Position Of Knot Research Articles

Trends of Hanging Deaths in Vadodara– An Autopsy based Prospective Study

The position of knot (typical/atypical) and type of hanging (complete/partial) play an important role in the causation of death in hanging. Ligature material and ligature mark also provides information regarding manner and cause of death.Total 1803 medicolegal autopsies were performedduring one year study period, out of which 189 (10.48%) cases were of hanging. In our study, 134 (70.89%) were male and 55 (29.10%) cases were female with male to female ratio of 1:0.4. We observed that in 104 (55.03%) cases the hanging was complete whereas 85 (44.97%) cases the hanging was partial.The typical hanging cases were 62 (32.8%) andatypical hangings cases were 127 (67.2%). Soft ligature materials were used in 143 (75.66%) cases. Hard ligature materials were used in 46 (24.34%) cases.Dupatta, a soft-ligature material mostcommonly used in all cases.

Study of Suicidal Death due to Hanging in District Prayagraj, U.P.

Hanging is one of the common methods of commiting suicide and it is considered suicide unless contrary is proved. The present study was conducted at the mortuary of Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital associated with Moti Lal Nehru Medical College Prayagraj (U.P.), from 1st March, 2020 to 28th February, 2021. Total 299 cases of hanging were found in this duration. The different aspects of hanging cases like sex ratio, age group involved, ligature material used, position of knot, features of ligature mark, point of suspension, type of hanging and other Postmortem findings have been discussed in detail in this study.

An autopsy study of suicidal hanging

Hanging is the most preferred method of Suicide. Individuals are known to use different Ligature material and suspend completely or partially. hence, it is important to understand the Parameters involved in it. Large number of Suicidal death are reported. To Understand Suicidal Hanging by studying different parameters involved in it like Ligature Material, Type of Knot. Sex and Age Group, involved, kind of Suspension and Position of knot. A total of 634 cases were studied . Crime scene examination was done only in those cases where their were Suspicion on the Suspension Deaths. Rest of the cases the crime scene photographs and investigating officer records were the inputs. Only Suicidal Hanging were Considered for the Study. Suicidal Hanging contributed to 6.5% of the Total Cases. The Ropes[27%%] and Stole [36%]Contributed to the Most Preferred Ligature Material and Shoe Lace contribute[0.5%] to the least preferred Material for Self Suspension. Complete Suspension was observed in 62% of cases. The Majority of the Victims were Females contributing to 62% of the Deaths. The Major Age Group[50.76%] Involved was between 21-30years and the Uneffected Age group were those in the Extremes of Life i.e 1-10 and 61-70years. A Slip Knot was used on 97.73% of suspensions. In 78% of Suspension the Position of the Knot was situated over the [Typical Hanging]Nape of Neck. Married Victims Contributed to 37.45% of cases. The different Parameters of Suicidal Hanging are necessary to understand the Suicidal Nature of Hanging.

Analysis of suicide hanging deaths in South Bangalore: A three-year retrospective study

Hanging is the most frequently encountered asphyxial death in forensic medicine practice. It is the second most common method employed to commit suicide in India. Easy availability and presence of wide range of ligature materials at home itself makes hanging a preferred method of committing suicide. This study was done at Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences & hospital Bangalore with an aim to evaluate suicidal hangings through perusal of postmortem reports retrospectively during the study period between Jan 2011 to Dec 2013. During the 3-year study period the study population had a total of 519 decedents ranging between age 11 years to 77 years. Victims of both sexes comprised the study population. Suicidal hangings with reference to age, sex, socioeconomic status of the decedents, educational qualification, motive, time, type of suspension and position of knot were studied to evaluate the relationship between different parameters. 62.63% of the decedents were males. The most common age group affected were in their third decade of life, who made 43.35 population 66.1% of victims died in complete suspension and remainder 33.0952% of victims had typical know placement while 47.6% had atypical knot placement. 58.38% of victims belonged to lower socioeconomic strata of which a majority shared an educational qualification up to pre-university weighing a percentage of 26%. The motive in majority of the deaths remained unknown (38.15%), family disputes ranked second with a percentage of 36.03.

Autopsy based one year prospective study of death due to hanging

Amongst all form of asphyxial death, hanging is most frequently encountered by forensic experts. Easy availability and presence of wide range of ligature materials at home itself makes hanging a preferred method of committing suicide over other methods. Findings over neck vary from case to case depending upon various factors like position of knot over neck, composition of ligature material, duration of suspension etc. The present prospective study was carried out in the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, M.G.M. Medical College & M.Y. Hospital, Indore, during the period from 1st August 2017 to 31st July 2018 and includes a total of 203 cases of death due to Hanging, brought to the mortuary of the hospital for medico-legal postmortem examination. Male victims were 137 (67.5%) and females were 66 (32.5%). The majority of victims belonged to 3rd decade among males were 49 (24.1%), followed by 4th decade were 44 (21.7%) while 2nd decade was most common among females were 25 (12.3%), followed by 3rd decade were 24 (11.8%). The objective of the study was to understand various demographic profile and various aspects of deaths due to hanging so as to suggest some remedial measures. Keywords: Hanging, Ligature Material, Position of knot, Suicide, Place of hanging.

Materials Used for Suicidal Hanging Recorded during Autopsy from Sir Salimullah Medical College Morgue

Background: Suicide is one of the commonest causes of death worldwide and has a great public health effect. The cause of suicide is found to be multi-factorial in which biological, psychological, social and environmental factors act together. The choice of method depends on the accessibility and availability of the means on the spot at the time of act.
 Objective: To find out the choice of ligature material used by the victims, type of hanging in relation to the point of suspension and other related factors.
 Materials and method: This retrospective observational study summarizes the post mortem examinations on 187 cases of suicide by hanging during January 2012 to December 2013 in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ligature material used by the victim was noted from the available forensic reports.
 Results: The current study is done to find out the commonly used material in cases of hanging. Male (63%) outnumbered females (37%) in committing suicide by hanging. Most commonly used ligature material was rope (28%) followed by ‘orna’/’dupatta’ (22%). The nature of ligature material was soft in 68% cases while hard material was used in 5% cases. The position of knot was observed on left side of neck in 63% cases followed by right side in 21% cases. The commonly used ligature was a rope with guider, and ceiling fan and tree branches as the point of suspension.
 Conclusion: Rope is frequently used for domestic purposes and thus it is also the most commonly used ligature material. Social, cultural and economic values must be strengthened to reduce incidence of suicide.
 Delta Med Col J. Jul 2019 7(2): 66-70

Medico-legal profile of hanging cases in rural region of Maharashtra: An Autopsy based cross-sectional study

Violent deaths resulting from asphyxia chiefly includes hanging. Hanging may be suicidal, homicidal or accidental in nature. Suicide by hanging is the most common, accidental hanging is less common and homicidal hanging is still less common. A retrospective study was conducted at mortuary of SRTR Government Medical College, Ambajogai, Dist. Beed, Maharashtra, India, between the period 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018 on all cases of hanging brought for post mortem examination where the cause of death was attributed to hanging. Data was collected with help of police inquest, post-mortem notes and forensic science lab reports. Results were obtained after tabulating and analysing data. Maximum deaths were reported (20 cases i.e. 33.89%) in 21-30 age group followed by (11 cases i.e. 18.64%) 51-60 years age group. The ligature material most commonly used was rope (59.32%). Type of knots was, fixed in 27 (45.76%) cases. The position of knot was mostly cases on posterior aspect of neck in 21 (35.59%). Direction of ligature mark was oblique in 57 (96.61%) cases. Ligature mark was above the level of thyroid cartilage in 52 (88.13%) cases. Dribbling of saliva was present in 25 (42.37%) cases. Peri-ligature subcutaneous haemorrhages were present in 16 (27.11%) cases. Fractured hyoid bone was seen in 1 (01.69%) case only. Type of suspension was complete in 45 (76.27%) cases. Manner of hanging was suicide in 56 (94.91%) cases.

A prospective study of Knot, Ligature Pattern and other External Findings observed in various cases of Hanging in Allahabad; Uttar Pradesh

Background: Hanging is caused by suspension of the body by a ligature encircling the neck. The person may use any article readily available for this purpose, like a rope, saree, belt, bed sheet etc. Most times, Ligature mark and material may be the only evidence available in deaths due to either hanging or strangulation. Their thorough examination and analysis is extremely helpful in differentiation and provide vital medicolegal information. Material and Method: Present study was conducted among the dead bodies brought to the mortuary of Swaroop Rani Nehru hospital MLN Medical College Allahabad. Out of 2654 cases autopsied during the study period from 01/05/2016 to 30/4/2017; 184 cases (6.93%) were caused by violent asphyxial death. Out of that 120 (65.2%) cases including hanging (94) and strangulation (26) were taken for study. Results and Conclusion: The young adults of the age group of 21-40 years contributed for majority of cases with 66(55%) of cases of hanging and 16(13.3%) of cases of strangulation. The position of knot was seen on the right side in 42(35%) cases. Duppatta was most commonly used ligature material 41(34.16%). The most common external finding was cyanosis seen in 84 (70%) and 26 (21.66%) cases of hanging and strangulation, respectively. Present study provides vital information for the Doctors, Police and concerned authorities in investigating cases of Hanging and strangulation.

Characteristics of ligature mark and throat skeleton fracture in deaths due to suicidal hanging: A retrospective study

Introduction: The typical findings of ligature mark on neck and throat skeleton fracture depends on multiple factors. The present study is an attempt to analyze relationship of these factors with ligature mark and throat skeleton fracture in suicidal deaths by hanging. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine of Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College, Yavatmal, Maharashtra State (India). Total 147 suicide deaths due to hanging were autopsied by the Department during the period of 2017 to 2018. We used a pre-formed proforma to abstract data from files of these cases, the obtained information was tabulated and coded in to charts and analyzed. Results: The male preponderance was observed (84.34%) with age group of 21 to 30 years being most frequent. Nylon rope was used frequently among tough material by victim and Shela (long handkerchief) was most common soft ligature material. Tough ligature material frequently showed grooved ligature mark and soft showed shallow mark. More frequent throat skeleton fracture was observed with complete hanging, with age above 40 years and with tough ligature materials. Conclusion: Definite relationship between type of ligature material and depth of ligature mark was observed. Also, degree of suspension was found to affect the level and direction of ligature mark on neck. There was a positive relation between throat skeleton fracture and the age of victim, type of ligature material and degree of suspension; whereas relationship with position of knot couldn’t be concluded. Keywords: Suicidal hanging, Tough material, Shela (long handkerchief), Throat skeleton fracture.

A study of various patterns of ligature mark produced in cases of hanging brought to the mortuary, GGH, Guntur

Background: Amongst all form of asphyxial death, hanging is most frequently encountered by forensic experts. Easy availability and presence of wide range of ligature materials at home itself makes hanging a preferred method of committing suicide over other methods. Findings over neck vary from case to case depending upon various factors like position of knot over neck, composition of ligature material, duration of suspension etc. Aim & Objectives: The aim of the present study is to identify the various pattern of ligature mark produced in cases of hanging brought to the mortuary. Methodology: The present prospective study was carried out in the Department of Forensic Medicine &Toxicology, Guntur Medical College& GGH Hospital, Guntur, during the period from Feb to December 2017 and includes a total of 40 cases of death due to Hanging, brought to the mortuary of the hospital for medico-legal postmortem examination. Results: In the present study, Majority of cases observed were young adults in third decade i.e., 21-30 years – 20 (50%) followed by individuals in fourth decade i.e., 41-50years – 07(17.5%). Most of the victims belong to middle and lower socio economic strata - 15(37.5%) and 25 (62.5%) respectively. In the present study most of the victims belongs to urban 28 (70%) areas than the rural areas 12 (30%). In our study chunni was the major ligature material for hanging observed in 16 (40%) cases. Postmortem findings revealed that majority of cases showed that bluish colour nails, lips and earlobes. Microscopic examination - breaking, wrinkling and compression of skin along with micro haemorrhages and inflammatory changes in sub- cutaneous tissues were notified. Conclusion: The correlation of external, internal and microscopic findings leads to easy formulation of final opinion these cases. It also, to some extent helps to delineate antemortem cases of hanging with postmortem cases.

Position of Knot and Relation With Working Hand in Hanging Cases- A Medico Legal Study

Background: Hanging is the most common form of violent asphyxial death in our country. Typical and atypical variety of hanging depends on position of knot at the victim body.
 Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the position of knot of ligature material and relation of knot with the working hands in hanging cases along with socio demographical status of the study subjects.
 Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted among 574 Autopsy cases of hanging victims at the Dhaka Medical College Morgue during the period January 2013 to December 2015.
 Results: Out of 574 cases, 159 (27.71%) were male and 415 (72.29 %) female. Among them 304(52.96%) were married and 270(47.04%) were unmarried. Most of the victims 269(46.86%) were from the age group 21- 30 years. Considering the knot, most were situated at right side of neck 281 (48.95%), followed by left side 235 (40.94%), at the nape of neck 50(8.71%) and in front of neck below chin 8(1.39%). Most of the study subjects were right handed. Dopatta (orna) was the commonest 237(41.28%) ligature material. 556 (96.86%) cases had some form of ligature mark in neck. Most of the victims 401(69.86%) hanged themselves at night. 545 body (94.95%) were recovered from inside the living rooms. 472 (82.23%) victims had complete suspension and 102 (17.77%) were cases of partial hanging.
 Conclusion: To reduce the number of suicidal hanging cases a well designed and comprehensive programme is needed, which will identify the causative factors and prevent of suicidal behaviors of affected persons.
 KYAMC Journal Vol. 10, No.-1, April 2019, Page 17-20

Profile of hanging deaths in Lagos, Nigeria: A 9-year retrospective autopsy study

Introduction: Hanging is seen worldwide and is the most common method of suicide globally. Hanging in Western nations has been well documented. However, there appears to be a dearth of published data on hanging in Nigeria, Africa. The essence of this work is to look at the morphological characteristics and the epidemiological profile of victims who died from hanging. Materials and Methods: This was a 9-year retrospective autopsy study on hanging deaths from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2013. The details of the injuries present were recorded in a predesigned format so as to minimize error. Such findings included age, sex, type of hanging, position of knot, number of turns of the ligature, and fracture of hyoid and thyroid cartilages. The findings noted were carefully compiled, tabulated, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Results: There were 22 cases of hanging during the study period representing 0.2% of the total autopsy cases. The mean age was 38 ± 12 years, ranging from 15 to 60 years. This was predominantly a male phenomenon, with males constituting 94.5%, whereas females accounted for only 4.5%. Hanging was most common in the fifth decade (27.3%). This was closely followed by the third and fourth decades. This study revealed that 95.5% had single loop. The knot was most common on the right representing 54.5% and least common at the occiput accounting for 13.6%. Hyoid bone fracture and thyroid cartilage fracture were seen in 22.7% each. Conclusion: This study has shown that the mean age of hanging was in the fourth decade in this environment, with an overwhelming male preponderance. Fixed single loop on the right side was the most common picture and a quarter had fracture of hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage. All the ligature marks were obliquely placed, and no fracture of cervical vertebrae was identified. A future study will be needed to determine what percentage of suicide is hanging in this part of the world.

Significance of External Findings in Hanging Cases during Autopsy

The external findings are utmost important in the opinion formation during autopsy of hanging deaths. Thus the current study was done with the aim of studying the significance of external findings in hanging cases during post-mortem examination in the Department of FMT, RIMS, Ranchi prospectively from 1st March, 2013 to 30th May, 2014. Majority of cases of hanging had not received any treatment. In maximum cases the nature of suspension was complete type. Atypical hangings were seen in most cases. Most commonly used ligature materials were Jute Rope and Dupatta. In majority cases the ligature mark was above the thyroid cartilage followed by at and above the thyroid cartilage. In maximum cases the position of knot was present at occipital region of the neck, followed by at over left mastoid region of the neck. In majority of case the ligature mark was prominent and discontinuous. The colour of ligature mark was dark brown in more than half of the cases followed by yellowish brown. In majority of cases the post-mortem staining was present. Only about 39% of cases the dried salivary stain was found. Involuntary discharge was seen only in 17% of cases. Tongue protrusion was found in 29.87 % of cases.

Incidence of Carotid tears in cases of deaths due to hanging-a prospective study conducted in Govt. Stanley Medical College, Chennai

The present study was carried out between 2012 and 2015. A total of 5068 autopsies were conducted of which 15.7% (n-764) cases were deaths due to hanging. The commonest ligature materials of choice were Sari. In 68% of the cases, hanging was complete. Females (n-343) and males (n-421) were equally affected. The major age group involved in both the sexes was of 31–40 years, contributing to 60.7% of the self-suspension. Majority of the ligatures had a fixed type of knot contributing to 97.73% (n-658) of the suspensions and only 2.27% (n-106) showed slip knot. Based on position of knot all cases were divided into four categories according to the position of the knot on the neck (I-IV) and further based on position of the body they are further classified into complete and partial hanging (A & B) Of the 764 cases of hanging, transverse laceration in the intimal layer was seen in 412 cases in which most of them were identified by histological examination rather than naked eye examination, Amongst complete hanging (IA, IIIA, IVA) shows more incidence of carotid tear than posterior partial hanging (II B).

An Analysis of Fractures of Hyoid Bone and Thyroid Cartilage in Deaths Due to Hanging

Hanging is one of the most common unnatural deaths due to mechanical asphyxia encountered in the mortuary. The present study was undertaken with the aim of studying the incidence & frequency of fracture in hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage in deaths due to hanging in the Department of FMT, RIMS, Ranchi, prospectively from 1st March, 2013 to 30th May, 2014. Highest number of deaths due to hanging was in the age group of 21–30 years. In maximum cases, the nature of suspension was of Complete & Atypical type. Most commonly used ligature was Jute Rope and Dupatta. In majority cases, the ligature mark was above the thyroid cartilage followed by at and above the thyroid cartilage and only few cases the ligature mark was at or overriding the thyroid cartilage. In maximum cases, the position of knot was present at occipital region of the neck, followed by left mastoid region. In majority of cases, the ligature mark was prominent and discontinuous. Hyoid fracture was found in only 5.2% cases. There was no case with thyroid cartilage fracture.

A Medico Legal Study of Hanging Cases at Dhaka Medical College

This retrospective study was conducted among 574 Autopsy cases of hanging victims at the Dhaka Medical College Morgue during the period January 2008-December 2009. Objective : The objective of this study was to find out the physical charecteristics, cause, place as well as the injuries specially in neck structures, variation of ligature materials, ligature marks, position of knot in the study subjects.Methods : A total of 5114 autopsies were performed during the study period, out of which 574(11.22%) were hanging cases. Ligature strangulation and manual strangulation cases were excluded from this study. Various Data of this hanging victims regarding places of incidence, time, suspected causes of death (related information were gathered from the victims attendants), type of suspension were noted from the inquest report accompanying the dead bodies. Points regarding ligature material, position of knot, pattern of ligature marks, injury to neck structures,fracture of hyoid bone and thyroid cartilages were collected from the 3rd copy of post mortem reports preserved in the Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Department of DMC. Finally data were analyzed and presented in table,graph and in pie chart.Results : Out of 574 hanging cases female were predominant (72.29%). Among them 304( 52.96%) were married. Marital disharmony/quarrel between couples was the main cause 172(29.96%) of hanging. Most of the victims 269(46.86%) were in the age group 21-30 years.Dopatta (orna) was the commonest 237(41.28%) ligature material. Considering the knot, most were situated at right side of neck 281 ( 48.95%).In this study single ligature mark has been found in 511(89.02%) cases and was non continuous in 478(83.27%) study subjects. In 520(90.59%) cases ligature was found above thyroid cartilage level. The mark was oblique in 509(88.68%) cases and impression corresponding to ligature material found in 126(21.95%) cases. Considering injury to neck structures most of them 448(78.04%) had stretching and elongation of neck, haemorrhage in underlying layers of neck skin in 372(64.81%). Injury to the other structures of neck were variable. Most of the victims 401(69.86%) hanged themselves at night. 545 body (94.95%) were recovered from inside the living room. Most victims had complete suspension 472 (82.23%).Conclusion : This retrospectivemedico legal study find out various data of hanging victims of one of the largest heath care center, Dhaka Medical College, which cover a large area of population. Though multi center prospective study should be carried out to find out our real situation.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.7(1) Jul 2015: 110-114

Histopathological Study of Carotid Arteries in Deaths due to Hanging

We studied the influence of various parameters on carotid artery in cases of deaths due to hanging. In 60 hanging deaths autopsied, the various details were gathered, analyzed and interpreted. Histopathology examination revealed the incidence of carotid artery injury to be 47 % (28 cases). Out of these maximum cases (17%) showed disruption of intimal layer from medial layer followed by 15 % cases intimal tear, 8 % cases perivascular congestion and 7 % cases subintimal haemorrhages. We concluded that age, type of hanging, position of knot and ligature materials were the parameters which influence carotid artery injury.

Image Segmentation of Wood with Knot Defects Based on Gray Transformation

Wood knot image obtained by X-ray was done gray transformation. The contrast of the image after gray transformation can be enhanced obviously and the position of knot can be highlighted. Binary processing was adopted for the image after gray transformation. The defects areas of the binary images are filled. Then, invert the best binary image of wood defect, and then adduct the obtained image. The result of wood defect image plus is that defects regions take apart completely with their background, which means the image segmentation is completed. Wood utilization is improved. The experiment results show that this method is feasible and effective.

Hyoid-laryngeal fractures in hanging: where was the knot in the noose?

The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of hyoid-laryngeal fractures in hanging in relation to the position of the ligature knot, to reconstruct the location of the ligature knot in cases of hanging when the furrow is not detectable on the skin, and to identify the possible mechanism of neck structure injuries. We report a retrospective autopsy study which included 557 cases of suicidal hanging: 413 men and 144 women, with an average age of 52.4 +/- 17.8 years. In 57.3% of them, hyoid-laryngeal fractures were found (average age was 54.3 +/- 16.5 years): 15.1% had only hyoid bone fracture, 26% had only thyroid cartilage fracture and 16.2% had both types of injury at the same time. Hyoid-laryngeal fractures were found more often in persons aged over 30 years. Hyoid bone fracture was a weak predictor of ligature knot position in our sample. Fracture frequencies of the thyroid cartilage show a statistically significant difference in relation to the ligature knot position among persons older than 30 years, which indicated the ipsilateral and posterior position of the knot. Absence or presence of any form of hyoid-laryngeal fracture indicated that knot position was anterior or posterior, respectively. The derived data would be useful for cases where the ligature has been removed from the body of the deceased shortly after hanging, where the noose is unavailable, and in cases where the ligature mark has faded such as with soft ligatures removed promptly or in decomposed bodies.

A knotted polymer chain passing through a pore

A knotted polymer chain passing through a pore is investigated by molecule dynamics method. In this paper, we take 31 knot as an example. It is found that, during the process of translocation, the size of the knot fluctuates until the knot is unknotted. In addition, the effect of the knot on the translocation velocity of the knotted chain is also discussed. For the given external force, the average translocation time τ satisfies the scaling relation:τ～N α, and the scaling exponent α increases with the external force f. For short knotted polymer chains, the average translocation time τ decreases when the external force f increases. However, for very long knotted polymer chains, the average translocation time τ increases when the external force f increases. In the meantime, the position of knot in a knotted polymer chain also affects the average translocation time τ strongly. The closer the knot approaches the first translocated monomer, the longer the average translocation time. This investigation can provide some insights into the translocation of knotted polymer chains (especially knotted DNA) through the nanopore, and help us understand the translocation behavior of biomacromolecules.