at the next time point. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings for employees’ continued engagement in job crafting in organizations.

The fraternity/sorority experience revisted: The relationships between fraternity/sorority membership and student engagment, learning outcomes, grades, and satisfaction with college

Fraternities and sororities are an important part of American higher education. However, some scholars question the value of fraternities and sororities. Recent research on the educational outcomes of fraternity/sorority membership is limited, with more research focused on health and safety issues. The present research addresses the gap in the literature by examining the direct and indirect relationships among fraternity/sorority membership, student engagement, and college outcomes using structural equation modeling and data from the 2017 administration of the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE). Results revealed fraternity/sorority membership had significant, positive direct relationships with student engagement and strong positive indirect relationships with self-reports of learning, and acting through student engagement. Moreover, despite being less diverse than students in general, fraternity/sorority members reported higher levels of interaction with people different from themselves than did other students. In addition, the largest positive effects were generally found for first-year students, arguing against deferring recruitment until the second semester or second year. Membership in a fraternity or sorority was negatively related to self-reported grades, particularly for males and seniors.

The Mediator Role of Empathy and Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship between Alexithymia and Emotional Expression Styles

Although there are studies on the effect of alexithymia on expressed emotion, emotion expression in people with alexithymia was not specifically examined. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between alexithymia and emotional expression styles and whether emotional intelligence and empathy mediate this relationship. A total of 254 teacher candidates were evaluated using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Empathy Quotient Scale, Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, and Emotional Expression Styles Inventory. We performed the analyses using structural equation models. Our results revealed that alexithymia indirectly affected the expression style of happiness and sadness emotions negatively and emotional intelligence and empathy played a mediator role in this effect of alexithymia. Also, an indirect positive relationship was identified between alexithymia and anger expression style, and it was found that this relationship was mediated by emotional intelligence. Accordingly, emotional expression styles were also related to other variables. The present study also determined that alexithymia level was significantly and negatively correlated with emotional intelligence and empathy levels. This is the first study to reveal that alexithymia is related to emotional expression styles and that emotional intelligence and empathy also have mediator roles in emotional expression styles. expression styles were also related to other variables.

Protean career orientation to turnover intentions: moderating roles of current organizational career growth and future organizational career growth prospect

PurposeTargeting at the inconsistent relationship between protean career orientation and turnover intentions, this study aims to uncover when and why such inconsistency occurs. It emphasized the mediating role of organizational identification and moderating effects of current organizational career growth and future organizational career growth prospect.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a three-wave time-lagged study over seven months, with a sample of 1,012 participants from various occupations.FindingsThe relationship of protean career orientation to turnover intentions via organizational identification was negative when current organizational career growth was high, and it was positive when current growth was low. Future organizational career growth prospect weakened organizational identification–turnover intentions relationship. Those two moderators jointly influenced the indirect relationship. For employees low in both states, the positive indirect relationship was the most significant.Originality/valueBy integrating social identity theory and social cognitive theory, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of protean career orientation–turnover intentions relationship. It also enriches studies on protean career orientation and organizational identification–turnover intentions relationship.

Task Interdependence, Team Identity and Team Performance: A Bottom-Up Multilevel Model

Most research on social identity theory has been separately examined either at the team or individual levels. This paper aims to expand the use of the social identity theory and illuminates an emerging mechanism of task interdependence at the individual level that can affect the nature of the team identity by testing how team power distance act as a moderator Iraqi universities, this study employs multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) with Mplus 7.2 to test the model. The results reveal a positive indirect relationship between individual-level task interdependence and team performance through team identity. In addition, team power distance does not moderate a positive relationship between individual-level task interdependence and team identity. This study illuminates the link between task interdependence and team identity, which can eventually occur through a bottom-up mechanism to obtain high team performance. This study is novel for several reasons. First, this study finds a bottom-up mechanism between task interdependence at the individual level to team performance through team identity. Second, this study offers new empirical findings that, in the context of a middle east culture known as the high level of power distance, team power distance (i.e., contextual variable) does not associate with the interdependence of an individual to perform tasks and team identity. In addition, this answers the research call to investigate the dynamic interactions between individuals in teams and team-based overall, which has not been discussed in previous studies.

How Bottom-Line Mentality Leads to Abusive Supervision? Investigating the Mediating Effects of Anxiety.

By integrating the theory of workplace anxiety with a self-regulatory theory, this study investigates the mediating role of workplace anxiety in the relationship between leader bottom-line mentality and abusive supervision targeting the follower, as well as the moderating effect of rules climate on leaders' emotion-behavior process. A total of 393 employees and 91 supervising managers participated in the multi-source, two-wave survey. To test our hypotheses, we performed the regression analysis and conducted bootstrapping analyses using the Hayes PROCESS Model. Findings indicated that leader bottom-line mentality has a positive indirect relationship with abusive supervision via workplace anxiety. In addition, rules climate weakens abusive supervision for workplace anxiety, revealing a significant moderate effect. Leaders with high BLM encapsulate apprehension and tension, which are deficient in fostering workplace anxiety as an important affect process that facilitates abusive supervision. During this process, we identify rules climate as an important boundary condition for our model and theorization.

청소년의 학업 스트레스와 인터넷 과의존

Objectives The purposes of this study were to verify whether adolescents’ withdrawal moderates the positive in-direct relationship between academic stress and internet overdependence via depression·anxiety. 
 Methods This study used the data of 320 adolescents who participated in the 16th year of the Korea Welfare Panel Study (KWEPS) conducted Korea Institute for Health ans Social Affairs (KIHSA, 2022). We analyzed the mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation effects after calculating descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients of focal variables with reliability of instruments using SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS Macro 4.2 (Model 4 and Model 7).
 Results The results are as follows: First, Adolescents’ academic stress had a significant positive effect on internet overdependence. Second, adolescents’ depression·anxiety negatively mediated the relationship between aca-demic stress and internet overdependence. Third, adolescents’ withdrawal moderated the relationship between academic stress and depression·anxiety. Fourth, adolescents’ withdrawal moderated the indirect relationship between academic stress and internet overdependence via depression·anxiety. 
 Conclusions When reducing adolescents’ internet overdependence, activities that reduce academic stress, de-pression·anxiety, and withdrawal should be included.

News portals as a gateway to civic engagement: the case of South Korea

Applying the communication mediation model and the communication infrastructure theory in the Korean news media environment, the current study investigates the potential of news portals as a gateway to civic engagement through online discussion. Specifically, this study distinguishes the active use of news portals for information about community issues and public affairs (e.g. commenting, passing along and searching for information) from the passive use of news portals (i.e. simple reception of information). An analysis of a national survey of 1294 Korean adults shows that active, not passive, use of news portals positively predicts online community discussion to subsequently increase cognitive, psychological, and behavioral dimensions of civic engagement: neighborhood belonging, collective efficacy, and civic participation. Importantly, active portal use's indirect positive relationship with civic engagement through online community discussion is stronger among people with higher news portal credibility. Implications are further discussed in the context of Korean news portals.

Relationship between teacher and student psychological well-being in a Japanese context

ABSTRACT Psychological well-being (PWB) encompasses the positive aspects of mental health, such as hedonic wellbeing (experience of enjoyment and pleasure), eudaimonic wellbeing (experience of self-actualization), and life satisfaction (global evaluation of quality of life). Japanese teachers suffer from poor PWB with a high incidence of mental health problems. Despite the potentially significant impact of poor Japanese teachers’ PWB on their students’ PWB, these associations have remained largely unexplored. The present study investigated if teacher PWB has any relationship with student PWB and if teacher-student relationship, students’ abilities for resilience, and classroom climate mediate the teacher and student PWB relationship, with 46 teachers and 1,256 children aged 8–12 years from Japanese schools. A multilevel mediation analysis revealed an indirect positive relationship between Japanese teacher life satisfaction and Japanese student hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing mediated by students’ abilities for resilience. There was no relationship between teacher and student hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing. Nonetheless, the findings still imply that promoting teacher life satisfaction may contribute to the promotion of student hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing. Future researchers could investigate if a school-based intervention targeted at both Japanese teachers and students would more effectively promote PWB among students than would such interventions aimed only at students.

The interplay among green absorptive capacity, green entrepreneurial, and learning orientations and their effect on triple bottom line performance

AbstractThis research paper aims at examining the effect of three green capabilities, namely, green entrepreneurial orientation, green learning orientation, and green absorptive capacity, on triple bottom line firm performance under the natural resource‐based view (NRBV) lens. Data were collected through self‐administered surveys distributed among large firms in Egypt that have sustainability initiatives. A total of 211 responses were received, and data analysis was conducted using SMARTPLS 4.0. Results indicated an insignificant direct relationship between green entrepreneurial orientation and triple bottom line firm performance, yet results showed a positive indirect relationship between green entrepreneurial orientation and triple bottom line firm performance in the presence of green learning orientation as a mediator. Moreover, results indicated a positive indirect relationship between green entrepreneurial orientation and triple bottom line firm performance in the presence of green absorptive capacity as a mediator. Last but not the least, the relationship between green entrepreneurial orientation and triple bottom line firm performance was found to be positive when sequentially mediated by green learning orientation and green absorptive capacity.

To Trust or Not to Trust? Exploring the Roles of Facebook and WhatsApp Use and Network Diversity

ABSTRACT Grounded in the theory of network-based social capital, this study examined and compared how Facebook and WhatsApp’s sociability use connected with generalized trust through the mediation of network diversity. Analyzing data from an online survey of 1,329 Hong Kong residents, this study found that Facebook’s sociability use had a positive indirect relationship with generalized trust through increased network diversity, whereas WhatsApp’s sociability use did not influence generalized trust. Those findings unraveled the divergent social implications possessed by different social media platforms and were further discussed from the network-centered perspective of social capital

Impact of gender equality on implementation of land use rights through land access of ethnic minorities in central Vietnam

The study was conducted to test the impact of gender equality on implementing land use rights through land access of ethnic minorities. Preliminary scale evaluation using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and EFA exploratory factor analysis with 100 survey samples was performed using SPSS 26.0 software. The official quantitative research model was tested by the partial minimum average method (PLS) in SmartPLS3 software with 349 survey samples from 3 ethnic minority groups, including Cham, Bana, and Hre, in Binh Dinh province, a province in the center of Vietnam. Research results show that all three ethnic groups, Cham, Bana, and Hre, who participated in the survey, said that women currently face many disadvantages in accessing land and exercising land use rights compared to men. The research results confirm a solid positive indirect and positive relationship between gender equality and the exercise of land use rights through the intermediate variable of land access. The research results contribute some theoretical implications in developing land policies to achieve equality in land access, improve land access and realize land use rights for ethnic minorities women.

Assessing the sustainable development of firms: The moderating role of transformational leadership and firm size

AbstractDue to escalating environmental problems and challenges, ensuring sustainable development (SD) has become a matter of concern for organizations worldwide at a precinct scale. This study aims to integrate the variables, which are antecedents of SD through direct and indirect paths. The managers as participants of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises have helped the researchers to explore the role of green knowledge management (GKM) and green dynamic capacity with the intervention of green innovation and competitive advantage in achieving SD. The results achieved through structural equation modeling revealed positive and significant direct and indirect relationships, however, the intervening role of green innovation and green competitive advantage between GKM and SD show insignificant results. Interestingly, we have also identified two significant moderators as a part of this study: large firm size and transformational leadership. This research has important implications and significant contributions to theory and practice. It can be considered innovative by using a range of antecedents in an integrated way, proposing and testing a theoretical model of SD in a developing country Pakistan, which is affirmed and committed to achieving SDGs by the year 2030.

The theory of sustainability values and travel behavior

PurposeThis paper reports the results of research that examines the interrelationships between efficacy of sustainability values (SV) and pro-sustainable behaviors of potential tourists. A partially mediated model is postulated and tested to help explain additional error variance in predicting consumers’ destination choice decisions in tourism, hence voiding a critical research gap. Coined as the “environmentally intellectualist behavior,” a new mediator variable is tested to explain additional error variance in human-value models.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on data collected from two representative samples of potential tourists from the USA and Canada. Data analyses include exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses that were used to examine the underlying domain structures of SV, followed by a predictive model using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe study findings suggest that values are salient factors that underlie pro-sustainable tourism and travel behavior. Moreover, the results confirm the existence of a higher-order sustainability construct. The study contributes original insights to the field by demonstrating that there are direct and indirect positive relationships between SV, environmental behaviors and decisions of consumers who take a pro-sustainable stance when traveling.Originality/valueBy modeling values as antecedents to attitudes and testing interrelationships between SV and the mediator variables coined as the environmentally intellectual behavior, the authors developed and tested a predictive model to explain destination- and product choice decisions. The model tested herein advances the value theory in two fundamental ways: first, this study demonstrates that SV can be modeled as higher-order factors. Second, values are antecedents to attitude and other variables, therefore must be included in consumer behavior models. Finally, the culture or origin of tourists matters when examining the impact of values on tourists’ choice decisions. Political actions and environmental attitudes can be modeled as mediators to explain additional error variance.