Positions Of Triacylglycerols Research Articles

Infant Formula with 50% or More of Palmitic Acid Bound to the sn-2 Position of Triacylglycerols Eliminate the Association between Formula-Feeding and the Increase of Fecal Palmitic Acid Levels in Newborns: An Exploratory Study.

The binding ratio of palmitic acid (PA) at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols in infant formulas is lower than that in breast milk, resulting in higher levels of fecal PA. Even if the ratio is increased to 40-50%, fecal PA levels in formula-fed infants remain higher than those in breast-fed infants. In Japan, infant formulas with 50% or more of PA bound to sn-2 (high sn-2 PA milk) are commercially available; however, their effects on PA excretion have not been investigated. Therefore, this observational study aimed to preliminarily evaluate whether the feeding volume of high sn-2 PA milk is significantly associated with fecal total/soaped PA levels in newborns. Infant formulas were classified as high (≥50% of PA bound to sn-2) or low sn-2 (<50%) PA milk. Associations between feeding volume of high or low sn-2 PA milk and fecal PA levels were evaluated using multiple regression analysis models. The results showed that the feeding volume of low sn-2 PA milk was positively associated with fecal total/soaped PA levels, while there was no significant association between those of high sn-2 PA milk and fecal total/soaped PA levels. Our preliminary study suggests that high sn-2 PA milk may reduce increased fecal PA levels in formula-fed newborns.

Chromatographic and Thermal Characteristics, and Hydrolytic and Oxidative Stability of Commercial Pomegranate Seed Oil.

The current investigations were aimed at the determination of the hydrolytic and oxidative stability of commercial pomegranate seed oils provided by four different producers, and to assess the oils' primary quality parameters. During storage, many changes occur in oils that can significantly affect their quality. The oils were tested for acid and peroxide values, fatty acid profile, and their distribution between the sn-1,3 and sn-2 positions of triacylglycerols. The oxidative stability was also determined, and melting curves were plotted for the oils. The analyzed oils were stored for one month in a dark place at refrigerator temperature. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the acid values for most oils did not exceed the permissible level determined by the Codex Alimentarius. However, in all oils, the peroxide value exceeded the permissible level set by the standard EN ISO 3960:2017-03 and the Codex Alimentarius after the one-month storage period. The examined pomegranate seed oils were found to be valuable sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially punicic acid, which was the most abundant fatty acid present in these oils. In all analyzed oils, linoleic acid predominated in the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerols. Pomegranate seed oils did not exhibit good oxidative stability, as the oxidation induction times for all tested oils were very short. The storage period significantly affected the content of the primary oxidation products and oxidative stability of the oils.

Heterologous phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase channels eicosapentaenoic acid to triacylglycerol in Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a well-studied oleaginous model diatom with high triacylglycerol (TAG) and omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents, however, only a small portion of EPA is transferred from the polar lipids to TAG through phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT). In this study, a Nannochloropsis oceanica PDAT (NoPDAT) was heterologously expressed in P. tricornutum to increase the EPA content in TAG. NoPDAT heterologous expression slightly disturbed the growth of the transgenic lines, but enhanced the TAG content by 16–18 %. Considering the localization of NoPDAT in P. tricornutum after heterologous expression together with our lipidomic results, NoPDAT is more likely to utilize phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine on the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane as the acyl donors. Especially, NoPDAT transferred the EPA acyl moiety from the sn-2 position of the two above-mentioned phospholipids to the sn-3 position of TAG, resulting in the increase of two major EPA-containing TAG molecules (16:1/16:0/20:5 and 16:1/16:1/20:5). Correspondingly, two major 16:0-containing TAG molecules (16,0/16:1/16:1 and 16:0/16:0/16:1) decreased in the transgenic strains. In conclusion, our attempt to express NoPDAT in P. tricornutum increases the EPA content in TAG by approximately one-fold, and demonstrates the versatility of diatom lipid metabolism and acyl editing.

Effect of feed supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid in regio- and enantiopure triacylglycerols on gut metabolome and microbiota in rats

Docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3), DHA] plays an important role in human physiology including gut health. This research aimed to investigate the impact of positional distribution of DHA in dietary triacylglycerols (TAG) on gut metabolomic profile and microbiota. In the 4-week feeding trial, the Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on an n-3 deficient feed supplemented with TAG containing DHA at the sn-1, 2, or 3 position and palmitic acid at the remaining positions. Three groups receiving standard n-3 adequate feed, n-3 deficient feed, or n-3 deficient feed supplemented with tripalmitin were included as controls. The gut metabolome was studied using LC–MS-based non-targeted metabolomics, and microbiota profiles were investigated by 16S rRNA sequencing. Compared to the n-3 adequate diet, four-week feeding on the n-3 deficient diet affected the fecal pyrimidine metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, and arginine and proline metabolism. Feeding with DHA-containing TAGs, especially TAG with DHA at sn-3 position, increased the level of N5-Carboxy aminoimidazole ribonucleotide related to purine biosynthesis and dimethylbenzimidazole involved in vitamin B2 biosynthesis. N-3 deficient diet lowered the abundance of the genus Alistipes and the species Bacteroides massiliensis in the gut microbiota. Compared to the n-3 deficient groups, feeding with DHA-containing TAGs decreased the abundance of species Prevotella sp. CAG: 1031, and feeding with sn-2 DHA resulted in an increase in the abundance of Bacteroides fragilis and a decrease in the abundance of Faecalibacterium sp. CAP 74. This is the first study showing that dietary DHA from different positions of TAG may affect gut metabolites and microbiota differently.

Influence of Dietary Triacylglycerol Structure on the Accumulation of Docosahexaenoic Acid [22:6(n-3)] in Organs in a Short-Term Feeding Trial with Mildly Omega-3 Deficient Rats.

To study the effect of positional distribution of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in dietary triacylglycerols (TAG) on the tissue fatty acid content and composition of mildly (n-3) deficient rats. In a 5-day feeding trial, mildly (n-3) deficient rats received 360mg daily structured TAGs: sn-22:6(n-3)-18:0-18:0, sn-18:0-18:0-22:6(n-3), sn-18:0-22:6(n-3)-18:0, or tristearin. A fifth group receives standard (n-3) adequate feed AIN-93G from birth till the end of the trial. The DHA-fed groups show significantly higher DHA levels in the liver and visceral fat compared to the tristearin or normal feed groups showing that the dose and the short feeding period of DHA were sufficient to restore the DHA content in the organs of (n-3) deficient rats. Feeding sn-1 DHA resulted in higher levels of DHA in the liver TAG compared to sn-3 DHA feeding, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. These findings indicated a possible difference in the tissue accumulation and/or metabolic fate of DHA from the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of TAG.

Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Structured Fatty Acids Enriched with Medium and Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids via Solvent-Free Transesterification of Skipjack Tuna Eyeball Oil and Commercial Butterfat.

Human milk lipids generally have the maximum long-chain fatty acids at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. This positioning makes them more digestible than long-chain fatty acids located at the sn-1, 3 positions. These unique fatty acid distributions are not found elsewhere in nature. When lactation is insufficient, infant formula milk has been used as a substitute. However, the distribution of most fatty acids ininfant formula milk is still different from human milk. Therefore, structured lipids were produced by the redistribution of medium-chain fatty acids from commercial butterfat (CBF) and n-3 and n-6 long-chain fatty acids from skipjack tuna eyeball oil (STEO). Redistribution was carried out via transesterification facilitated by Asian seabass liver lipase (ASL-L). Under the optimum conditions including a CBF/STEO ratio (3:1), transesterification time (60 h), and ASL-L unit (250 U), the newly formed modified-STEO (M-STEO) contained 93.56% triacylglycerol (TAG), 0.31% diacylglycerol (DAG), and 0.02% monoacylglycerol (MAG). The incorporated medium-chain fatty acids accounted for 18.2% of M-STEO, whereas ASL-L could incorporate 40% of n-3 fatty acids and 25-30% palmitic acid in M-STEO. The 1H NMRA and 13CNMR results revealed that the major saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (DHA and EPA) were distributed at the sn-2 position of the TAGs in M-STEO. Thus, M-STEO enriched with medium-chain fatty acids and n-3 fatty acids positioned at the sn-2 position of TAGs can be a potential substitute for human milk fatty acids in infant formula milk (IFM).

Metabolic fate of DHA from regio- and stereospecific positions of triacylglycerols in a long-term feeding trial in rats

This study investigated the impact of regio- and stereospecific position of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in dietary triacylglycerols (TAGs) on the fatty acid composition of tissues and organs in rats. Four-week feeding with TAGs containing DHA in sn-1, 2, or 3 position and palmitic acid in the remaining positions at a daily dosage of 500 mg TAG/kg body weight significantly increased the DHA content in all organs and tissues in rats, except in the brain, where the change in DHA level was not statistically significant. The group fed sn-1 DHA showed a significantly higher content of DHA in the plasma TAG than the group fed sn-3 DHA. The sn-3 DHA group had higher levels of DHA in the visceral fat compared to the sn-1, sn-2, as well as all other groups. This is the first study showing that DHA from sn-1 and sn-3 positions of dietary TAGs have differential accumulation in tissues. The new findings improved the current knowledge on the significance of TAG isomeric structure for the bioavailability and metabolic fate of DHA.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of cranberry seed oil: food waste valorization approach

Cranberry pomace considered as a by-product of fruit industry contains seeds which may be processed to highly nutritive oil. Conventional extraction methods may be, however, harmful to natural environment, thus alternative, ultrasound-assisted extraction method may be useful tool to reduce environmental impact. In the following study, sonication was applied to extract oil from cranberry seeds. The aim of the study was to determine the most efficient conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil and to investigate sonication influence on the properties of final product. Ultrasound amplitude and extraction time were independent variables; yield and maximum induction time of oils were responses. The most efficient conditions were amplitude of 95% and extraction time of 11.38 min. Model predicted extraction yield of 22.55 ± 0.36% (vs. actual 21.98 ± 0.08%) and induction time of 52.60 ± 0.95 min (vs. actual 61.95 ± 3.06 min). Detailed analyses of oil extracted in the most efficient conditions and the control sample were performed. Kinetic parameters of oil oxidation, fatty acid profile and distribution, melting characteristics studies were carried out. Sonication influenced activation energy of oxidation reaction, contribution of chosen fatty acids (oleic, α-linolenic and eicosenoic fatty acids) and distribution of oleic and α-linolenic fatty acids in sn-2 position of triacylglycerols. Slight changes in melting profile of oils were also recorded. Scanning electron microscopy of cranberry seeds revealed that ultrasound treatment resulted in pore enlargement and fat agglomeration damage. Additional studies of thermal properties of cranberry seeds: differential scanning calorimetry and modulated differential scanning calorimetry were performed, which confirmed that cranberry seeds may be a new source of oil with unique properties.

A GC/MS method for the rapid determination of disaturated triacylglycerol positional isomers

The properties of Triacylglycerols (TAGs) depend on their fatty acid composition and distribution. The presence of saturated fatty acids at the different positions of TAGs is important in determining the melting and tempering profile of many solid and plastic fats. The distribution of fatty acids of a fat can vary depending on its origin and processing. Here we developed a method to determine the composition of positional isomers of disaturated TAGs involved in food formulations using a GC/MS based method that requires no prior purification of the TAG species. The method is based on the different breakages that disaturated TAGs undergo in the MS detector and that permit a rapid determination of the regioisomer distribution of all major TAG species in a crude fat. This approach could facilitate the characterization of a large variety of fats, oils and butter of interest in many food formulations.

Fatty acids and minor functional compounds of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds and other Cannabaceae species

Nowadays, hemp (Cannabis sativa) seeds are receiving increased attention because of their high nutritional value. Among other nutrients, they contain a PUFA- and bioactive compounds-rich oil. Accordingly, this work was focused to establish the fatty acids (FA) content, the regiospecificity of triacylglycerols, and to quantify several bioactive compounds of relevant hemp seeds varieties and related taxa. Eight varieties of unhusked hemp seeds and eight samples of commercial husked hemp seeds were studied, and other Cannabaceae seeds: those from hop (Humulus lupulus) and European hackberry (Celtis australis). We found that all hemp seeds varieties constitute a rich source of essential PUFA as linoleic and α-linolenic acids, as well as oleic acid. PUFA were mostly distributed at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols, thus, being highly bioaccessible, while SFA were mostly located at the sn-1,3 positions. The n–6/n–3 PUFA ratio was found to be nutritionally advantageous. Vitamin E compounds were noticeable, and γ-tocopherol was the major tocol found. Regarding phytosterols, campesterol and β-sitosterol were the most prominent compounds, while squalene content was also noticeable. Overall, the lipid fraction of hemp seeds can be considered as a source of essential and bioactive FA as well as an antioxidant- and cholesterol-lowering bioactive compounds-containing functional food.

Comprehensive evaluation of lipidomics profiles in golden threadfin bream (Nemipterus virgatus) and its by-products using UHPLC-Q-exactive Orbitrap-MS

Golden threadfin bream (Nemipterus virgatus) has become the second-largest surimi processing resource, but little is known about its lipidomics profiles. A comprehensive lipidomics analysis of golden threadfin bream and its by-products was performed. The results showed that golden threadfin bream contained high levels of phospholipid (4.54%–13.13% of total lipids), saccharolipid (5.22%–18.68%), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 11.07–21.54% of total fatty acids), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 3.89–5.29%) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 2.36–3.64%). DHA tended to concentrate more on phospholipid than triacylglycerol and other lipid classes. Interestingly, DHA was mainly bonded to the sn-2 position of triacylglycerol and sn-1 position of phospholipid. Additionally, 1400 lipid molecular species belonging to 28 subclasses were identified by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography equipped with quadrupole-exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS), and glycerolipid was the dominant lipid class. Glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid in fish head and viscera were relatively higher than muscle and skin. Furthermore, the chemometric models were used to differentiate and evaluate the four tissues, and 57 potential lipid biomarkers were screened. Hence, this study will contribute to comprehensively assess the nutritional value of golden threadfin bream and facilitate the high-value utilization of its by-products.

Comprehensive lipid profiles of sea cage aquaculture cobia (Rachycentron canadum) based on lipidomics

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is a significant fish species for mariculture with high nutritional value. This research aims to comprehensively investigate the lipid profiles of cobia tissues, including fatty acid profiles, characteristics of phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TAG), and lipid molecular species. The results showed that cobia contained high levels of total lipids (2.89 −32.09 % of wet weight), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 10.83 −14.69 % of total fatty acids) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 3.54 −9.68 %). Compared with TAG, higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, DHA/EPA in particular, were concentrated in PL. Interestingly, DHA was predominantly distributed in the sn-1 position of PL and the sn-2 position of TAG, whereas EPA was predominantly distributed in the external positions of PL and TAG. Additionally, at least 693 molecular species from 23 subclasses were identified by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole exactive-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS). Glycerophospholipids (63.19 −66.61 %) and glycerolipids (19.17 −22.21%) were the major lipid classes in cobia tissues, and the majority of them contained DHA and EPA. Hence, this comprehensive analysis will help to evaluate the lipid nutritional values and facilitate exploitation in cobia consumption and processing.

Similarity Index for the Fat Fraction between Breast Milk and Infant Formulas.

The similarity of the fat fraction in infant formulas rich in either bovine milk fat (MF) or vegetable oil (VO) to breast milk was evaluated by analyzing their lipid composition. Milk fat-rich formulas were highly similar (average similarity index 0.68) to breast milk compared to the VO-rich formulas (average similarity index 0.56). The highest difference in the indices was found in the contents of cholesterol (0.66 vs 0.28 in MF- and VO-rich formulas, respectively, on average) and polar lipids (0.84 vs 0.53), the positional distribution of fatty acids in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols (0.53 vs 0.28), and fatty acid composition (0.72 vs 0.54). The VO-based formulas were superior in similarity in n – 6 PUFA. Thus, the addition of bovine MF fractions is an effective way to increase the similarity between the lipid composition of infant formulas and human milk.

Application of Chromatographic and Thermal Methods to Study Fatty Acids Composition and Positional Distribution, Oxidation Kinetic Parameters and Melting Profile as Important Factors Characterizing Amaranth and Quinoa Oils

Amaranth and quinoa are classed as pseudocereals that do not belong to the grass family, meaning they are not technically a grain. Both of them are seeds with tremendous nutritional value; compared to other cereals, they contain much more fat. The aim of the study was to present the parameters characterizing thermal properties of amaranth and quinoa oils, such as: oxidation induction time, oxidation kinetic parameters, and melting profile. In isolated oils, the peroxide value, oxidative stability by the Rancimat test (in 120 °C) and the pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) method (at 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 °C), fatty acids composition, and their distribution between the triacylglycerol positions were determined. The kinetic parameters of the oxidation process (activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction rate constants) were calculated using the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method and the Arrhenius equation. To measure the melting profile, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method was used. Both types of seeds are a good source of unsaturated fatty acids. Induction time of oxidation suggests that amaranth oil may have better resistance to oxidation than quinoa oil. The melting characteristics of the oils show the presence of low-melting triacylglycerol fractions, mainly containing unsaturated fatty acids, which means that a small amount of energy is required to melt the fats.

Melting, Crystallization, and In Vitro Digestion Properties of Fats Containing Stearoyl-Rich Triacylglycerols.

Fats containing the stearoyl-rich triacylglycerols (TAGs) of 1,2-distearoyl-3-oleoylglycerol (SSO) and 1,3-dioleoyl-2-stearoylglycerol (OSO) were synthesized via the lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of tristearin (SSS)-rich fat and oleic acids, followed by solvent fractionation. Their physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibilities were compared. The SSS-, SSO-, and OSO-rich fats comprised 81.6%, 52.9%, and 33.1% stearic acid, respectively, whereas oleic acid comprised 2.9%, 37.5%, and 56.2%, respectively. The SSS-, SSO-, and OSO-rich fats contained the TAGs of SaSaSa (100.00%), SaSaMo (86.98%), and MoSaMo (67.12%), respectively, and the major TAGs were SSS, SSO, and OSO, respectively. Melting and crystallization temperatures were higher and fat crystals were larger and densely packed in the descending order of SSS-, SSO and OSO-rich fats. Both in vitro multi-step digestion and pH-stat digestion were more rapid for OSO- than SSO-rich fat. Oleic acid was digested faster than stearic acid during the initial digestion, then the rate decreased, whereas that of stearic acid increased over prolonged digestion. Fats that were richer in stearoyl at the sn-1,3 position of TAG melted and crystallized at higher temperatures, had a densely packed microstructure of large fat crystals and were poorly digested. Stearic acid imparts the essential physical attributes of melting and crystallization in solid fats, and the low digestible stearoyl-rich fat would be a viable substitute for trans fatty acids in food lipid industry.

Explore Gastric Lipolysis and Lipid Oxidation of Conventional versus Pasture-Based Milk by a Semi-dynamic In Vitro Digestion Model.

Research on gastric lipolysis of commercial cow's milk with different fatty acid (FA) compositions is scarce. Gastric lipase exhibits specificity for the sn-3 chain position of triacylglycerols, whose structure is influenced by milk FA composition. Therefore, during gastric digestion of conventional (C) vs pasture-based (P) milk, differences may occur on lipolysis, which has impact on free FA available, influencing their absorption/metabolism rate and physiological hormonal responses. Those two milk types were subjected to the INFOGEST semi-dynamic digestion model. Five gastric emptying points were analyzed for oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and individual free FA. The relative release of medium-chain FA (C8:0-C12:0) was higher than that of longer-chain FA (C14:0-C18:0), and a linear increase in markers of PUFA oxidative degradation occurred along gastric digestion. Quantitatively, C8:0, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, and CLAc9t11 were higher (P < 0.001) in P milk when compared with C milk.

The Quality and Composition of Fatty Acids in Adipose Tissue-Derived from Wild Animals; A Pilot Study

The aim of this work was to study the quality (oxidative stability), fatty acids (FAs) profile and their distribution in triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules of hunted game wild fat (HGWF) obtained from wild boar, badger, and wild goose. Health lipid indices were calculated. The determination of FAs composition was carried out by gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Enzymatic hydrolysis and thin layer chromatography were used to determine the positional distribution of FAs in the internal and external positions of triacylglycerols (the regiospecific structure of triacylglycerols) of the obtained HGWF. A pressure differential scanning calorimeter (PDSC) was used to determine the oxidative stability of tested HGWF. The lipid fraction isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissues was dominated by MUFA, on average 46–50% of total FAs, and by SFA, on average 32–36% of total FAs. Palmitic acid was located mainly in the internal position of TAGs of the analyzed HGWF, whereas external positions were occupied by unsaturated oleic acid. Such a structure is responsible for normal fat absorption from food and it prevents the formation of insoluble calcium salts. Considering FAs profile, quality and the oxidation stability among all tested fat samples, the boar fat seems to be the most favorable.

Plant and algal lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases increase docosahexaenoic acid accumulation at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerol in transgenic Arabidopsis seed oil.

Although docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an important dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), is at present primarily sourced from marine fish, bioengineered crops producing DHA may offer a more sustainable and cost-effective source. DHA has been produced in transgenic oilseed crops, however, DHA in seed oil primarily occupies the sn-1/3 positions of triacylglycerol (TAG) with relatively low amounts of DHA in the sn-2 position. To increase the amount of DHA in the sn-2 position of TAG and in seed oil, putative lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs) were identified and characterized from the DHA-producing alga Schizochytrium sp. and from soybean (Glycine max). The affinity-purified proteins were confirmed to have LPAAT activity. Expression of the Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs in DHA-producing Arabidopsis expressing the Schizochytrium PUFA synthase system significantly increased the total amount of DHA in seed oil. A novel sensitive band-selective heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR method was developed to quantify DHA at the sn-2 position of glycerolipids. More than two-fold increases in sn-2 DHA were observed for Arabidopsis lines expressing Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs, with one Schizochytrium LPAAT driving DHA accumulation in the sn-2 position to 61% of the total DHA. Furthermore, expression of a soybean LPAAT led to a redistribution of DHA-containing TAG species, with two new TAG species identified. Our results demonstrate that transgenic expression of Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs can increase the proportion of DHA at the sn-2 position of TAG and the total amount of DHA in the seed oil of a DHA-accumulating oilseed plant. Additionally, the band-selective HSQC NMR method that we developed provides a sensitive and robust method for determining the regiochemistry of DHA in glycerolipids. These findings will benefit the advancement of sustainable sources of DHA via transgenic crops such as canola and soybean.

Quality assessment of cold-pressed strawberry, raspberry and blackberry seed oils intended for cosmetic purposes. [pdf

BACKGROUND Cold-pressed berry seed oils are used for consumption and other applications including skin and hair care. They are natural products which gain the attention of customers. In this study, strawberry, raspberry and blackberry seed oils used for cosmetic purposes, purchased from three different European producers, were analyzed. The aim of the study was to assess the quality and oxidative stability of the berry fruit oils, thus they were analyzed after purchase and after 4 and 8 weeks of storage at room temperature. METHODS Acid and peroxide values were determined in the tested oils, as was oxidative stability, which was measured using pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). Additionally, fatty acid profiles and thei. RESULTS nd. Cold-pressed berry seed oils are used for consumption and other applications including skin and hair care. They are natural products which gain the attention of customers. In this study, strawberry, raspberry and blackberry seed oils used for cosmetic purposes, purchased from three different European producers, were analyzed. The aim of the study was to assess the quality and oxidative stability of the berry fruit oils, thus they were analyzed after purchase and after 4 and 8 weeks of storage at room temperature. Materials and methods. Acid and peroxide values were determined in the tested oils, as was oxidative stability, which was measured using pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). Additionally, fatty acid profiles and their distribution at sn-1,3 and sn-2 positions of triacylglycerols were characterized. Results, principal. Most of the fatty acids of the tested berry seed oils are polyunsaturated fatty acids (67.04-74.95%). The results show the low quality of the tested oils in terms of oxidative stability (high peroxide values: 21.9-249.6 mEq O2/kg oil). CONCLUSIONS Based on this study, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of these products on the body. Moreover, standards clarifying the oxidation of cosmetic oils should be set internationally.

Triacylglycerol remodeling in Physaria fendleri indicates oil accumulation is dynamic and not a metabolic endpoint.

Oilseed plants accumulate triacylglycerol (TAG) up to 80% of seed weight with the TAG fatty acid composition determining its nutritional value or use in the biofuel or chemical industries. Two major pathways for production of diacylglycerol (DAG), the immediate precursor to TAG, have been identified in plants: de novo DAG synthesis and conversion of the membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) to DAG, with each pathway producing distinct TAG compositions. However, neither pathway fits with previous biochemical and transcriptomic results from developing Physaria fendleri seeds for accumulation of TAG containing >60% lesquerolic acid (an unusual 20 carbon hydroxylated fatty acid), which accumulates at only the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of TAG. Isotopic tracing of developing P. fendleri seed lipid metabolism identified that PC-derived DAG is utilized to initially produce TAG with only one lesquerolic acid. Subsequently a nonhydroxylated fatty acid is removed from TAG (transiently reproducing DAG) and a second lesquerolic acid is incorporated. Thus, a dynamic TAG remodeling process involving anabolic and catabolic reactions controls the final TAG fatty acid composition. Reinterpretation of P. fendleri transcriptomic data identified potential genes involved in TAG remodeling that could provide a new approach for oilseed engineering by altering oil fatty acid composition after initial TAG synthesis; and the comparison of current results to that of related Brassicaceae species in the literature suggests the possibility of TAG remodeling involved in incorporation of very long-chain fatty acids into the TAG sn-1 position in various plants.