Positive Actor Effects Research Articles

Mexican Immigrant Couples’ Marital Quality and Coparenting Satisfaction: The Role of Spouses’ Incongruence in Familism Values

With a sample of 120 Mexican immigrant couples, this study tested an estimated actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) to examine the associations between spouses’ perceptions of marital quality (i.e., marital warmth and marital negativity), spousal incongruence in familism values, and spouses’ coparenting satisfaction. The model simultaneously explored the moderating effects of spouses’ incongruence in familism values to ascertain the extent to which the within-couple match between spouses’ cultural values impacted the association between spouses’ marital quality and coparenting satisfaction. Significant and positive actor effects from marital warmth to coparenting satisfaction were found. A significant interaction qualified the actor effect for wives. Spouses’ incongruence in familism values moderated the association between wives’ marital warmth and their coparenting satisfaction in such a way that the link was stronger for couples with low spousal incongruence in familism values (i.e., couples in which spouses were in close agreement on familism values). Marital negativity and incongruence in familism values were not significantly related to spouses’ coparenting satisfaction. Findings underscore the link between spouses’ marital warmth and their coparenting satisfaction and suggest that effective coparenting is nested within the context of a warm and supportive marital relationship.

Morality in romantic relationships: The role of moral disengagement in relationship satisfaction, definitions of infidelity, and committed cheating

AbstractDespite the moral condemnation of infidelity in romantic relationships, its prevalence remains widespread. This might be partly explained by moral disengagement (MD), the ability to decouple one's actions from internalized moral standards. While social influences are an inherent part of the conceptualization of MD, they have not been studied in romantic couples. We investigated connections between MD and relationship satisfaction, cheating definitions, and cheating in a sample of 236 dating and married couples. Partners' levels of MD were positively correlated. Actor‐Partner‐Interdependence Models (APIMs) revealed negative actor and partner effects of MD on relationship satisfaction. MD was not connected to which behaviors are seen as cheating, but there were positive actor and partner effects on committed self‐defined cheating. Additionally, individuals high in MD suspected their partners to cheat more. These results indicate a gap between moral beliefs and moral actions. Individuals high in MD do not necessarily deny cheating on their partner but rather choose not to follow their inner moral compass.

Predictors of partnership and sexual satisfaction and dyadic effects in couples affected by endometriosis and infertility.

Endometriosis and infertility are associated with impaired partnership and sexuality of the patients, but also of their male partners. Also, endometriosis is one of the most common causes of infertility, resulting in a large overlap of both pathologies. The aim of this study was to determine the association of different predictors of partnership and sexual satisfaction and dyadic effects in couples with endometriosis and infertility. A cross-sectional study was conducted with n = 62 women with endometriosis and n = 46 partners, including a total of n = 44 couples, some of whom were affected by infertility. The questionnaire included items on partnership, sexuality, depression, social support, and desire for a child. Multiple linear regression and the actor-partner-interdependence-model were used for analysis. Significant dyadic effects only occurred in couples with both endometriosis and infertility. Depression showed a significant negative actor effect in men for partnership satisfaction and a negative actor and partner effect in women for sexuality satisfaction (p < .05). For women, social support showed a significant positive actor effect for partnership satisfaction (p < .05), age showed a significant actor and partner effect for sexuality satisfaction (p < .05). The results show a significant association of endometriosis and infertility with partnership and sexuality satisfaction. Infertility could be a decisive factor. However, the large overlapping of both endometriosis und infertility in many couples support the importance of further studies to differentiate between the both effects. German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00014362 on the 29.03.2018.

The Associations Between Health-Related Knowledge and Health Beliefs Regarding Risk for Gestational Diabetes in American Indian and Alaska Native Female Adolescents and Young Adults at Risk for Gestational Diabetes and Their Female Caregivers: A Cross-Sectional Dyadic Analysis.

Research on associations between knowledge and health beliefs for women at risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has focused on adults at risk for or having GDM. Gaps also exist in examining interpersonal associations with family members or peers. We examined dyadic associations between knowledge and health beliefs about the risk for GDM between and within American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) female adolescents and young adults (FAYAs) at risk for GDM and their mothers or adult female caregivers (FCs). Grounded in the Expanded Health Belief Model, we employed a cross-sectional design using baseline data from 147 dyads of AIAN FAYAs at risk for GDM and their FCs who participated in the Stopping GDM in Daughters and Mothers trial. FAYAs were 12.0 to 24.5 years of age, and 89.1% were students. FCs had a mean (SD) age of 44.0 (9.3) years, 87.0% were AIAN, 44.9% were college educated, 19.7% had ever had GDM, and 81.0% were the FAYA's mother. FAYAs and FCs completed surveys about knowledge and health beliefs (benefits, barriers, severity, susceptibility) regarding GDM risk and prevention. Bivariate correlational analyses were performed to examine associations between and within dyad members. Dyadic associations were investigated using actor-partner interdependence modeling (APIM) assuming distinguishable dyad members. Compared with their FCs, FAYAs had lower health-related knowledge and perceived benefits of GDM prevention and susceptibility regarding GDM risk. APIM revealed actor and partner effects of health-related knowledge on health beliefs for dyads. In particular, positive actor effects were found for FAYAs and FCs for GDM-related knowledge with perceived benefits (P <.001), and positive partner effects of GDM-related knowledge for FCs were related to perceived susceptibility and severity for FAYAs (P <.05). As shown in these AIAN dyads, FAYAs and their FCs, as members of one another's social network, may influence each other's health beliefs regarding GDM risk and prevention.

Actor, Partner and (Dis)Similarity Effects of Vocational Interests on Work-Family Interface

The study explored the predictive role of vocational interests in work-family conflict and work-family enrichment in 271 employed heterosexual couples. We administered questionnaires measuring vocational interests, time-based and strain-based work-family conflicts and work-family enrichment. Going beyond prior studies, we (a) utilized a dyadic paradigm to examine actor and partner effects of interest types, (b) considered two characteristics of the interest profile - differentiation and elevation, and (c) simultaneously tested (dis)similarity effects. Actor-partner interdependence modelling and dyadic response surface analysis were employed. The results revealed modest negative actor effects of Investigative, Social, and Enterprising interests on various types of work-family conflict, along with positive actor effects of Social, Enterprising and Conventional interests, profile elevation and differentiation on work-family enrichment. Partner effects supported the interpersonal relevance of people-oriented interest types. The effects obtained were similar for women and men, and evidence generally spoke against the (dis)similarity effects of interests on work-family conflict or enrichment. A higher educational level in women was associated with increased work-family enrichment but also family-work conflict. This study highlights the interdependence of vocational interests in romantic dyads and their contribution to work-family dynamics.

Menses and Positive Partner Interactions Increase Mate Guarding Behaviors in Established Romantic Couples

Mate Guarding (Alberts et al., 1996), behaviors intended to decrease a romantic partner’s sexual access to potential extradyadic partners (e.g., touching partner around others, not attending gatherings), are thought to change throughout the menstrual cycle. Rooted in theories suggesting ovulating women’s sexual interest/behaviors increase during times of fertility, couples increase their mate guarding behaviors to limit reproductive costs (Gangestad et al., 2006). Yet, much of the research fails to examine mate guarding behaviors and fertility in established, committed couples. Using an ecological momentary assessment, romantically committed, heterosexual couples (n = 42 pairs) completed daily surveys tracking relationship dynamics for one menstrual cycle (e.g., 28 days; all naturally cycling). Dependent t-tests showed mate guarding behaviors increased during menses compared to ovulation (women, t = 4.5, p <.001; men, t = 3.5, p<.001), but positive couple interactions were unchanged. We tested actor-partner effects between positive daily partner interactions and mate guarding during menses and ovulation. Positive actor effects were found for both (menses women ß = 3.276, p <.001, men ß = 3.049, p =.002; ovulation women ß = 1.637, p =.041, men ß = 3.089, p =.011); whereas partner effects were only observed for men during ovulation (ß = 2.806, p =.006). Results demonstrate evolutionary psychological theories suggesting mate guarding increases during ovulation may not be predictive in established couples. For committed couples, times when female partners are unlikely to conceive are opportunities when couples demonstrate their fidelity.

부모의 성격 5요인, 스마트폰 중독, 초등학생의 미디어 기기 중독, 학교적응 간 관계

Objectives The purpose of this study is to compare the actor and partner effect of the Big Five parental personality traits on parental smartphone addiction, and to examine the effect of Big Five parental personality on school adaptation through smartphone addiction and media device addiction in elementary school students.&#x0D; Methods A total 587 parent-child pairs data from the 13th Korean Children and Youth Panel Surveys(2020) were used to compare the actor and partner effect of Big Five parental personality traits on parental smartphone addiction through the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model(APIM). The structural equation analysis method was also used to verify the structural relationship among the Big Five parental personality traits, school adaptation, smartphone addiction, and media device addiction in elementary school students.&#x0D; Results The major findings of this study are so follows. First, Mothers’ agreeableness and conscientiousness had a negative actor effect, but neuroticism had a positive actor effect on her smartphone addiction. Fathers’ conscientiousness and neuroticism also showed same pattern as mothers. However, mothers’ neuroticism had a negative partner effect on fathers’ smartphone addiction. Second, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism showed differences between the actor and the partner effect. Third, mothers’ agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism affect on school adaption through her smartphone addiction and media device addiction of their child. Fathers’ conscientiousness and neuroticism also affect on school adaption of child through his smartphone addiction. Especially, mothers’ neuroticism showed negative effect on school adaption of child through fathers’ smartphone addiction.&#x0D; Conclusions This study suggests that mother and fathers’ Big Five personality traits can affect their smartphone addiction as well as media device addiction and school adaptation of their child in elementary school.

부모의 스마트폰 중독, 부부갈등, 부모 참여, 초등학생의 미디어 기기 중독 간 관계

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of smartphone addiction of parents with elementary school children on marital conflict and to explore the structural relationships among smartphone addiction of parents, marital conflict, parental involvement, and media device addiction of their children who go to elementary school.&#x0D; Methods A total of 1,224 pairs of data from the 13th Korean Children's Panel Study (2020) were analyzed with Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). In order to compare the actor and the partner effect of smartphone addiction, an equivalence constraint model was set up and difference verification was conducted. Also, a structural equation analysis method based on the maximum likelihood method (ML) was used to verify the structural relationship among parental smartphone addiction, marital conflict, parental involvement, and elementary school students' addiction to media devices.&#x0D; Results The results are as follows: first, both mother’s and father’s smartphone addiction had a positive actor effect on the marital conflict, but a positive partner effect was only confirmed from mother’s smartphone addiction. Second, the actor effect of smartphone addiction on marital conflict was found to be greater in father than mother, however, the partner effect of father's smartphone addiction on marital conflict perceived by mother was greater than the partner effect of mother's smartphone addiction on marital conflict perceived by father. Third, mother's smartphone addiction was influenced through how she perceived marital conflict and parental involvement on students' media device addiction, while father's smartphone addiction was influenced sequentially by mother's perceived marital conflict and parental involvement on students' media device addiction.&#x0D; Conclusions This study suggests that both mother and father's smartphone addiction affect to elementary school students' media device addiction, but the mechanisms affecting on media device addiction from parents are different.

Self-Determination in Marriage: Actor and Partner Effects of Spousal Autonomy on Relationship Maintenance Behaviors

Guided by self-determination theory, this study examined the dyadic effects of marital autonomy on relationship maintenance behaviors. Heterosexual married couples (N = 324 dyads) completed questionnaires assessing their need fulfillment of autonomy in marriage along with their enactment of relationship maintenance behaviors. Using multilevel modeling, actor-partner interdependence models were estimated to determine dyadic effects for husbands’ and wives’ autonomy on their own and their partners’ use of positivity, openness, assurances, social networks, and shared tasks. Parameter estimates revealed that husbands’ and wives’ autonomy produced equivalent positive actor and partner effects for the positivity, assurances, social networks, and shared tasks maintenance behaviors, and a positive actor effect for the openness maintenance behavior. These dyadic findings support the idea of mutuality of autonomy support in marriage.

The long-term impact of loneliness and social isolation on depression and anxiety in memory clinic attendees and their care partners: A longitudinal actor-partner interdependence model.

IntroductionThis study examined the long‐term influence of loneliness and social isolation on mental health outcomes in memory assessment service (MAS) attendees and their care partners, with a focus on interdependence and bidirectionality.MethodsLongitudinal data from 95 clinic attendees with cognitive impairment, and their care partners (dyads), from four MAS in the North of England were analyzed. We applied the actor–partner interdependence model, seeking associations within the dyad. At baseline and 12‐month follow‐up, clinic attendees and care partners completed measures of loneliness and social isolation, depression, and anxiety.ResultsSocial isolation at baseline was more prevalent in care partners compared to MAS attendees. Social isolation in MAS attendees was associated with higher anxiety symptoms (β = 0.28, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 0.11 to 0.45) in themselves at 12 months. We found significant positive actor and partner effects of loneliness on depression (actor effect: β = 0.36, 95% CIs = 0.19 to 0.53; partner effect: β = 0.23, 95% CIs = 0.06 to 0.40) and anxiety (actor effect: β = 0.39, 95% CIs = 0.23 to 0.55; partner effect: β = 0.22, 95% CIs = 0.05 to 0.39) among MAS attendees 1 year later. Loneliness scores of the care partners have a significant and positive association with depressive (β = 0.36, 95% CIs = 0.19 to 0.53) and anxiety symptoms (β = 0.32, 95% CIs = 0.22 to 0.55) in themselves at 12 months.DiscussionLoneliness and social isolation in MAS clinic attendees had a downstream effect on their own and their care partners’ mental health. This highlights the importance of including care partners in assessments of mental health and social connectedness and expanding the remit of social prescribing in the MAS context.

Motivation, Attitudes, and Diet Quality Among US Parents and Adolescents

Objectives: In this paper, we assessed interdependent associations between food-related psychosocial traits and diet quality (ie, healthy and ultra-processed food consumption) among parent-adolescent dyads. Methods: This secondary analysis used data from the Family, Life, Activity, Sun and Health (FLASHE) study, which measured diet and other health behaviors in American parent-adolescent dyads (N = 1646). Actor-Partner Interdependence Models were used to apply a dyadic extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Determination Theory constructs (motivation, attitudes and self-efficacy) in relation to healthy and ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption. Results: Parent (b = 0.46, p < .01) and adolescent motivation (b = 0.42, p < .01) had positive actor effects on healthy food consumption. Parental attitudes had a negative actor effect (b = -0.20, p < .01) and adolescent attitudes had a positive actor effect (b = 0.34, p < .01) on healthy food consumption. Parent (b = -0.18, p < .01) and adolescent motivation (b = -0.14, p < .01) had negative actor effects on UPF consumption. No significant partner effects were found. Conclusions: Food-related psychosocial traits are associated with parent and adolescent diet quality. Interventions and guidelines that aim to strengthen an individual's ability to make healthful dietary choices, particularly those focused on reducing UPF consumption, are warranted, and may benefit from drawing on behavioral theories, especially those focused on motivational traits.

A Dyadic Test of the Association Between Trait Self-Control and Romantic Relationship Satisfaction.

Previous research has demonstrated that trait self-control is related to a range of positive romantic relationship processes, suggesting that trait self-control should be positively and robustly linked to relationship satisfaction in both partners in a romantic relationship. However, the existing empirical evidence is limited and mixed, especially regarding partner effects (i.e., the effect of one’s self-control on the partner’s relationship satisfaction). With three datasets of heterosexual couples (S1: N = 195 newlyweds, longitudinal; S2: N = 249 couples who transition into first parenthood, longitudinal; S3: N = 929 couples, cross-sectional), the present pre-registered studies examined: (1) the dyadic associations between trait self-control and relationship satisfaction both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and (2) whether these effects hold when controlling for both partners’ relationship commitment. The results indicated a cross-sectional positive actor effect, some support for a positive cross-sectional partner effect, and only little support for a longitudinal actor (but not partner) effect. After controlling for relationship commitment, all effects of trait self-control on satisfaction diminished except for a longitudinal actor effect among women in Study 2. Potential explanations for the current results, and implications for theory and practice, are discussed.

A dyadic personality perspective on the Michelangelo phenomenon: How personality traits relate to people’s ideal selves and their personal growth in romantic relationships

Personality matters for romantic relationships. In this study, we investigated personal growth in couples (the Michelangelo phenomenon) and targeted questions of personality effects. We explored whether traits intrapersonally predict ideal selves as well as whether traits intra- and interpersonally account for why some people are more likely to benefit from the Michelangelo phenomenon than others. We used data from a 4-year study of 163 couples (Mage = 50.72 years). Logistic regressions indicate complementarity effects for men, in that those high in neuroticism were likely to wish to be emotionally stable. Actor–partner interdependence models revealed positive actor effects of emotional stability, extraversion, and agreeableness, while few partner effects emerged. We discuss dyadic personal growth in view of individual trait differences.

Trait Emotional Intelligence and Relationship Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Dyadic Coping

Trait emotional intelligence (TEI) is an important individual difference variable that is related to the quality of romantic relationships. The present study investigated the associations between TEI, dyadic coping, and relationship satisfaction. A convenience sample of N = 136 heterosexual couples was recruited online. When the actor-partner interdependence model was applied to the data, TEI showed a positive actor effect and a positive partner effect on relationship satisfaction. The actor effect and partner effect of TEI on relationship satisfaction were partially mediated through positive dyadic coping and common dyadic coping, respectively. A small total indirect actor effect was also found for negative dyadic coping. Controlling for potential content overlap between TEI and relationship satisfaction did not alter the results. However, removing variance from the TEI score that was shared with the Big Five trait factors attenuated TEI’s actor and partner effects on relationship satisfaction and rendered all but one actor effect for TEI on dyadic coping and all but one indirect effect nonsignificant. The results underline the importance of TEI for the quality of romantic relationships and they shed light on underlying mechanisms. Implications for theory, research, and applications in counseling contexts will be discussed.

Parents’ Stress Factors and Parenting Behaviors: Test of the Spillover, Crossover, and Compensatory Hypotheses

Objectives This study examined the dyadic relations between six parental stress factors (general stress, depression, marital satisfaction, marital conflict, family cohesion, family flexibility) and mothers’ and fathers’ parenting behaviors (warm parenting, controlling parenting). Methods Participants included 1,435 mother—father dyads. The participants were parents of 6-year-old children. Multilevel modeling analyses were conducted using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model. The relations between mothers and fathers were examined in terms of the spillover, crossover, and compensatory hypotheses. Results Spillover was evident for general stress, depression, family cohesion, and family flexibility, as indicated by the negative actor effects of general stress and depression and by the positive actor effects of family cohesion and family flexibility on warm parenting behaviors. Crossover was evident for marital satisfaction and family flexibility. Marital satisfaction and family flexibility showed significantly positive partner effects on warm parenting behaviors. The compensatory hypothesis was supported in the case of marital conflict, as indicated by a positive partner effect between marital conflict and warm parenting behaviors. In addition, spillover hypotheses were supported for family cohesion and family flexibility as well as general stress. Positive actor effects on controlling parenting behaviors were found not only for general stress but also for family cohesion and family flexibility. Conclusions The results advance the literature on the associations between parents’ stress factors and parenting behaviors and on the interdependence between mothers and fathers. Keywords: actor-partner interdependence, controlling parenting behavior, family systems theory, parents’ stress, warm parenting behavior

The impact of loneliness and relationship quality on life satisfaction: A longitudinal dyadic analysis in persons with physical disabilities and their partners

ObjectivePersons with physical disabilities and their caregiving partners are at an increased risk of experiencing reduced life satisfaction. One potential explanation for this trend may be the potentially harmful effects of loneliness and poor relationship quality which this population often experience. To date, little is known about how the perceptions of loneliness and relationship quality affect life satisfaction in the disability and caregiving setting, furthermore the directionality of effect is not well understood. In this study, we investigate the actor and partner effects, and the reciprocal effects of loneliness and relationship quality on life satisfaction. MethodsThe analyses are based on longitudinal dyadic data from a Swiss community survey of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and their partners (n = 246). We employed mixed effects modelling to explore standardized (β) and unstandardized (B) actor and partner effects, and used cross-lagged path analysis to explore reciprocal effects. ResultsLoneliness was more prevalent in persons with SCI than in their caregiving partners. In caregiving partners, we found significant negative actor effects of loneliness (β = −0.20 (−0.31, −0.10)) and positive actor effects of relationship quality (β = 0.15 (0.04, 0.26)) on life satisfaction, and significant partner effects of relationship quality on wellbeing. In persons with SCI, only the negative actor effect of loneliness was significant (β = −0.30 (−0.41, −0.18)). Over time, loneliness demonstrated reciprocal associations with life satisfaction. ConclusionThe findings of our study highlight the importance of reducing loneliness and strengthening relationship quality to improve life satisfaction in partnerships of persons coping with disability.

Specificity of the Association between Marital Discord and Longitudinal Changes in Symptoms of Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing.

This longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate actor and partner effects of marital discord on changes in symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in a large population sample of Irish adults (N=1,445 couples), adjusting for the potential confounds of quality of other social relationships and other psychopathology symptoms. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was used to examine actor and partner effects of marital discord on changes in symptoms of depression and GAD at a 2-year follow-up. Additional models examined these associations adjusting for family and friend discord and symptoms of the other type of psychopathology (depressive or GAD symptoms). Actor effects of marital discord on depressive and anxiety symptoms were greater for men than for women. There were significant, positive actor effects of marital discord on depressive symptoms for husbands and wives, which remained significant when adjusting for family and friend discord and GAD symptoms. There were significant, positive actor effects of marital discord on GAD symptoms for husbands, which remained significant when adjusting for family and friend discord and depressive symptoms. Results demonstrate that longitudinal associations between marital discord and depressive symptoms (for wives and husbands) and GAD symptoms (for husbands) are incremental to other rival explanations (family and friend discord and the other set of symptoms). Findings provide evidence for a potential causal association leading from marital discord to symptoms of depression and GAD.

The Increment of Social Axioms over Broad Personality Traits in the Prediction of Dyadic Adjustment: An Investigation across Four Ethnic Groups

This study investigates the relationship between personality, social axioms, and dyadic adjustment. A sample of 420 participants (210 heterosexual couples), approximately evenly distributed between four ethnic backgrounds (Romanian, Hungarian, German, and Rroma), was investigated in a cross–sectional approach with the Romanian versions of the Social Axioms Survey, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. The analyses were based on the actor–partner interdependence model. The results showed that social axioms show incremental validity over personality traits in the prediction of dyadic adjustment, attesting to the usefulness of a worldview measure in predicting interpersonal outcomes over and above that provided by a measure of personality. Three of the five dimensions of social axioms were associated with dyadic adjustment, with either actor or partner effects. A few significant differences have been found between the various ethnic groups on effects of the social axioms on dyadic adjustment: The positive actor effect of reward for application is not visible for German men, the negative partner effect of social cynicism is not detectable for Rroma men, and the negative partner effect of social complexity is not visible for Rroma women. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology

맞벌이부부의 배우자 지지, 직장 지지 및 일-가족 전이가 일-생활 균형에 미치는 자기효과와 상대방효과

The purpose of this study was to find out the actor effect and the partner effect in relation to spousal support, job support, work-family spillover, and work-life balance in dual-earner couples. The subjects of this study were 176 dual-earner couple, whose youngest children are under the age of 16 and who work over 15 hours each week. The research tool was a questionnaires. Factor analysis, Cronbach’s α, correlation analysis, and APIM were performed for the data analysis. The main results of this study as follows. First, for both wives and husbands, perceived spousal support had a positive actor effect on work-life balance. However, perceived husband's spouse support for wife’s support had positive partner effect on the wife’s work-life balance, the wife’s perceived spousal support for her husband’ did not have a partner actor effect on the husband’s work-life balance. Second, for both wives and husbands, job support had a positive actor effect on work-life balance. In addition, the wife’s job support had a positive partner effect on the husband's work-life balance, however, the husband's job support did not have a partner actor effect on the wife’s work-life balance. Third, for both wives and husbands, work-family conflict had a negative actor effect on work-life balance. In addition, the wife’s work-family conflict had a negative partner effect on the husband's work-life balance, however, the husband's work-family conflict did not have a partner actor effect on the wife’s work-life balance. Fourth, for both wives and husbands, work-family enrichment had a positive actor effect on work-life balance. In addition, the husband’s work-family enrichment had a positive partner effect on the wife's work-life balance, however, the wife's work-family enrichment did not have a partner actor effect on the husband’s work-life balance.

Attachment and Negative Relational Maintenance: Dyadic Comparisons Using an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model

This study used attachment theory to examine romantic partners’ use of negative behaviors to maintain their relationships. Romantic couples (N = 227 dyads) completed self-reports of their attachment styles and use of negative relational maintenance behaviors. Actor-partner interdependence models provided dyadic results: (a) having a secure attachment produced inverse actor effects for all negative maintenance behaviors except avoidance, and inverse partner effects for allowing control and infidelity; (b) having a preoccupied or a fearful attachment produced positive actor effects for all negative maintenance behaviors and positive partner effects for allowing control; and (c) having a dismissive attachment produced positive actor effects for jealousy induction, avoidance, infidelity, and destructive conflict, and positive partner effects for jealousy induction, spying, and allowing control.