Position Of Clause Research Articles

Polarity and Positioning in Public Facebook Comments among Filipino ESL Teachers

Research on teacher discourses is growing but only a few studies have focused on teachers’ construction of comments publicly posted on social media. Hence, this study aims at describing the polarity of comments and positioning of Filipino ESL teachers in their public Facebook comments via Systemic Functional Linguistics. A total of 281 public comments with 863 clauses publicly posted by ESL teachers on selected Facebook groups associated with ESL teaching were analyzed. Polarity (positive and negative polarity) was also analyzed and was further described via three types of positioning: Attitudinal, Dialogistic, and Intertextual. Results show that material processes heavily characterize the comments. The ESL teachers resort to the default material processes when writing comments related to ESL teaching and employment. Under polarity, positive clauses dominate over negative clauses. These comments heavily fall under Attitudinal Identities and seconded by Dialogistic and Intertextual Identities. This research hopes to contribute to the existing literature that explores the ever-changing nature of ESL teaching and employment, especially with the proliferation of public social media discourses.

Türkçedeki Zamansıl Ulaç Tümcelerinin Derlem Temelli İncelenmesi

The studies in cognitive and psycholinguistics have reported that the sentential position of converb clauses which are part of adverbial clauses is influenced by syntactic, semantic and discourse factors (Diessel, 2005, 2008; Verstraete, 2004; Wiechmann & Kerz, 2013). One of the semantic factors is the iconicity of sequence and the related iconicity principle states that linguistic structures mostly mirror the structure of conceptual order (Croft, 2003). In other words, the meaning relationships that the linguistic structures bear has an effect on the positioning of those structures. For example, the temporal meaning relationship that a construction has can have an effect on the linear structure of this construction. This study aims at investigating the positioning variations of temporal converb clauses in Turkish and at revealing whether or not it is consistent with the iconicity principle. There are several endings used as temporal converb clauses in Turkish. In the study, the following nine converb endings are analysed: -(y)IncA (when), -DığIndA (when), -DIğI zaman (when), -ken (while), -(A/I) r…-mAz (as soon as), -DIğIndAn beri (since), -mAdAn önce (before), -DIktAn sonra (after), and –DikçA (whenever). The data of the study were collected from the Turkish National Corpus (TNC) (Aksan et al., 2012) which contains 50 million words. After identifying 9000 samples of temporal converbs, these were first grouped based on the endings mentioned above. Then the data were analysed using chi-square test. The 2×3 X² analysis was employed to see the correlations between conceptual order and linear structure. The findings of the study show that temporal converb clauses in Turkish generally have a tendency to appear before the main clause. The clauses expressing priority, namely -(y)IncA (when), -DiğIndA (when), -DIğI zaman (when), -(A/I) r…-mAz (as soon as), -DIğIndAn beri (since) and -DIktAn sonra (after) and the clauses expressing simultaneity, namely, -DiğIndA (when), -DIğI zaman (when), -ken (while) and –DıkçA (whenever) are found to precede the main clauses, which is in line with iconic clause order. The converb constructions expressing posteriority, such as –DiğIndA (when), -DIğI zaman (when) and -mAdAn önce (before) appear to precede the main clause, which is not supported by the iconicity principle. These findings suggest that the iconicity of sequence has a role in the placement of temporal converb clauses in Turkish.

Positive Clause on Public Order is the Basis for the Protection of Constitutionally Significant Values of the State

The article notes that the purpose and mechanism of protection of public order in private international law can be understood only at the origins of the rationale for this protection, — in the doctrine of F. K. Savigny. The reasons for the formulation of F. K. Savigny only two exceptions to the displacement of foreign laws by local law, and the characteristics of fixing these rules in Art. 30 of the Introductory Law to the GGU. Analyzed are attempts to misinterpret the doctrine of F. K. Savigny after the adoption of the Rome Convention “On the law applicable to contractual obligations” (1980) and the Decision of the EU Court (2016), which gave a final assessment of these attempts. The influence of the Dutch school on modern international private law in Russia is noted. The consolidation of super-imperative norms in the legislation of Russia and the Netherlands is investigated. It has been established that the first group of norms of direct application of Art. 1992 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the super-imperative nature of which in private cross-border legal relations is directly indicated by the legislator, has, in accordance with the theory of private international law, not a material, but a conflict character. The definition of super-imperative norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation, which ensure the protection of the constitutionally significant values of the state, is given.

THE ORIGINS OF THE EARLY CLOSURE BAN IN THE RUSSIAN LITERARY STANDARD

: The Early and Late Closure phenomenon has been present in the psycholinguistic spotlight since the 1970s. Decades of research on the topic have shown not only that resolving attachment ambiguity is influenced by such factors as the length of the relative clause and speaker’s working-memory capacity, but that speakers of different languages tend to prefer either Early or Late Closure. Investigations of attachment ambiguity in Russian have come to the conclusion that Russian is a language with a preference towards Early Closure. However, during the trials some speakers of Russian claim that high attachment is ungrammatical and justify their view by some kind of grammatical rule they have been taught in school. The origins of this supposed rule have so far been unknown. The article at hand shows that the Early Closure Ban in literary Russian has its roots in works on Russian grammar that date back to the early 19th century. This rule evolved from a simple generalization of the linear position of relative clauses to an outright ban which came to life with the advent of Soviet mass media. Such stylistic guidelines in other literary standards are theorized to be factors which need to be accounted for when conducting research on attachment ambiguity in languages of the world.

Development of one translator’s style: A corpus-based investigation of Allan Barr’s style of translating Yu Hua’s works

This paper examines the evolution of translator Allan Barr's style and methodology. Regarded as the primary English translator of Yu Hua's works for fifteen years, Barr's corpus is examined in order to catalogue the development of his translation style. This corpus consists of Yu Hua’s Huanghun li de Nanhai and Siyue Sanri Shijian and their translations Boy in the Twilight: Stories of Hidden China (2003) and The April 3rd Incident: Stories (2018). The mixed-methods approach was applied to analyze Barr's idiosyncrasies in translating Direct Speech (DS) presentations at different stages of his career using the revised S-type model. A quantitative analysis identified a translator’s changing preferences in translating DS. The subsequent qualitative analysis addressed the translation strategies of (Free) Direct Speech and Barr's preferred position of report clauses at different points in time. The results suggest that Barr's translation styles were more influenced by his assumptions and attitude towards the implicit target readers and then dominated his stylistic choices, leading him to be more loyal to the source text and the author in his later translation and more inclined to present the literary world of the source text with less interference and interpretation by the translator. The implications proposed that the development of the translator’s style may be due to the promotion of the author’s familiarity with the literary field of the target language, the influence of the norms of the source language in which the translator is immersed in translation practice, and his increasing knowledge of style.

Public Interest and Safeguard Clauses in Private International Law

In its judgment in case C-135/15 dated April 20, 2016 the Court of Justice of the European Union confirmed the most important provisions of the doctrine of F.C. Savigny: 1) the public policy of the state is protected both by a general public policy clause (negative clause) and by special rules of a strictly positive, imperative nature (positive clause); 2) the application of positive and negative public policy clauses is based on considerations of public interest that are of fundamental importance for the political, social or economic structure of the country. In the constitutional law of Russia and foreign countries, the political, social and economic foundations of the country’s structure are the three fundamental foundations of the state, enshrined as provisions of the Constitution. The EU Regulation Rome I (Art. 9), the Civil Code of the Netherlands (Art. 10:7) and other modern foreign legal acts, as characteristics of super-imperative norms, fix the protection of public interests related to the three fundamental foundations of the organization of the state: political, social or economic structure (organization) of the state.Art. 1193 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes the elements on the legal, political or economic system of the state used by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation as a template to determine the differences in the system of the state. Therefore, they are not suitable for the characteristics of public policy and protective clauses on public policy. Enshrined in Part 3 of Art. 55 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, public interests (constitutionally significant values) are of fundamental importance for the political, social or economic structure of the country. In accordance with the doctrine, modern legislation and practice, public policy is based on these interests within the meaning of private international law. Considerations related to the indicated public interests underlie the application of both positive (Article 1192 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and negative (Article 1193 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) public policy clauses.

WORD ORDER PROCESSING IN GERMAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

In an experiment on processing effort in sentence comprehension, preference hypotheses on word order and relative clause position were tested in German as a second or foreign language. The experiment involved 62 Slovenian students of German studies in Maribor as participants. The linguistic material consisted of 16 utterances, each with a main clause and a relative clause and each of them a subject-initial or object-initial. The relative clause could occur either after the first or second noun phrase. The procedure used was the self-paced reading paradigm. After each test unit, the participants were asked a comprehension question, either about the subject of the main clause or about the subject of the relative clause. The experiment confirmed the hypotheses that response accuracy to a comprehension question was higher when a clause was subject-initial and when the relative clause occurred after the first noun phrase of the main clause. The experiment did not confirm the assumed interaction between word order and position of the relative clause.

PRO vs pro in Arabic Syntax: Theoretical Analysis

The objective of this work is to investigate the syntactic and semantic properties of the empty categories PRO and pro in Modern Standard Arabic syntax. The problem: both of them are always syntactically covert at PF; semantically, though PRO bears same / or different theta roles from its anaphor at spell out, it leads to correct interpretation at LF; however, pro bears different theta roles that determine correct c-selection at spell out and lead to correct interpretations at LF. Conclusions: Syntactically PRO occupies, merely, the subject position of non- finite phrases; it does not check the nominative case since the phrases lack [Agrs, T]. However, pro occupies the subject position of finite clauses in (i) independent clause, (ii) embedding, (iii) subordinate and (iv) independent clauses related to weather (expletive) verbs; it checks the nominative case by [Agrs, T]. Semantically, PRO checks, merely, the theta roles of agent and experiencer; however, pro checks the theta roles of agent, patient, experiencer, theme, instrument and location.

Attributive Clause in Georgian Language

The given article discusses a complex sentence with an attributive clause in Guram Dochanashvili’s novel “The First Garment”. The attributive clause gives a broad explanation about an antecedent in the main clause and a complemetizer that is related to it. Relative pronoun in the attributive clause agrees with the word (antecedent) in number and is declined according to a predicate in the subordinate clause. Attributive clause is related to a declinable word in main clause, such as noun, pronoun or infinitive. Position of subordinate clause is studied with its subordinators and complementizers in a complex sentence. In Guram Dochanashvili’s novel, main and subordinate clauses are related to each other by: 1. subordinators: rom [that], titkos [as if; as though]; 2. relative pronouns: vinc [who], rac [ that], romelic [ which], rogoric [ how], ranairic [ what kind/type]; ramdenic [how many]; 3. relative adverbs: sadac [where], saidanac [from where] and is, igi [he/she/it], iseti [such s] are used as correlatives. Complementizers – rom [that] (from relative pronouns), romelic [which/that/who] (from relative pronoun) and sadac [where] (from relative adverbs) are frequently used to join main and subordinate clauses together. There are no writing deviations within this construction in the novel.

Neg-raising, IP-internal topic and focus phrases and the structure of the Awing SOV clause

Ever since Kayne (1994) which argues that the universal word order in a phrase is Head-Complement, many studies had proliferated in support of the LCA. Basically, at the level of the clause, many languages exhibit the SVO pattern but there are languages which display distorted word order among which the SOV. The Awing language has both orders and there are determined on the basis of the opposition positive versus negative clause. This paper examines the derivation of the Awing SOV structure and argues that this derivation involves basic movements such head and A- movements (Chomsky 1995) in addition to remnant and heavy pied-ping. It also proposes a reanalysis of the landing site of the raised remnant VP and argues (in contradiction to Nyomy (2019) who posits that the position of the raised VP is spec, AgrOP) that the raised remnant VP lands in spec, TopP (an IP-internal left periphery position as posited by Jayaseelan (2001)).

Function Words at the Interface: A Two-Tier Approach

The distinction between function words and content words poses a challenge to theories of the syntax–prosody interface. On the one hand, function words are “ignored” by the mapping algorithms; that is, function words are not mapped to prosodic words. On the other hand, there are numerous accounts of function words which form prosodic words and can even be analysed as heads of larger prosodic units. Furthermore, function words seem to be a driving factor for the formation of prosodic structures in that they can largely be held accountable for the non-isomorphism between syntactic and prosodic constituency. This paper discusses these challenges with a focus on a particular function word, and the first-person nominative pronoun in Swabian, a Southern German dialect. By means of two corpus studies, it is shown that the pronoun occurs in two forms, the prosodic word [i:] and the enclitic [ə]. Depending on clause position and focus structure, the forms occur in complementary distribution. Occurrences of n-insertion allow for the establishment of a recursive prosodic word structure at the level of the phonological module. The findings support a new proposal in the form of a two-tier mapping approach to the interface between syntax and prosody.

Fine-Grained Implicit Sentiment in Financial News: Uncovering Hidden Bulls and Bears

The field of sentiment analysis is currently dominated by the detection of attitudes in lexically explicit texts such as user reviews and social media posts. In objective text genres such as economic news, indirect expressions of sentiment are common. Here, a positive or negative attitude toward an entity must be inferred from connotational or real-world knowledge. To capture all expressions of subjectivity, a need exists for fine-grained resources and approaches for implicit sentiment analysis. We present the SENTiVENT corpus of English business news that contains token-level annotations for target spans, polar spans, and implicit polarity (positive, negative, or neutral investor sentiment, respectively). We both directly annotate polar expressions and induce them from existing schema-based event annotations to obtain event-implied implicit sentiment tuples. This results in a large dataset of 12,400 sentiment–target tuples in 288 fully annotated articles. We validate the created resource with an inter-annotator agreement study and a series of coarse- to fine-grained supervised deep-representation-learning experiments. Agreement scores show that our annotations are of substantial quality. The coarse-grained experiments involve classifying the positive, negative, and neutral polarity of known polar expressions and, in clause-based experiments, the detection of positive, negative, neutral, and no-polarity clauses. The gold coarse-grained experiments obtain decent performance (76% accuracy and 63% macro-F1) and clause-based detection shows decreased performance (65% accuracy and 57% macro-F1) with the confusion of neutral and no-polarity. The coarse-grained results demonstrate the feasibility of implicit polarity classification as operationalized in our dataset. In the fine-grained experiments, we apply the grid tagging scheme unified model for <polar span, target span, polarity> triplet extraction, which obtains state-of-the-art performance on explicit sentiment in user reviews. We observe a drop in performance on our implicit sentiment corpus compared to the explicit benchmark (22% vs. 76% F1). We find that the current models for explicit sentiment are not directly portable to our implicit task: the larger lexical variety within implicit opinion expressions causes lexical data scarcity. We identify common errors and discuss several recommendations for implicit fine-grained sentiment analysis. Data and source code are available.

Optimizing emotion–cause pair extraction task by using mutual assistance single-task model, clause position information and semantic features

Optimizing emotion–cause pair extraction task by using mutual assistance single-task model, clause position information and semantic features

Case Valuation in Transitive Clauses: A Comparative Study of Punjabi and English Syntax

Case is a morphological realization on a noun phrase (NP) to represent the NP's grammatical relationship with the main verb of the clause. With respect to case, languages, in many cases, can be broadly divided into two alignment systems, i.e., ergative-absolutive and nominative-accusative. In the former type of languages, e.g., Punjabi, the subjects usually receive an ergative post position in transitive clauses (with perfective aspect) while in the latter type of languages, e.g., English, the subject, i.e., in nominative case receives, no post position. There has been a widespread controversy on whether ergative is a structural case or a lexical/inherent case and how the arguments are, i.e., subject and objects valued case in case of ergative clauses. With this ongoing debate in the background, this study aims to compare the marking of case on the arguments, i.e., subjects and objects in the transitive clauses of English and Punjabi. The study is conducted under the minimalist framework of Chomsky (2008), who emphasized on Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT): language provides the best possible solution to the interface conditions imposed by other systems of the human mind, i.e., related to meaning and sound, which interact with language through their interfaces Conceptual Intentional (C-I) and Sensori-Motor (SM) respectively. In this framework, a feature valuation mechanism is induced by the probes, i.e., C and v*. The study finds that in split ergative languages (the languages which take both case patterns, i.e., nominative and ergative) like Punjabi, the EA, i.e., subjects of perfective transitive clauses are assigned the ergative case by the functional heads v* at [Spec-v*] while the IA, i.e., objects are valued accusative case by the same functional head v* under Agree operation. A consequence of this finding concludes that T has default agreement in such languages, which is possible because Punjabi (like its other South Asian counterparts, e.g., Urdu-Hindi, Bengali, and Kashmiri) is a pro-drop language. So, it is easy to assume that EPP and Agree features of T are an option

Bridging the Cultural Divide: A Study of the Published English Versions of Some of Gamal Al-Ghitani Literary Works

This research paper is an attempt to evaluate Peter Newmark's semantic and communicative approaches that are commonly adopted by translators to impart the flavor of the Egyptian culture to the Anglophone readers. The two approaches are diametrically opposed: the semantic approach involves the transfer of the text literally without any alteration: it preserves the length of sentences, position and integrity of clauses and words. It is author-oriented in the sense that it closely pursues the author's thought process and disregards the response of the target readers. This approach does not pay heed to the message of the writer and the target readers may find it difficult to digest the target text. The communicative approach, on the other hand, sets great store on the target reader and the response of the receptor. It attempts to generate a meaning that will elicit a response from the target recipients that approximates the response of the SL readers. It also advocates the equivalent-effect principle of translation which tends to rule out the predominance of words and structure. This paper attempts to address the vexed question of choosing an optimal translation approach and whether to represent the source culture in Target Text by highlighting the importance of the functional approach to translation which is based on the Skopostheorie, for it strikes a balance between Newmark's approaches by according priority to the function the translated text is intended to fulfill. Although this Skopostheorie has drawn many criticisms, some of them have been refuted; it is practically useful to adopt it provided the translator voices his/her opinion which is soundly based on his/her expertise and does not follow blindly what the commissioner/client dictates to him/her. Translation is not all about linguistic transcoding, or cultural transference, rather it is a communicative action determined by a purpose. Translators can safely produce skopos-based translation provided that they observe the principles of coherence and culture. Some of Gamal Al-Ghitani's literary works are selected to put theories into practice since they are replete with expressions that reflect the Egyptian culture hence pose a challenge to the translator.

On adverbial clauses in spoken Lithuanian

The aim of the paper is to investigate adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession in spontaneous private communication. The study explores semantic relations between the main and subordinate clauses, grammatical features and predominant conjunctions.The data for the research was collected from the morphologically annotated Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian, namely, its sub-corpus of spontaneous private speech which is used at home, at friends’ place, or which is produced by close friends.The analysis of spontaneous private communication shows that the finite adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession are related to a set of conjunctions, but other indicators such as the use of verbal categories (especially tense, aspect and mood), contextual lexical markers as well as pragmatic inference also help to determine the semantic relationship between the main and the subordinate clause.In a spoken language, temporal clauses are usually combined with the conjunctions kai, kaip ‘when’, kol ‘while’, less frequently – with kada ‘when’; causal clauses are combined with the conjunction nes ‘because; since’, less frequently – with kad and kadangi ‘because’; conditional clauses are typically combined with the conjunction jeigu ‘if’, less frequently – with jei ‘if’, concessive clauses – with the conjunction nors ‘though’. The conjunctions kai ‘when’, kol ‘while’, kadangi ‘because’, jeigu and jei ‘if’ correlate with the particle tai that is very frequent in a spoken language, while the conjunction nors ‘though’ – with the contrastive conjunction bet ‘but’.In the natural language flow, the structure of adverbial sentences is modified: other sentential and discourse units can intervene between the main and the subordinate clauses, and the adverbial conjunction moves from the initial to the medial position.Traditional Lithuanian grammars emphasise that the position of adverbial clauses is undefined: they can appear before or after the main clause. However, the analysis of spontaneous speech shows that the position of a subordinate clause is influenced by the semantic relationship between the clauses. If a subordinate clause refers to a previous action or event, then it dominates in a preposition. Besides, the position of an adverbial clause is also influenced by correlative conjunctions: the main clause with the correlative particle tai dominates in the postposition.The research also revealed that Lithuanian adverbial clauses could function at the discourse level: in dialogues, the structure of a complex sentence is broken down and subordinate adverbial clauses can acquire additional – discourse – functions. Adverbial conjunctions, in their turn, can indicate relations with a previous discourse.

An Automated Approach for Finding Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Seasonal Influenza in the United States: Algorithm Validation Study.

BackgroundAgencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) currently release influenza-like illness incidence data, along with descriptive summaries of simple spatio-temporal patterns and trends. However, public health researchers, government agencies, as well as the general public, are often interested in deeper patterns and insights into how the disease is spreading, with additional context. Analysis by domain experts is needed for deriving such insights from incidence data.ObjectiveOur goal was to develop an automated approach for finding interesting spatio-temporal patterns in the spread of a disease over a large region, such as regions which have specific characteristics (eg, high incidence in a particular week, those which showed a sudden change in incidence) or regions which have significantly different incidence compared to earlier seasons.MethodsWe developed techniques from the area of transactional data mining for characterizing and finding interesting spatio-temporal patterns in disease spread in an automated manner. A key part of our approach involved using the principle of minimum description length for representing a given target set in terms of combinations of attributes (referred to as clauses); we considered both positive and negative clauses, relaxed descriptions which approximately represent the set, and used integer programming to find such descriptions. Finally, we designed an automated approach, which examines a large space of sets corresponding to different spatio-temporal patterns, and ranks them based on the ratio of their size to their description length (referred to as the compression ratio).ResultsWe applied our methods using minimum description length to find spatio-temporal patterns in the spread of seasonal influenza in the United States using state level influenza-like illness activity indicator data from the CDC. We observed that the compression ratios were over 2.5 for 50% of the chosen sets, when approximate descriptions and negative clauses were allowed. Sets with high compression ratios (eg, over 2.5) corresponded to interesting patterns in the spatio-temporal dynamics of influenza-like illness. Our approach also outperformed description by solution in terms of the compression ratio.ConclusionsOur approach, which is an unsupervised machine learning method, can provide new insights into patterns and trends in the disease spread in an automated manner. Our results show that the description complexity is an effective approach for characterizing sets of interest, which can be easily extended to other diseases and regions beyond influenza in the US. Our approach can also be easily adapted for automated generation of narratives.

Although‐constructions in varieties of English

AbstractFocusing on subordinate clauses of concession introduced by although, this paper investigates the systematic variation of clause position by inspecting three language‐internal factors (or constraints) and their stability across different varieties of the language. The three constraints are based on production (with speech making final placement more likely, due to reduced planning load), processing (with a general preference of final position), and semantics (with certain intra‐constructional relations favouring initial placement due to the iconicity principle). The strength and robustness of the constraints outlined above are tested based on spoken and written corpus data from British, Canadian, New Zealand, Nigerian, Indian, and Philippine English.

KESALAHAN PENGGUNAAN RELATIVSATZ MAHASISWA PADA MATA KULIAH SCHREIBFERTIGKEIT I

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to describe the mistakes made by the students in the use of Relativ Sentence. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The data sources are students of Department of German Education, State University of Makassar. The data in this study are the sentences that contain elements Relativ Sentence from the essays made by the students. The instruments used are divided into two parts, the researcher as the primary instrument, and a table which serves as a supporting instrument. The results showed that there are still quite a lot of mistakes made use of Relativ Sentence in their essays, especially in terms of placement of the verb, in the case of the use Relativpronomen Nominativ, Akkusativ, and dative, as well as the errors in the position of relative clause. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there are still many students of the German Language Study Program in 2019 who do not understand the Relativsatz material well.

A Corpus-Based Study on the Positioning of Concessive Clauses with although

This paper aims to provide an integrated account of the affectedness of semantic factors such as the Figure precedence principle, the sequence principle, and the end-focus principle on the positioning of the concessive clauses introduced by the subordinate conjunction although, based on the COCA