Positive Family History Of Obesity Research Articles

The Magnitude and Related Risk Factors of Obesity and Overweight among Medical Students at Shendi University, Sudan

Background: Today, obesity is a serious health issue that is growing around the world. Almost 500 million adults worldwide were obese, and 1.5 billion were overweight, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) report. This number is estimated to increase in the years to come. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of obesity and overweight among medical students at the Shendi University College of Medicine and its relationship to demographic parameters. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted on medical students of the faculty of medicine at Shendi University, and a sample of students was systematically randomly collected. Data was collected by using an open and closed questionnaire. Direct measurement of weight and height, then the calculation of BMI. Also, direct measurement of waist and hip, then the calculation of WHR. Results: 43% of the students were classified as average. 26% of people were overweight, and 21% were obese. In other words, the study discovered that women are more likely than men to be overweight or obese. According to the findings, those who live in urban areas gain weight noticeably more than people who live in rural areas. Regarding the behavioral aspect, there was a substantial relationship between those with a positive family history of obesity and those who are of normal weight, as well as a positive relationship between those who ate more than two meals each day. Conclusions: University students frequently engage in risky health behaviors, so it's important to educate them on how to prevent them, especially when it comes to topics like exercise and nutrition. For the sake of their health and the health of future generations, prospective healthcare professionals must adopt the proper eating habits and a healthy lifestyle. We advise modifying BMI to account for fat distribution and coexisting diseases to gain a thorough understanding of the current situation.

Perception of knowledge and attitude, of safety, effectiveness consequences, and management of bariatric surgery among the community in Jazan City

Objective: To investigate the attitude and knowledge of the Saudi community in Jazan City regarding obesity. Methods: A sample of 480 citizens participated in the study, which was conducted in 2023. The average age of the population was 30 years. Consenting participants completed an anonymous online questionnaire requesting information on their demographics, obesity risk factors, and opinions on bariatric surgery. Results: Most of the study participants (87.3%) were aged 18 - 40 years. Females represented 56.5% and 43.5% were males; 61.5% had a bachelor's degree (RS, 27.3% > 10,000 RS); 61.7% were single, and 38.3% were married. The mean height of the study population was 162.05 ± 9.825, with a mean weight of 69.12 ± 18.195 and a body mass index of 26.11 ± 6. The primary causes of obesity were lack of exercise and excessive eating. Furthermore, 64% had a positive family history of obesity; 72% had good knowledge, 28% had moderate knowledge, and

A Cross-sectional Study on Determinants of Overweight and Obesity among College Students Perusing Selected Allied Health Courses at Jamnagar City, Gujarat.

Introduction: College students perusing health allied courses like Medical, Dental, Ayurveda and Physiotherapy are at a greater risk for overweight/obesity compared to their counterparts studying in other streams due to speci ic risk factors. Objectives: 1) The present study was conducted to ind prevalence of obesity and overweight and their determinants in college-going students. 2) Internal comparison of obesity and overweight between students perusing selected health allied courses at Jamnagar City, Gujarat. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 985 Medical, Dental, Ayurvedic and Physiotherapy college students using proportion of annual intake in each college. Data was collected using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire. Students were classi ied using Asian BMI cut-off. Chi-square test, ANOVA and Univariate logistic analysis were used as statistical tools. Results: Out of the total sample size of 985, 18.37% students were obese and 13.80% students were overweight. Higher mean BMI was seen in medical college students as compared to students of other colleges (F ratio = 3.58, p-value <0.01). Highest proportion of obesity was present in medical students (22.92%) and highest proportion of overweight was present in Dental students (19.02%). Increasing age is associated with higher prevalence of overweight/obesity (r = 0.70, p < 0.001, t = 30.29) Conclusion: Students who are older, male, have a positive family history of obesity or overweight, eat a mixed diet, consume more junk food, and spend more time sitting down than moving around are more likely to be overweight or obese.

Preventing NASH with Empagliflozin and Linagliptin: A Diabetic Drug Combination

Objective: To determine the effect of anti-diabetic drug combination of 25mg empagliflozin and 5mg linagliptin for the prevention of NASH. Study Design & Setting: Quasi-Experimental Study design, Department of Gastroenterology, Medicare Cardiac and General Hospital Karachi from October 2022 to March 2023. Methodology: This study was carried out after approval from the ethical board of the hospital. The selection criteria of patients included positive family history of obesity, hyperlipidemia/ hypertriglyceridemia, hypothyroidism, smoking and F3 Fibrosis on transient elastography. The initial screening of clinical history, physical examination, laboratory findings were recorded after taking the written consent from each patient. The baseline findings were recorded and the effect of drugs was examined after follow-up of six months. Results: The study included 150 patients who received the treatment of empagliflozin and linagliptin. The mean age of these patients was 37±4.9 years. Majority of them were males 76% and 60% were diagnosed type 2 diabetes more than 5 years ago. Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia were found in 16.7% in patients with headache of 26.7%. The baseline findings were significantly changed with effective and favorable results as p-value<0.001. Conclusion: The treatment with combine effect of the antidiabetic drugs empagliflozin (25 mg) and linagliptin (5 mg) showed a safety profile of preventing NASH with the fixed dose. It reduced the ALT and AST levels, reduced BMI, triglyceride level, HBA1C and the risk of progression of advance liver disease NASH. After taking antidiabetic drugs, Fibrosis was improved and it showed F1–F2 on transient elastography.

A Sociodemographic Analysis of the Impact of COVID-19-Related Schools’ Closure on the Diet and Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents in Qatar

ObjectivesTo assess the impact of the COVID-19-related closure of government schools in Qatar on children and adolescents' dietary habits and physical activities and associated sociodemographic factors.MethodsAn analytical cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August 2022 utilizing the national electronic health records system in Qatar to extract a sampling frame of students enrolled in governmental schools, specifically targeting students in 3rd to 9th grades, stratified by sex and developmental stage. A stratified sampling technique was employed to randomly select a proportionate number of students from each stratum, and data were collected through telephone interviews with the parents of selected students.ResultsA total of 1546 interviews were completed by the end of the study. Of the included sample, 845 (54.7%) were between 8 and 11 years of age (middle childhood), while the rest were 12–15 years old (young teens and teenagers). Male to female ratio was almost 1:1. We found a significant decrease in the intake of vegetables, increases in the intake of soft drinks, fried food, fast food, and sweets, and a reduction in physical activity during schools’ closure compared to before. Higher parental educational levels, maternal employment, and having a positive family history of obesity and/or overweight in first-degree relatives were significantly associated with adverse lifestyle changes during schools’ closure.ConclusionThe trends of lifestyle changes reported in this study during the periods of COVID-19-related schools’ closure were found to be going in a health-compromising direction. These results underscore the importance of implementing targeted interventions to promote healthy lifestyles during such disruptions and emphasize the need to address lifestyle changes beyond emergencies and outbreaks to mitigate potential long-term health consequences, including the increased risk of non-communicable diseases.

Insights into the implication of obesity in hypogonadism among adolescent boys.

This research aimed at uncovering the mechanisms behind obesity-related hypogonadism in adolescent boys and to investigate the association between anthropometric characteristics and testicular functions of these boys. This study included 60 adolescent boys (12-18 years) with exogenous obesity (BMI≥95th percentile) and 30 age matched lean controls (BMI=15th-85th percentile). Full clinical examination, anthropometric measurements and pubertal assessment were performed. Laboratory investigations included hemoglobin, hematocrit, lipid panel, LH, FSH, free and total testosterone, inhibin B and estradiol. The results indicated the presence of positive family history of obesity in 85% of obese boys vs. 40% of the lean counterparts. Concerning SBP of obese boys, 7%were hypertensive (95th percentile), 25% were prehypertensive (between 90th and 95th percentiles) while, DBP findings showed that 33% are hypertensive and 33% are prehypertensive. Meanwhile, 13.3% of lean controls were prehypertensive. Anthropometric measurements and lipid profile values revealed a significant difference between obese and lean boys. Compared to obese boys the normal weight boys had higher levels of free testosterone (21.15±2.90pg/mL vs. 11.38±3.96pg/mL, p<0.001), total testosterone (10.59±6.63ng/dL vs. 3.23±1.70ng/dL, p<0.001), FSH (7.33±3.75mIU/mL vs. 5.63±3.96mIU/mL, p=0.026) and inhibin B (83.28±27.66pg/mL vs. 62.90±17.85pg/mL, p=0.001) and they registered lower level of estradiol (18.48±7.33pg/mL vs. 40.20±7.91pg/mL, p<0.001). In obese boys, BMI SDS significantly correlated with lipid profile and estradiol whereas, it showed significant negative correlation with LH, free and total testosterone and inhibin B. Penile length significantly correlated with LH while it revealed significant negative correlation with cholesterol. This study evidenced a close association between obesity and hypogonadism in adolescent boys which could be due to the increased estradiol level and decreased T/E2 ratio.

A Cross Sectional Study of Proportion and Determinants of Overweight and Obesity among Undergraduate Medical Students of a City in Western Gujarat

Introduction: Obesity is one of the major lifestyle disorders in India and its incidence has rapidly increased during recent decades. Medical students are more prone for obesity, due to, their sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise, disordered eating habits, increased stress. Objective: To find the proportion of overweight/obesity among medical students and identify the contributing/associated factors. Method: A cross-sectional study was done among 435 medical students aged 18-23 years. Height and weight were measured. Body mass index (BMI) cut off was taken as Asian cut-off. Dietary habits like vegetarian/mix vegetarian, frequency of consumption of fast foods were assessed. Along with-it Physical activity and positive family history of obesity and overweight were also assessed. Approval was taken from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS. Results: Proportion of overweight 14.25% and obesity 8.73% was obtained among medical students. There was statistically not significant association between proportion of generalized obesity noted in males compared to females. There is statistically significant higher chance of being overweight/obese when sedentary time is &gt;2 hours and with increasing junk food frequency. Conclusion: Medical students have a high proportion of obesity and are thus more prone for obesity-related risks. The present study will help in enhancing self-awareness among the medical students for practising healthy life style.

Socioeconomic inequality in different phenotypes of childhood obesity and its determinants in Iran: a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method

BackgroundChildhood obesity has become a significant public health issue worldwide. Socioeconomic status is among its key determinants. This study examined the socioeconomic inequality in different phenotypes of childhood obesity at the national level in Iran.MethodsThis national, multistage school cross-sectional study was undertaken in 2015 on 14,400 students aged 7–18 years from urban and rural areas of 30 provinces of Iran. Using principal component analysis, socioeconomic status (SES) was categorized into tertiles. SES inequality in different phenotypes of obesity (i.e., generalized obesity", "abdominal obesity", and combined obesity) was estimated using the concentration index. The determinants of this inequality were assessed by the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method.ResultsOverall, 14,274 students completed the study (response rate: 99%). The mean age was 12.28 years, 50.6% were boys, and 71.42% lived in urban areas. The prevalence of generalized obesity and abdominal obesity was 20.8% and 11.3%, respectively. The concentration index for different phenotypes of obesity was positive, indicating that inequality is more common amongst the low SES groups. High SES, being male, living in a rural, and having a positive family history of obesity were associated with general obesity. Moderate physical activity and living in a rural area were associated with abdominal obesity. In addition, living in a rural area, having a high SES, being male, and having a positive family history of obesity were associated with combined obesity.ConclusionAccording to the present study findings, all childhood obesity phenotypes were more prevalent in Iranian children with high SES. Therefore, due to obesity and other diseases, it is essential to implement environmental changes in addition to designing macro-educational programs and prevention strategies.

Stress and Dietary Pattern Effect on Overweight and Obesity among Technical Nursing Students

Background: Many adolescents suffer from common mental disorders such as stress, which affects health through the psychosocial process, eating behavior, food choices and physical activity.. Aim: this study aims to assess the stress and dietary pattern effect on overweight and obesity among technical nursing students. Design: A descriptive relational research design was conduct this study. Setting: This study was conducted at all nursing institutes of Cairo Curative Organization's Hospitals (Heliopolis Hospital, Mabarret Masr Al- Qadimah Hospital, Mabara El Maadi Hospital, Coptic Hospital and El-Islah El-Islamy Hospital). Sample: Purposive sample of 85 overweight and obese students. Tools of data collection: Interview questionnaire (Socio-demographic data and feeding pattern data), compulsive Eating Scale and perceived Stress Scale. Results: Results of the study showed that, more than half of technical nursing students under study had positive family history of obesity and one third of them were obese and had high compulsivity level. Conclusions: More than three quarters of technical nursing students under study had moderate level of stress, and there was a positive correlation between dietary pattern and level of stress and a positive correlation between overweight, obesity and level of stress. Recommendations: Future studies should be done on large numbers of nursing students about their eating behavior and how they decrease their stress level.

Effect of exercise on lipid profile in males and females with a history of obesity in their first-degree relative

Background: Parental obesity is a major determinant of lipid profile in individuals. Long-term derangement of lipid profile can lead to increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Regular exercise can help to control the lipid profile in normal range. Aims and Objective: This study aims to see the effect of moderate intensity of exercise on lipid profile in both males and females with positive family history of obesity in their first-degree relatives (mother, father, or both). Materials and Methods: A total of 79 young, apparently healthy including 51 males and 28 females volunteer were selected in the study. The first-degree relative with body mass index >25 kg/m2 was considered as positive family history of obesity. Blood samples were taken for baseline lipid profile assessment then each subject had performed 30 min of moderate intensity exercise through cycle ergometer for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks of exercise, blood sample again collected. The estimation of serum lipid profile level was done in the pathology department. Results: Statistically significant reduction was observed between pre- and post-exercise blood triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in males. No statistically significant differences were observed between pre- and post-exercise blood cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and LDL levels in males, and pre- and post-exercise blood lipid profile levels in females. History of obesity in first-degree relative does not have direct impact on lipid profile in both genders. Conclusion: Lifestyle modification including exercise protocol and dietary restrictions has shown remarkable beneficial changes in each parameter of lipid profile according to literature.

Relationship between Diet Quality and Obesity in Tikrit Secondary Schools Students

This study to estimation the relation between diet quality and adiposity measures among secondary school students in Tikrit City. Patients and methods: cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological study was carried out to estimate the relation between diet quality and it’s association with anthropometric changes among 153 students (80 girls and 73 boys) in secondary school students in Tikrit city and also its association with demographic differences selected by means of a simple random sample. Results: In this study, a total of 153 secondary school students were surveyed. The majority were females (52,29%) and most of them (41.25%) were between 16-18 years old. Most of them (55.56%) had a BMI range from 18.5-25 and their waist-to-height ratio (&lt; 0.5) were (67.32%). (32.03%) of students had a family history of obesity while (67.97%) had a negative family history. Conclusions: Most of the students have a normal BMI (55.56%) , so the frequency of overweight was more common in female gender (60%), while in male (50.68%). And (32.03%) of students had a positive family history of obesity while (67.97%) had negative family history, From students who have a positive family history, (32.66%) had an overweight BMI (25-30) and (44.9%) waist-to-height ratio which considered as indication of central obesity.

Obesity in Primary Schools Children in Baquba City

Background: Obesity is an abnormal or increased fat accumulation in the body. Body mass index (BMI) defined as a person weight in kilograms divided by the square of his height in meters (kg/m2). It is a very simple index that more commonly used to identify overweight and obesity in adults. For childhood, the amount of body fat differs from that an adult because it differs according to the age and to the sex, so the BMI age- and sex- specific percentiles are used. Obesity in children is a real health problem worldwide especially in developed countries, as well as, it increases in developing countries. Childhood obesity predispose to type 2 diabetics, hypertension, liver and renal disease, cardiovascular diseases and adult obesity. Objective: To detect the prevalence and possible risk factors for childhood obesity in primary schools in Baqubah city from age 6 to 12 years. Patients and Methods: The study was cross-sectional study conducted on a random sample of 6 primary schools from different localities in Baqubah city, followed by a systematic random sample of 308 children aged from 6 to12 years of both sexes. A questionnaire sent to the parents to get information on socio-demographic characteristics, dietary habits, physical activity, family history of obesity and parents education and job. Children's height (cm), weight (Kg), and BMI-for-age were measured. Child's weight status was categorized based on WHO 2007 Growth Reference. This study was included 308 child, the mean age was 9.32±1.9year, 51.9% of the children were males, and 49.1% were female the mean BMI was 18.36±4. Only 2.5% of the studied sample were underweight, while 73.4%, 14.3% and 9.4% were of normal, overweight or obese respectively. Results: About 48% of children in this study eat sweets, 48.5% do regular sports, 48.7% watch TV or mobile for more than 2 hours daily. It was found that 34.7% of children got positive family history of obesity, regarding educational level of parents 39% of mothers and 42.9% of fathers got primary level of education and 33.1% of mothers, 31.2% of fathers got higher than secondary level. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 23.7% in primary schoolchildren in Baqubah city. The study supports the multi factorial etiology of obesity It showed that sedentary life style, positive family history and eating un healthy foods are risk factors.

Life style effects on hypertension and obesity in adolescents

Background: Studies based on effects of lifestyle on hypertension and obesity in adolescent age group are lacking in India. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of lifestyle associated risk factors in school going adolescents of Kendriya Vidyalaya in district Firozabad and their effects on hypertension and obesity.Methods: The study was carried out among 200 students of classes 9th and 11th in the age group of 13 to 17 years. Students were given a pre-designed questionnaire and feedback was taken about dietary practices and physical activity along with family history of hypertension and obesity. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure was measured in all children. Effects of lifestyle associated risk factors were determined on obesity and hypertension.Results: The study documents that inappropriate dietary practices (fast food consumption, low fruit intake) and less physical activity were strongly associated with high prevalence of obesity and hypertension in the adolescents. The study also showed that adolescents with positive family history of obesity and/or hypertension are also at higher risk. There was a positive correlation between high BMI and hypertension.Conclusions: School based interventions are required to educate the adolescent children about lifestyle modifications to reduce the morbidity associated with non-communicable diseases.

CORRELATION BETWEEN SPEXIN GENE MUTATION AND IRAQI CHILDREN OBESITY

Obesity is a real health problems all over the world and many causes may lead to it, such as genetic, nutrition, feeding behavior, metabolism, physical activity, medication or others. This research focused on the Genetic side of Iraqi children obesity by determination the role of spexin gene mutations and its hormone expression serum's level in obese children.Blood samples of 40 Healthy children volunteers aged between 6-12 years had been taken, 20 normal weight (control group) which their BMI ranged (21.34-20.41)kg /m2 and 20 obese group with BMI ranged between (24.22_22.04) kg/m2, and have a positive family history of obesity treated in the national center of obesity in Mosul. These samples were divided into two parts, whole blood and serum, whole blood had been used to extract the DNA and other analysis, while the serum used to estimate spexin hormone level. Theoretically spexin gene sequences from National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI had been divided into four parts, then specific primers for each part had been designed, and used to amplified every parts, then10 sample of each obese and normal group had been randomly selected and submitted to sequencing protocol by utilizing (DNA sequencer 3730XL). Circulating serum's Spexin level was significantly decreased in obese children (1119.4)pg/ml compared with the normal weight group (4410.64) pg/ ml Transition and transvertion mutations 70% were observed in the spexin gene sequences DNA of obesity group,while no mutation were recorded in the control most of the spexin gene recorded mutation of the obese children observed in the 5 untranslated region 5UTR and 3untranslated region 3UTR.While in the normal weight children no change recorded in the spexin gene sequences compared with the NCBI sequences of this gene. six transition and three transversion mutations found in the 5UTR in addition to one transversion mutation in the 3UTR. These results confirmed that these mutation in spexin gene may affected spexin hormone expression making its serum's level very low in the obese children compared with its level in control's serum which had been one of many causes of Iraqi children's obesity.

Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance in Obese Children as A Predictor for Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Obesity has emerged as one of the most serious public health concerns in the 21st century. HOMAIR scores are useful indicators of insulin resistance for research purposes. Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate HOMA-IR for insulin resistance in obese children, to correlate between HOMA-IR and metabolic syndrome in obese children and also to assess relation between insulin resistance and morbidity. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of ninety overweight and obese children, aged 4-8 years, attending at El-Zahraa University Hospital and National Institute of Nutrition. This study was conducted between from January 2018 to January 2019. All studied children were subjected to anthropometric measurement, blood pressure measuring, skin finding as acanthosis nigricans. Lab investigations including measurement of HBA1C, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides and insulin were done. Results: Mean and median values of HOMA-IR were significantly higher among patients with large birth weight than low and average birth weight and among patients with positive family history of obesity than negative ones. Participants illustrated a significant positive correlations between HOMA-IR and weight and BMI, SBP, DBP and serum cholesterol Conclusion: It could be concluded that homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index HOMA-IR in obese children is increased with increased body mass index, waist circumference systolic, diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, LDL-C, large birth weight, patients with positive family history of obesity and among patients with acanthosis nigricans.

Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance in Obese Children as A Predictor for Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Obesity has emerged as one of the most serious public health concerns in the 21st century. HOMAIR scores are useful indicators of insulin resistance for research purposes. Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate HOMA-IR for insulin resistance in obese children, to correlate between HOMA-IR and metabolic syndrome in obese children and also to assess relation between insulin resistance and morbidity. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of ninety overweight and obese children, aged 4-8 years, attending at El-Zahraa University Hospital and National Institute of Nutrition. This study was conducted between from January 2018 to January 2019. All studied children were subjected to anthropometric measurement, blood pressure measuring, skin finding as acanthosis nigricans. Lab investigations including measurement of HBA1C, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides and insulin were done. Results: Mean and median values of HOMA-IR were significantly higher among patients with large birth weight than low and average birth weight and among patients with positive family history of obesity than negative ones. Participants illustrated a significant positive correlations between HOMA-IR and weight and BMI, SBP, DBP and serum cholesterol Conclusion: It could be concluded that homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index HOMA-IR in obese children is increased with increased body mass index, waist circumference systolic, diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, LDL-C, large birth weight, patients with positive family history of obesity and among patients with acanthosis nigricans.

Childhood Overweight and Obesity and Associated Factors in Iranian Children and Adolescents: A Multilevel Analysis; the CASPIAN-IV Study.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to explore multidimensional factors related to childhood obesity and overweight based on the data gathered on different aspects of the general health status were assessed among a large number of Iranian children and adolescents in the fourth phase of the “Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Non-communicable disease” survey. It also aims to determine the degree to which each ecological context contributes to childhood overweight/obesity.Method: A total of 14,880 students and their parents were recruited. They filled out a questionnaire on their relationship with peers, body image, and psychosocial environment of school, dietary habits, life-style habits, physical activity pattern and socioeconomic status (SES). Their height, weight, was measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Obesity and overweight was defined based on the WHO growth chart. Multilevel modeling using three-level random intercept logistic regression models were used to assess predictors of overweight and obesity. In our hierarchical models, children (first level) were conceptualized as being nested within provinces (second level) and provinces within quad regions (third level).Result: From among the 13,486 recruited students, 9.7% were overweight and 11.9% were obese. In multivariate model (adjusted model), being boy (OR:1.58), living in urban area (OR:1.58), having positive family history of obesity (OR = 2.04), breakfast skipping (OR: 1.46), socioeconomic status (OR moderateSES/lowSES = 1.44 and OR highSES/lowSES = 1.89), and birth weight (BW) (OR normalBW/lowBW = 1.33 and OR highBW/lowBW = 1.8) were associated with childhood obesity. Increasing age was the only factor in the obesity model that had a significant preventive effect on the odds of becoming obese (OR = 0.96, P < 0.001). In multivariate model, living in urban area, increasing age, high and moderate SES, high BW and family history of obesity were the significant predictors of overweight.Conclusion: Our findings show that high BW, sociodemographic characteristics, breakfast skipping, and family history of obesity are associated with childhood obesity and overweight. Therefore, developing strategies that consider the effects of diverse sociodemographic and environmental factors on childhood overweight and obesity would be the most effective way to prevent and manage this multifactorial health concern.

Correction: Family history and obesity in youth, their effect on acylcarnitine/aminoacids metabolomics and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Structural equation modeling approach.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193138.].

Quality of Life of Obese School-Age Children and their Mothers' Perspectives in Cairo, Egypt

Background: Obesity is rapidly overtaking as a burden of the disease, it is expanding to include children, which put it on the top of the international public health agenda. Aim the study aimed to explore the quality of life among school-age children suffering from obesity and their mothers’ perspective in the Cairo governorate. Research design was descriptive correlational cross-sectional design. Setting: The study was carried out in selected governmental primary schools in Cairo governorate. Sample: In total, two hundred children and their mothers agreed to participate in the study. Tools: Two tools were used, I : Pre-designed Questionnaire interviewing Format which consisted of three parts: first part focused on socio-demographic data for children such as age, gender, grade level, their parents’ educational levels and family income of the studied sample. Second part focused on medical and family history. Third part focused on the nutritional habits of children. II: Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 which consisted of two part, first part: Children health-related quality of life to assess QoL of children which includes 3-items covering the physical, emotional, social and school functioning domains. Second part: Mothers’ perspective on the QoL of their children. Results: that the mean age of the participating school children was ૛.37 ± 1.8, ⯀3.5% of the children were obese and 5% of them had obesity class III. ⯀૛.5% of children have a positive family history of obesity. An overview of the QoL dimensions, showing the weighted means for physical, social, emotional, and school dimensions (1.૛⯀±0.43; 1.૛4±0.51; 1.⯀5±0.3૛; 1.80±0.43 respectively). These values indicate poor QoL. Conclusion: It was concluded that school-age children in the Cairo governorate had a poor QoL, with a statistically significant difference recorded with respect to age, BMI, and family income, and a highly statistically significant difference with the educational level of the mother of each child. However, no statistically significant difference was identified between QoL and gender. Recommendation: Establish education programs from school age onwards to teach families about healthy eating habits and raise awareness of health hazards associated with fast food consumption.

Epidemiology of obesity among primary school children (6–12 years), Menoufia Governorate

Objectives The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence and identify possible risk factors for obesity in a representative sample of primary school children (6–12 years) in Menoufia Governorate. Background Childhood obesity has more than tripled in the past 30 years. Patients and methods A case–control study nested in a cross-sectional study was carried out in Menoufia Governorate. It was conducted in El-Bagour district. The sample consisted of 306 students (148 boys and 158 girls). Children were asked to fill a predesigned questionnaire, and anthropometric measures were taken. Results The prevalence of obesity and overweight was 19.6%. It was significantly higher among girls (24.7%) than among boys (14.2%) and among urban participants (22.1%) than among rural ones (11.3%). The prevalence of obesity among children from families with sufficient income was significantly higher (22.4%) than that in children from families without sufficient income (9.2%), and in children with a positive family history of obesity (27.3%) than in those with a negative family history (14.6%). Obesity prevalence was significantly higher among children with intake of fast food more than three times per week (81.2%) than in children who consume fast food less than three times per week (1.7%). It was significantly higher among those who take high-calorie snacks like sweets or chips (30.9%) than in those who take low-caloric snacks like vegetables and fruits (13.3%). The prevalence of obesity among children who exercise for less than 2 h per day was significantly higher (34.6%) than that among those who exercise more than 2 h per day (8.9%). Conclusion Obesity is a serious health problem. To face this, there should be programs initiated by the government, especially by Ministries of Education and Health, targeted at both children and parents through different public media. Programs should focus on the nutritional needs and feeding habits of these children.