Positive Counterparts Research Articles

The predictive value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography combined with aspartate aminotransferase-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting therapeutic efficacy and prognosis of post-transarterial chemoembolization in primary liver cancer

ObjectiveTo investigate the predictive value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) combined with the aspartate aminotransferase-to-lymphocyte ratio (ALRI) in predicting the therapeutic efficacy and prognosis of primary liver cancer after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). MethodsWe included 75 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent TACE in our oncology department between January 2019 and December 2021. The patients' clinical data, preoperative ALRI, and postoperative CEUS results were analyzed. ResultsThe optimal cutoff value of ALRI for predicting residual tumor lesions using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was 42.50. CEUS had a specificity of 0.92, sensitivity of 0.96, and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.940 for determining residual tumor lesions, while ALRI had a specificity of 0.88, sensitivity of 0.70, and AUC of 0.825. The combination of CEUS and ALRI provided a specificity of 0.92, sensitivity of 0.98, and AUC of 0.985 for determining residual tumor lesions. All patients were followed up continuously after the operation. The optimal cutoff value of ALRI for predicting residual tumor lesions in relation to 3-year survival was 41.50. In terms of 3-year survival prediction, DSA showed a specificity of 0.559, sensitivity of 0.889, and AUC of 0.724, CEUS exhibited a specificity of 0.500, sensitivity of 0.852, and AUC of 0.676, and ALRI had a specificity of 0.618, sensitivity of 0.704, and AUC of 0.611. Combined detection of CEUS and ALRI resulted in a specificity of 0.500, sensitivity of 0.889, and AUC of 0.662 for predicting 3-year survival. Patients with negative DSA results, CEUS-negative patients, and those with ALRI ≤41.5 exhibited significantly better survival outcomes compared to their positive counterparts. ConclusionCEUS combined with ALRI yields a higher predictive value in predicting residual tumor lesions and death in patients with HCC after TACE.

Exploring Egalitarianism: A Conceptual and Methodological Review of Egalitarianism and Impacts on Positive Intergroup Relations.

Considerable research on intergroup relations emphasizes attitudes, motivations, and emotions that lead to the reduction of prejudice. While factors that actively promote positive intergroup interactions have been emerging, a central theoretical framework has not been formally proposed. To address this gap, we engaged a positive psychology lens to explore how researchers have defined key indicators and consider the positive counterparts of traditional prejudice-reduction models to begin building a new framework of egalitarianism. After scanning 16,840 records that emerged in PsycInfo using keywords "egalitarian", "non-prejudice", and "intergroup", we assessed 158 articles for eligibility. Among the relevant articles (N = 54), we analyzed authors' definitions, methods of measurement, types of processes, and outcomes associated with egalitarian values as they related to intergroup behavior. Overall, there was notable variability in how researchers conceptualized and studied egalitarianism. We discuss the five broad categories of egalitarianism (prejudice reduction, universal orientation, concern for others, positive expression, and low social dominance orientation) and how they relate to positive or negative and approach or avoidant outcomes. Through these findings, we urge scholars to utilize a centralized model for studying egalitarianism in intergroup contexts moving forward.

In-situ high-temperature micromechanical behavior of flash-sintered strontium titanate

Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is a versatile material with various applications but understanding its mechanical properties, especially in polycrystalline form prepared via field-assisted sintering methods, is limited. This study investigates the high-temperature mechanical properties of flash-sintered SrTiO3 through in-situ microcompression tests comparing the behaviors near the positive and negative electrodes. Due to a significant irregularity in densification, the negative electrode exhibited superior fracture strength and strain across all temperatures when compared to its positive counterpart. Micropillars near the positive electrode contained multiple pre-existing pores that became crack initiation sites, and thus inducing catastrophic failure. Micropillars near the negative electrode exhibited prominent intergranular cracks accompanied by high-density dislocations in the vicinity of the fracture surfaces. This study elucidates the effect of flash sintering-induced defects on the mechanical properties of polycrystalline SrTiO3 at various temperatures.

Determination of Surface Charge Density and Charge Mapping of CYTOP Film in Air using Electrostatic Force Microscopy.

Cyclic transparent optical polymer (CYTOP), a fluoropolymer, finds a plethora of applications in microelectronic devices for sustainable energy harvesting and memory devices. By and large, these devices demand high voltage breakdown, a high dielectric constant, transparency, charge storage, and retention capabilities. Despite many efforts, comprehensive investigation of the charge distribution, retention, and discharge studies conducted on the CYTOP film at the micro-scale remains elusive. Here, we present direct quantification and mapping of surface charge on the CYTOP surface at room temperature using two different modes of advanced surface probe microscopy i.e., Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM). We estimated that the surface charge densities of the CYTOP film using EFM are 1.4 and 3.3 μC/cm2 for the injection of positive and negative charges, respectively. Furthermore, we determined the charge retention time for both injected positive and negative charges. We found that the retention capacity of the negative charges on the CYTOP film is much higher as compared to the positive charges. Moreover, it is also observed that injected negative charges are strongly localized on the CYTOP surface compared to the positive counterpart. Additionally, we demonstrated that charge writing is possible on the CYTOP surface using the AFM conductive tip. These results may find potential applications in energy harvesting, sensing, memory devices, security, and surveillance.

High performance ambipolar response photodetectors based on ReS2/PdSe2 van der Waals heterostructures

Anomalous negative photoresponse in a photodetector where the current is reduced under light illumination holds great potential in the application of next-generation novel and multifunctional optoelectronic devices. Until now, the figure of merits for negative photodetectors, such as responsivity and response speed, still exhibit unsatisfactory performance when compared to their positive counterparts. In this work, an unique gate voltage-dependent ambipolar-response photodetector based on the ReS2/PdSe2 heterostructure with excellent characteristics are prepared and investigated systematically. The evolution for concentration of hole in PdSe2 by gate voltage and the trap states existed at the surface and interface play a dominant role in the transition of negative to positive response. The negative photoresponse performances in terms of responsivity, external quantum efficiency (EQE), and response speed under 638 nm light illumination, are as high as about 532 A/W, 105%, and as fast as 7.9/8.7 µs, respectively. Meanwhile, the corresponding values of the positive response also reach to ∼10.5 A/W, ∼2069 %, and ∼30 µs, respectively, demonstrating the superiority of this heterostructure at ambipolar response. In addition, a similar phenomenon is also observed at the near-infrared region (980 nm). The discovery of these results signifies a pronounced breakthrough in the field of ambipolar photodetectors, thereby paving the way for future advancements in optoelectronic applications.

Quintuple-based Representation Learning for Bipartite Heterogeneous Networks

Recent years have seen rapid progress in network representation learning, which removes the need for burdensome feature engineering and facilitates downstream network-based tasks. In reality, networks often exhibit heterogeneity, which means there may exist multiple types of nodes and interactions. Heterogeneous networks raise new challenges to representation learning, as the awareness of node and edge types is required. In this article, we study a basic building block of general heterogeneous networks, the heterogeneous networks with two types of nodes. Many problems can be solved by decomposing general heterogeneous networks into multiple bipartite ones. Recently, to overcome the demerits of non-metric measures used in the embedding space, metric learning-based approaches have been leveraged to tackle heterogeneous network representation learning. These approaches first generate triplets of samples, in which an anchor node, a positive counterpart, and a negative one co-exist, and then try to pull closer positive samples and push away negative ones. However, when dealing with heterogeneous networks, even the simplest two-typed ones, triplets cannot simultaneously involve both positive and negative samples from different parts of networks. To address this incompatibility of triplet-based metric learning, in this article, we propose a novel quintuple-based method for learning node representations in bipartite heterogeneous networks. Specifically, we generate quintuples that contain positive and negative samples from two different parts of networks. And we formulate two learning objectives that accommodate quintuple-based learning samples, a proximity-based loss that models the relations in quintuples by sigmoid probabilities and an angular loss that more robustly maintains similarity structures. In addition, we also parameterize feature learning by using one-dimensional convolution operators around nodes’ neighborhoods. Compared with eight methods, extensive experiments on two downstream tasks manifest the effectiveness of our approach.

Effect of anisotropic thermal transport on tearing mode stability in negative versus positive triangularity plasmas

The combined effects of anisotropic thermal transport and the plasma shaping, including negative triangularity, on the n = 1 (n is the toroidal mode number) tearing mode (TM) stability are numerically investigated utilizing the MARS-F code [Liu et al., Phys. Plasmas 7, 3681–3690 (2000)]. While varying the plasma boundary triangularity, the TM stability is found to be dictated by the competing effects of the Shafranov shift induced stabilization and the bad-curvature induced destabilization. The negative triangularity shape increases the Shafranov shift (stabilizing) in the plasma core but also enlarges bad-curvature regions (destabilizing) near the plasma edge, with the net effect being largely destabilizing for the TM as compared to the positive triangularity counter-part. Large negative triangularity however can also lead to more stabilization for the plasma core-localized TM. Anisotropic thermal transport reduces the stabilizing effect on the TM associated with the favorable averaged curvature, resulting in more unstable core-localized TMs in both negative and positive triangularity plasmas. But the opposite effect can also take place for the edge-localized TM in finite-pressure plasmas with negative triangularity.

Modelling the interplay between resilience, emotion regulation and psychological well‐being among Chinese English language teachers: The mediating role of self‐efficacy beliefs

AbstractWith the rise of positive psychology (PP) in 1954 and its flowering in the last decade of the 20th century, the focus of psychological and educational studies has shifted from examining negative health‐related outcomes to their positive counterparts. In line with this new research agenda, several L2 researchers have studied different positive health‐related outcomes and their predictors among language teachers. Few language studies, however, have been dedicated to examining language teachers' psychological well‐being and its potential predictors. To bridge the lacuna, the current research tried to evaluate the role of emotion regulation and resilience in predicting Chinese EFL teachers' psychological well‐being. This research also strived to find out whether perceived self‐efficacy could mediate the interaction between psychological well‐being, emotion regulation and resilience. For this purpose, 430 English teachers recruited from Chinese EFL classes were asked to respond to four closed‐ended questionnaires. The analysis outcomes exhibited strong and positive associations between resilience, emotion regulation and psychological well‐being. The results also divulged that the psychological well‐being of English language teachers could be meaningfully predicted by their emotion regulation ability and resilience. Additionally, the results indicated that the association between Chinese English teachers' resilience, emotion regulation ability and psychological well‐being could be significantly mediated by their self‐efficacy beliefs. These outcomes may have some useful and instructive implications for educational principals and teacher trainers.

Negative online brand engagement: conceptualisation, scale development and validation

PurposeNegative brand engagement represents a pervasive and persistent feature of interactivity in online contexts. Although existing research suggests that consumer negativity is potentially more impactful or detrimental to brands than its positive counterpart, few studies have examined negative brand-related cognitions, feelings and behaviours. Building on the concept of brand engagement, this study aims to operationalise negative online brand engagement.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents the results of nine studies that contributed to the development and validation of the proposed scale. Building on the concept of engagement, Studies 1–3 enhanced the construct conceptualisation and generated items. Study 4 involved validation with an academic expert panel. The process of measure operationalisation and validation with quantitative data was completed in Studies 5–8. Finally, the scale's nomological validity was assessed in Study 9.FindingsThe results confirm the multidimensional nature of negative online brand engagement. The validated instrument encompasses four dimensions (cognition, affection, online constructive behaviour and online destructive behaviour), captured by 17 items.Originality/valueProgress in understanding and dealing with negative online brand engagement has been hampered by disagreements over conceptualisation and the absence of measures that capture the phenomenon. This work enhances managerial understanding of negativity fostering strategies that protect brand engagement and improve firm performance.

Evaluation of the Effects of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma on Candida albicans Strains: An in vitro Study

Background: Antifungal resistance is increasing, posing a challenge for treating candidiasis. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a potential alternative, but its association with traditional antifungals is poorly understood. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effects of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma on Candida albicans. Methods: In this in vitro study, C. albicans strains were irradiated with DBD plasma for 5, 10, and 15 minutes, both with and without nystatin. The number of colonies was counted, and the MTT method assessed Candida's survival. Data were analyzed with SPSS26. Results: This study showed that in both experimental groups, with and without nystatin, the lowest C. albicans cell viability was observed following a 10 minute DBD exposure within the groups subjected to plasma treatment (P < 0.001). The positive control group (nystatin without plasma exposure) exhibited a diminished count of viable cells in comparison to the group with 10 minute plasma irradiation without nystatin (P < 0.001). The 10 and 15 minute DBD plasma exposures, along with their positive control counterparts, demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in colony count compared to the 5 minute DBD exposure and the negative control groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Nystatin was more effective than DBD plasma irradiation in reducing C. albicans cell viability. When used in combination, 10 minute DBD plasma irradiation with nystatin was more effective than 5 or 15 minute irradiation times in reducing the survival rate of C. albicans.

Ligand Phase Separation-Promoted, "Squeezing-Out" Mode Explaining the Mechanism and Implications of Neutral Nanoparticles That Escaped from Lysosomes.

Neutral nanomaterials functionalized with PEG or similar molecules have been popularly employed as nanomedicines. Compared to positive counterparts that are capable of harnessing the well-known proton sponge effect to facilitate their escape from lysosomes, it is yet unclear how neutral substances got their entry into the cytosol. In this study, by taking PEGylated, neutral Au nanospheres as an example, we systematically investigated their time-dependent translocation postuptake. Specifically, we harnessed dissipative particle dynamics simulations to uncover how nanospheres bypass lysosomal entrapment, wherein a mechanism termed as "squeezing-out" mode was discovered. We next conducted a comprehensive investigation on how nanomaterials implicate lysosomes in terms of integrity and functionality. By using single-molecule imaging, specific preservation of PEG-terminated with targeting moieties in lysosomes supports the "squeezing-out" mode as the mechanism underlying the lysosomal escape of nanomaterials. All evidence points out that such a process is benign to lysosomes, wherein the escape of nanomaterials proceeds at the expense of targeting moieties loss. Furthermore, we proved that by fine-tuning of the efficacy of nanomaterials escaping from lysosomes, modulation of distinct pathways and metabolic machinery can be achieved readily, thereby offering us a simple and robust tool to implicate cells.

Quantifier processing and semantic flexibility in patients with aphasia.

Processing of quantifiers such as "many" and "few" relies on number knowledge, linguistic abilities, and working memory. Negative quantifiers (e.g., "few," "less than half") induce higher processing costs than their positive counterparts. Furthermore, the meaning of some quantifiers is flexible and thus adaptable. Importantly, in neurotypical individuals, changing the meaning of one quantifier also leads to a generalized change in meaning for its polar opposite (e.g., the change of the meaning of "many" leads to the change of that of "few"). Here, we extended this research to patients with fluent and non-fluent aphasia after stroke. In two experiments, participants heard sentences of the type "Many/few of the circles are yellow/blue," each followed by a picture with different quantities of blue and yellow circles. The participants judged whether the sentence adequately described the picture. Each experiment consisted of three blocks: a baseline block to assess the participants' criteria for both quantifiers, a training block to shift the criteria for "many," and a test block, identical to the baseline to capture any changes in quantifier semantics. In Experiment 1, the change of the meaning of "many" was induced by using adaptation to small numbers (20-50%) of circles of the named color. In Experiment 2, explicit feedback was given in the training block after each response to rate proportions of 40% (or higher) as "many," whereas 40% is normally rather rated as "few." The objective was to determine whether people with fluent or non-fluent aphasia were able to process quantifiers appropriately and whether generalized semantic flexibility was present after brain damage. Sixteen out of 21 patients were able to perform the task. People with fluent aphasia showed the expected polarity effect in the reaction times and shifted their criteria for "many" with generalization to the untrained quantifier "few." This effect, however, was only obtained after explicit feedback (Experiment 2) but not by mere adaptation (Experiment 1). In contrast, people with non-fluent aphasia did not change the quantifier semantics in either experiment. This study contributes to gaining new insights into quantifier processing and semantic flexibility in people with aphasia and general underlying processing mechanisms.

Investigating the potential of pyrazine dioxide based-compounds as organic electrodes for batteries.

Understanding structure-property relationship in redox-active molecular species is of central importance in various fields, including many medicinal and chemical applications. The quest for performant organic electrodes in the context of energy storage calls for pioneering studies to develop new and possibly optimal materials. Beyond modifying the molecular design of the existing compounds through functionalization, expansion of the search enabling the advent of efficient new backbones can potentially lead to breakthroughs in this research area. The number of already identified families able to constitute negative organic electrodes is much lower than that of their positive counterparts, which calls for finding ways to bridge this gap. To expand the dataset of known predicted redox potentials and in view of reaching an educated guess about the abilities of some eventual new redox active electrodes, we examined the properties of pyrazine N,N'-dioxide (PZDO) and its fully methylated functionalized derivative (TeMePzDO). The aspects and mechanisms driving the various features characteristic of these compounds were unraveled through molecular and periodic DFT calculations combined with accurate electronic structure analysis. The predicted molecular redox/crystalline intercalation potentials lead to the classification of PZDO and TeMePzDO systems within the class of negative electrodes, with features that are significantly appealing compared to those of some existing systems with backbones suited for such kind of application.

Select Your Own Counterparts: Self-Supervised Graph Contrastive Learning With Positive Sampling.

Contrastive learning (CL) has emerged as a powerful approach for self-supervised learning. However, it suffers from sampling bias, which hinders its performance. While the mainstream solutions, hard negative mining (HNM) and supervised CL (SCL), have been proposed to mitigate this critical issue, they do not effectively address graph CL (GCL). To address it, we propose graph positive sampling (GPS) and three contrastive objectives. The former is a novel learning paradigm designed to leverage the inherent properties of graphs for improved GCL models, which utilizes four complementary similarity measurements, including node centrality, topological distance, neighborhood overlapping, and semantic distance, to select positive counterparts for each node. Notably, GPS operates without relying on true labels and enables preprocessing applications. The latter aims to fuse positive samples and enhance representative selection in the semantic space. We release three node-level models with GPS and conduct extensive experiments on public datasets. The results demonstrate the superiority of GPS over state-of-the-art (SOTA) baselines and debiasing methods. In addition, the GPS has also been proven to be versatile, adaptive, and flexible.

The dynamic interdependencies among the negativity and the positivity in news and user-generated content about safety in a firm's products and the firm's product recalls.

This article examines the dynamic interdependencies among the negativity and the positivity in news and user-generated content about safety in a firm's products (or the lack thereof) and the firm's product recalls. The authors use a panel vector autoregression (PVAR) to unearth theoretically novel and managerially relevant asymmetric associations. Specifically, they find that the negativity in the news negatively correlates with recalls, whereas the negativity in UGC positively correlates with recalls. Whereas the positivity in the news positively correlates with recalls, the positivity in UGC does not matter. Further, the negativity in the news and the negativity in UGC substitute for each other, whereas their positive counterparts complement each other's associations with recalls. Lastly, the negativity and positivity in the news have significant, though differently patterned, long-term associations with recalls. The findings contribute to research on the associations between earned media and managerial decisions in the product market.

Study of heart function in PRE-Eclampsia during and after PreGnancy (SHePREG): The pilot cohort

BackgroundPre-eclampsia with severe features (severe PreE) is associated with heart dysfunction, yet the impact beyond pregnancy, including its association with cardiomyopathic genetic polymorphisms, remains poorly understood. ObjectiveWe aimed to characterize the temporal impact of severe PreE on heart function through the 4th trimester in women with and without deleterious cardiomyopathic genetic variants. MethodsPregnant women were enrolled to undergo transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in late pregnancy and 3 months postpartum. In women with severe PreE a targeted approach to identify pathogenic cardiomyopathic genetic polymorphisms was undertaken, and heart function was compared in carriers and non-carriers. ResultsPregnant women (32 ± 4 years old, severe PreE = 14, control = 8) were enrolled between 2019 - 2021. Women with severe PreE displayed attenuated myocardial relaxation (mitral e’ = 11.0 ± 2.2 vs. 13.2 ± 2.3 cm/sec, p < 0.05) in late pregnancy, and on in-silico analysis, deleterious cardiomyopathic variants were found in 58%. At 103 ± 33 days postpartum, control women showed stability in myocardial relaxation (Mitral e’ Entry: 13.2 ± 2.3 vs. Postpartum: 13.9 ± 1.7cm/sec, p = 0.464), and genetic negative severe PreE women (G-) demonstrated recovery of diastolic function to control level (Mitral e’ Entry: 11.0 ± 3.0 vs. Postpartum 13.7 ± 2.8cm/sec, p < 0.001), unlike their genetic positive (G+) counterparts (Mitral e’ Entry: 10.5 ± 1.7 vs. Postpartum 10.8 ± 2.4cm/sec, p = 0.853). ConclusionsPostpartum recovery of heart function after severe PreE is attenuated in women with deleterious cardiomyopathic genetic polymorphisms.

The Localisation of a Tracheoesophageal Shunt during Laryn(-gopharyn)gectomy Determines the Risk of Shunt Insufficiency.

Tracheoesophageal shunt insufficiency (TESI) is a common and potentially life-threatening complication after laryn(-gopharyn)gectomy (L(P)E). We investigated whether TESI could be the result of a specific shunt location. A monocentric, retrospective cohort analysis of 171 consecutively treated L(P)E patients was performed. Patients with a secondary prosthesis instillation and patients with insufficient postoperative imaging were excluded. Disease related data as well as location of primary voice prosthesis were assessed. The cohort was divided into 62 TESI-positive and 109 TESI-negative individuals. The mean time from surgery to TESI was 32 months. No differences were observed in gender, age, tumor localization, T/R/M-status. Surgery without adjuvant therapy was more often performed in TESI-negative individuals when compared with their positive counterparts. However, Cox regression including T/N status, therapy and categorized distance of the tracheoesophageal shunt to the manubrium (≤1.5 cm vs. >1.5 cm) revealed that a distance of ≤1.5 cm was associated with a 2.1-fold increased risk of TESI, while all other parameters did not influence the event-free survival. Primary shunt positioning ≤1.5 cm to the ridge of the manubrium is associated with an increased risk of TESI. In these individuals secondary shunt operation resulting in a position >1.5 cm distant to the manubrium should be recommended.

“Good” and “bad” volatilities: a realized semivariance GARCH approach

ABSTRACT In this article, we explore the realized semivariation measures using high-frequency intraday data within the framework of realized semivariance GARCH by taking an in-depth look. We derive general theoretical expressions for moment conditions of returns and realized semivariation measures, providing a convenient approach to investigate the statistical properties of realized semivariation dynamics. Notably, the introduction of threshold effects in the model reveals several intriguing empirical findings. One significant discovery is that during a substantial decline in returns, the negative realized semivariance exerts a more influential impact on future volatility compared to its positive counterpart. We further examine the forecasting performance under a realized semivariance heterogeneous autoregression environment. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of thresholds and the adoption of an optimal threshold level generally enhance the accuracy of volatility forecasting.

Stochastic dynamics of a semiconductor laser with delayed optoelectronic feedback and noise

Semiconductor lasers(SLs), versatile tools in communication, medicine, and scientific research, demand close examination of their dynamic behavior. With their unique geometric forms and diminutive sizes, these lasers possess a heightened sensitivity to noise. In this paper, we delve into time-delay semiconductor laser systems, noise included, honing in on time-delays’ effects on noisy laser equations. Carrier density (N) and laser intensity (I) constitute the core parameters that define the performance of these lasers, and we scrutinize their dynamic trajectories. A cutting-edge method fusing stochastic center manifold theory with the stochastic averaging method enables us to probe the stochastic dynamical attributes of semiconductor laser equations. We uncover that the time-delay parameter (τ 1) produces varied consequences on the laser system’s stability under both positive and negative optical feedback conditions. The negative feedback typically bolsters laser performance, fostering increased stability, whereas the positive counterpart could incite instability. By deftly managing the time-delay parameter, one can fine-tune the dynamic performance of semiconductor lasers, mitigating output power fluctuations and tightening linewidths, thereby augmenting stability and spectral purity. Moreover, in the realm of positive optical feedback scenarios, adroitly modifying the time-delay parameter can quell instability to a degree, paving the way for a novel regulatory approach to optimize laser performance. This lays the groundwork for further enhancement of semiconductor laser performance, as well as curbing the detrimental effects of noise on their operation.

Young children experience both regret and relief in a gain-or-loss context

ABSTRACT Recent research has provided compelling evidence that children experience the negative counterfactual emotion of regret, by manipulating the presence of a counterfactual action that would have led to participants receiving a better outcome. However, it remains unclear if children similarly experience regret’s positive counterpart, relief. The current study examined children’s negative and positive counterfactual emotions in a novel gain-or-loss context. Four- to 9-year-old children (N = 136) were presented with two opaque boxes concealing information that would lead to a gain or loss of stickers, respectively. Half of the children chose between two keys that matched each box, whereas the other half were compelled to select one box because only one of the two keys matched. After seeing inside the alternative, non-chosen box, children were significantly more likely to report a change in emotion when they could have opened that box than when they could not have. The effects were similar for children who lost stickers and won stickers, and neither effect varied with age. These findings suggest that children may become capable of experiencing regret and relief around the same time, although their expression of these counterfactual emotions may vary with actual and counterfactual gains and losses.