Portable Electronic Devices Research Articles

Research on the Development of LDO Chip Technology

Abstract. Whether portable electronic devices are powered by rectified AC mains or by batteries, the power supply voltage will vary over a large range during operation. In order to ensure a stable power supply voltage, almost all electronic devices must be powered by a voltage regulator. In order to meet the requirements of precision electronic equipment, a linear regulator should be added to the input end of the power supply to ensure a constant power supply voltage and achieve active noise filtering. LDO can help achieve this function. This article first introduces the basic concepts of low-dropout linear regulators and sorts out the advantages of low-dropout linear regulators. Secondly, the parameters that need to be studied for LDO are sorted out, which are also the direction for breakthroughs in LDO research. The third part introduces some basic structures of LDO, including the design of LDO structure without external capacitors, the design of bandgap reference LDO structure, and the design of high PRSS structure. Finally, the application of LDO is roughly summarized, as well as the trends and challenges of LDO development.

Synthesis of Trisiloxane with the Dioxaborolane Group as a Cathode Film-Forming Electrolyte Additive for High-Temperature LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12 Batteries.

LiMn2O4 batteries have been widely applied as various portable electronic devices and electric vehicles owing to the merits of low cost, high operating voltage, excellent rate capability, and environmental friendliness. However, the poor performance at elevated temperatures remains a serious technical challenge in terms of commercial application purposes. A borate-containing trisiloxane compound of TSMBO is designed and synthesized as a cathode film-forming electrolyte additive to improve the electrochemical performances of LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12 batteries, especially at high temperatures of 55 °C. Atomic force microscopy measurement confirms that the trisiloxane moiety in TSMBO can construct a cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) with higher mechanical strength and better flatness compared to the disiloxane moiety in the TSMBO analogue with a similar chemical structure. The robust CEI film on the surface of the LiMn2O4 cathode and the inhibited hydrolysis of LiPF6 in the electrolyte significantly suppress the dissolution of Mn from the LiMn2O4 cathode and maintain the structural integrity of the LiMn2O4 lattice over cycling. Thus, the LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12 coin cell using the TSMBO-containing electrolyte with an optimized addition level of 0.5 wt % exhibits a higher capacity retention of 49.3% compared with 34.3% for the baseline electrolyte after 300 cycles under 1C rate at 55 °C. The LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12 pouch cell tests show excellent high-temperature and cycling performance at 55 °C and a higher capacity retention of 90.4% after 500 cycles at 2C compared to 79.7% for that with the baseline electrolyte after 430 cycles at 2C. This work demonstrates that TSMBO is a promising electrolyte additive for practical use to improve the cycling stability of LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12 batteries at elevated temperatures.

Use of Desktop Computers at the California Institute of Technology Libraries

Student access to desktop computers is still important in today’s age of portable electronic and mobile devices. This paper will examine a sample of student usage of desktop computers in a small university library. Survey results indicated that students do find having access to desktop computers is still relevant for their research and personal needs. This paper will show that library administration should continue to invest in desktop computers for student use, despite the common belief that notebooks, laptops, and mobile devices have overshadowed the need.

Design and Optimization of MoS2@rGO@NiFeS Nanocomposites for Hybrid Supercapattery Performance and Sensitive Electrochemical Detection.

Metal sulfide-based composites have become increasingly common as materials used for electrodes in supercapacitors because of their excellent conductivity, electrochemical activity, and redox capacity. This study synthesized a composite of NiFeS@MoS2@rGO nanostructure using a simple hydrothermal approach. The synthesized nanocomposite consisted of the composite of nickel sulfide and iron sulfide doped with MoS2@rGO. A three-electrode cell is employed to investigate the electrochemical properties of the NiFeS@MoS2@rGO electrode. The results demonstrated an optimal specific capacitance of 3188 F/g at 1.4 A/g in a 1 M KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, a supercapattery is designed utilizing NiFeS@MoS2@rGO//AC as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode materials. The resulting supercapattery is designed at a cell voltage of 1.6 V, achieving a specific capacity value of 189 C/g at 1.4 A/g. It also demonstrated an excellent energy density of 55 Wh/kg with an enhanced power density of 3800 W/kg. Furthermore, the hybrid device demonstrated remarkable stability with a cycling stability of 95% over 30,000 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 1.4 A/g. The supercapattery, which has excellent energy storage capabilities, is used as a power source for operating different portable electronic devices.

A novel photocurable polymeric solid–solid phase change material for intelligent temperature regulators

The advancement of solid–solid phase change materials (SSPCMs) with crystalline segments embedded onto crosslinked polymer backbones offers a promising solution to the leakage problems associated with traditional phase change materials. Despite its potential, this technology faces challenges, including energy-intensive synthesis processes of SSPCMs and difficulties in custom designing materials for confined spaces. Herein, we introduce a novel strategy for the rapid preparation of polyurethane acrylate-based SSPCMs via UV-initiated polymerization. By leveraging crystalline segments from polyethylene glycol, the resulting SSPCM exhibits an impressive enthalpy of 110.4 J⋅g−1, enabling seamless transitions from rigid to soft states during solid–solid phase changes. When applied in portable electronic devices, this SSPCM can be synthesized in-situ to meet various size requirements, demonstrating exceptional temperature regulation performance based on latent thermal energy storage mechanisms. Furthermore, by integrating thin layers of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) onto the rough surfaces of SSPCM films and employing a face-to-face configuration to convert temperature-sensitive mechanical changes into electric resistance variations, we have engineered high-temperature alarms for SSPCM-based temperature regulators. The advantages of this preparation strategy, combined with the thermal regulation capabilities and innovative temperature alarm design, underscore the significant potential for intelligent and adaptive applications of SSPCMs in advanced technological landscapes.

Stacked borophene-based electric double-layer supercapacitors

As an exceptional metallic Dirac material, borophene shows promise for superior mechanical and electronic properties, making it increasingly significant in electronics. Both theoretical predictions and experimental evidence underscore its potential in energy storage applications. However, due to existing limitations in synthesis techniques, the application of stacked borophene as flexible electrodes remains unexplored. This study aims to overcome these challenges by introducing an innovative in situ co-eutectic salt method for synthesizing AB-stacked hydrogenated borophene sheets. These sheets are then employed to fabricate large-scale electrodes and construct flexible electric double-layer supercapacitors based on borophene. The robust mechanical stability of stacked borophene facilitates significant improvements in interfacial characteristics and energy storage performance through rolling processes. This enhancement results in increased specific capacity, improved rate performance, and enhanced cyclic stability of thin-film electrodes. Specifically, the optimized borophene-based supercapacitor achieves a high specific areal capacitance of up to 417.3 mF/cm2 in an organic electrolyte at a current density of 1 mA/cm2, which represents a twofold improvement compared to non-stacked borophene structures. Remarkably, it retains over 88.3 % of this specific areal capacitance even at a high current density of 15 mA/cm2, demonstrating impressive rate capability. Furthermore, after 5000 charge–discharge cycles, the capacitance retention exceeds 89.3 %. This research is expected to catalyse the application and advancement of borophene in future flexible and portable electronic devices, highlighting its potential transformative impact in energy storage technologies.

High volumetric-energy-density flexible supercapacitors based on PEDOT:PSS incorporated with carbon quantum dots hybrid electrodes

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a highly successful conductive polymer utilized as an electrode material in energy storage units for portable and wearable electronic devices. Nevertheless, employing PEDOT:PSS in supercapacitors (SC) in its pristine state presents challenges due to its suboptimal electrochemical performance and operational instability. To surmount these limitations, PEDOT:PSS has been integrated with carbon-based materials to form flexible electrodes, which exhibit physical and chemical stability during SC operation. We developed a streamlined fabrication process for high-performance SC electrodes composed of PEDOT:PSS and carbon quantum dots (CQDs). The CQDs were synthesized under microwave irradiation, yielding green- and red-light emissions. Through optimizing the ratios of CQDs to PEDOT:PSS, the SC electrodes were prepared using a spray-coating technique, marking a significant improvement in device performance with a high volumetric capacitance (104.10 F cm−3), impressive energy density (19.68 Wh cm−3), and excellent cyclic stability, retaining ∼85% of its original volumetric capacitance after 15,000 repeated GCD cycles. Moreover, the SCs, when utilized as a flexible substrate, demonstrated the ability to maintain up to ∼85% of their electrochemical performance even after 3,000 bending cycles (at a bending angle of 60°). These attributes render this hybrid composite an ideal candidate for a lightweight smart energy storage component in portable and wearable electronic technologies.

Fabric‐Reinforced Functional Insoles with Superior Durability and Antifracture Properties for Energy Harvesting and AI‐Empowered Motion Monitoring

AbstractFunctional triboelectric insoles hold promise for advancing self‐powered wearable technologies. However, their durability is compromised by continuous compressive forces and friction, leading to surface abrasion and material fracturing. To address these challenges, an innovative fabric‐reinforced structure combined with a dual‐L backrest design is developed that enhances anti‐fracture capabilities and electric outputs while enabling AI‐empowered motion monitoring. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used as the negative triboelectric material with a dual‐L backrest design, while insulated copper wire (icuW) serves as the positive triboelectric material with an annular structure design. These components are intricately nested to enable a multilayered friction pairing. The fabric‐reinforced structure demonstrates excellent compressive rebound resilience, withstanding forces of at least 1000 N. The functional insole, featuring a fabric‐reinforced dual‐L backrest structure (FRdL‐insole), efficiently harvests biomechanical energy with a peak power of 8214 µW and maintains highly consistent performance after 10 washing cycles and 60 000 durability tests. It can power portable electronic devices such as digital watches, calculators, hygrometers, and LEDs. Enhanced with machine learning algorithms, the FRdL‐insole processes sensor signals to monitor human movements, accurately identifying seven distinct motions. This positions the insole as a smart, real‐time, self‐powered tool for activity recognition, showcasing its potential in intelligent wearable technology.

One-Step Fabrication of 2.5D CuMoOx Interdigital Microelectrodes Using Numerically Controlled Electric Discharge Machining for Coplanar Micro-Supercapacitors

With the increasing market demands for wearable and portable electronic devices, binary metal oxides (BMOs) with a remarkable capacity and good structure stability have been considered as a promising candidate for fabricating coplanar micro-supercapacitors (CMSCs), serving as the power source. However, the current fabrication methods for BMO microelectrodes are complex, which greatly hinder their further development and application in BMO CMSCs. Herein, the one-step fabrication of 2.5D CuMoOx-based CMSCs (CuMoCMSCs) has been realized by numerically controlled electric discharge machining (NCEDM) for the first time. In addition, the controllable capacity of CuMoCMSCs has been achieved by adjusting the NCEDM-machining voltage. The CuMoCMSCs machined by a machining voltage of 60 V (CuMoCMSCs60) showed the best performance. The fabricated CuMoCMSCs60 with binary metal oxides could operate at an ultra-high scanning rate of 10 V s−1, and gained a capacity of 40.3 mF cm−2 (1.1 mA cm−2), which is more than 4 times higher than that of MoOx-based CMSCs (MoCMSCs60) with a single metal oxide. This is because CuMoOx BMOs materials overcome the poor electroconductivity problem of the MoOx single metal oxide. This one-step and numerically controlled fabrication technique developed in this research opens a new vision for preparing BMO materials, BMO microelectrodes, and BMO microdevices in an environmental, automatic, and intelligent way.

Zinc cobalt sulfide with carbon (graphene oxide and CNT) based nanocomposite as positive electrode for asymmetric coin cell supercapacitors

Abstract The world dependence on portable electronic devices has increased the demand for high-performance energy storage devices. The use of transition metal sulfides as faradaic electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage is rapidly increasing due to their high energy density. Herein Zinc Cobalt Sulfide (ZCS) with graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were used to create an interconnected ZCS composite network using a solvothermal technique. The materials were characterized by utilizing XRD, FT-Raman, TGA, FESEM/EDX, XPS, and BET. The electrochemical performance of the materials was examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The prepared electrodes exhibited both pseudocapacitor behavior and double-layer capacitor behavior, indicating the hybrid nature. Furthermore, All the electrode ZCS, ZCS/GO, ZCS/CNT, and ZCS/GO/CNT electrodes demonstrated higher capacitance behavior, with values of 420, 551, 585 and 811 F g−1 at 1 A/g. Among these ZCS/GO/CNT electrode exhibits outstanding electrochemical properties, with a notable retention of 81.08% at 10 Ag−1 because Combining ZCS nanoparticles with interconnected GO and CNT provides excellent electronic conductivity and stability. The assembled ZCS/GO/CNT//graphene oxide asymmetric coin cell (ACC) supercapacitor showed a high energy density of 33.3 Wh kg–1 at a power density of 624 W kg–1. The 3D nanostructure of ZCS/GO/CNT/Graphene oxide has great potential for developing foldable energy storage devices.

Flexible Composites with Rare-Earth Element Doped Polycrystalline Particles for Piezoelectric Nanogenerators

Energy harvesting plays an important role in advancing personalized wearables by enabling continuous monitoring, enhancing wearable functionality and facilitating sustainable solutions. We aimed to develop a flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting system based on inorganic piezoelectric materials that convert mechanical energy into electricity to power a wide range of mobile and portable electronic devices. There is significant interest in flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting systems that use inorganic piezoelectric materials due to their exceptional physical features and prospective applications. Herein, we successfully demonstrated a flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) designed by the co-doped rare-earth element ceramics (RE-PMN-PT) embedded in PVDF and PDMS composite film and attained a significant output performance while avoiding electrical poling process. The impact of dielectric characteristics on the electrical output of nanogenerators was investigated, together with the structure of the composites. The Sm/La-PMN-PT particles effectively amplify both the voltage and current output, showcasing their potential to power portable and wearable devices, as demonstrated by their capacity to illuminate LEDs. The maximal output power of 2 mW was correlated with the high voltage (220 V) and current (90 µA) of Sm/La-PMN-PT/PVDF, which demonstrated that the device has the potential for energy harvesting in biomedical applications.

Accordion-Structured Hydrogel Battery Capable of Maintaining Ion Gradients for Extended Periods.

Inspired by the electric eel, biomimetic, biocompatible energy storage, and power generation technologies show promise for applications in portable and wearable electronic devices by mimicking the electric cell tandem structure of the electric eel and utilizing ionic gradients between hydrogel compartments to generate electricity. Previously, inspired by the unique morphology of the torpedo fish, an artificial flexible power source that can output a large current was introduced. This power source uses a hydrogel-infused paper hybrid to create, accordionize, and reconfigure arbitrary-sized gel films in series and parallel, and the power output of the flexible battery was significantly enhanced. However, maintaining the ionic gradient of hydrogel batteries during storage remains a challenge. Here, by borrowing the isolation properties of the accordion structure, we propose a unique paper accordion structure design to fabricate an Accordion-Structured Hydrogel Battery (ASHB). Pretreatment of hydrogel-injected paper strips improved storage stability and maintained the ionic gradient of hydrogel cells in the nonworking state, so that the cell's gradient retention time after the assembly is completed is increased by at least 30 h compared to stacking, and its per-cell operating voltage is still able to reach. The design also makes the assembly and use of flexible batteries more modular and holistic. In the future, it may be possible to power the cells with ions generated by the human body or the metabolites of living organisms, leading to the development of more efficient, sustainable, and eco-friendly power solutions.

Breathable and Stretchable Epidermal Electronics for Health Management: Recent Advances and Challenges.

Advanced epidermal electronic devices, capable of real-time monitoring of physical, physiological, and biochemical signals and administering appropriate therapeutics, are revolutionizing personalized healthcare technology. However, conventional portable electronic devices are predominantly constructed from impermeable and rigid materials, which thus leads to the mechanical and biochemical disparities between the devices and human tissues, resulting in skin irritation, tissue damage, compromised signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and limited operational lifespans. To address these limitations, a new generation of wearable on-skin electronics built on stretchable and porous substrates has emerged. These substrates offer significant advantages including breathability, conformability, biocompatibility, and mechanical robustness, thus providing solutions for the aforementioned challenges. However, given their diverse nature and varying application scenarios, the careful selection and engineering of suitable substrates is paramount when developing high-performance on-skin electronics tailored to specific applications. This comprehensive review begins with an overview of various stretchable porous substrates, specifically focusing on their fundamental design principles, fabrication processes, and practical applications. Subsequently, a concise comparison of various methods is offered to fabricate epidermal electronics by applying these porous substrates. Following these, the latest advancements and applications of these electronics are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges are summarized and potential future directions in this dynamic field are explored.

On safety of swelled commercial lithium-ion batteries: A study on aging, swelling, and abuse tests

Lithium-ion battery technology has advanced significantly, making these power sources essential for portable electronic devices such as smartphones. In 2023, global smartphone shipments reached nearly 1.2 billion units, underscoring the widespread reliance on these batteries. However, as batteries age, they may swell and potentially pose explosion risks. To investigate the safety of swollen batteries, this study conducts accelerated aging and swelling tests on lithium-ion batteries from five leading brands, which together represent over half of the global smartphone market share. The research involves a series of comprehensive tests, including Accelerated Rate Calorimeters (ARC) test, mechanical, electrical, and thermal abuse tests in accordance with Chinese national standards, as well as gas composition and theoretical flammability analyses on both new and swollen batteries. The findings indicate that swollen batteries generally exhibit safer behavior under floating charging conditions, and both new and swollen batteries pass the abuse tests within the standard framework. This study suggests that the safety of swollen lithium-ion batteries cannot be categorically labeled as dangerous or safe and should be assessed within the context of specific environments.

The MnAl-alloy nanoparticles incorporated PVDF-based piezoelectric nanogenerator as a self-powered real-time pedometer sensor

This study introduces a flexible, sensitive, and cost-effective hybrid piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) by integrating MnAl-alloy nanoparticles into a poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposite film. The MnAl-alloy nanoparticles serve as a nucleating agent for promoting the formation of the electroactive β-phase. It is observed that the electroactive β-phase, dielectric permittivity, saturation polarization, and output performance of the device improve with the incorporation of the MnAl-alloy nanoparticles up to 7.5 wt. % in the PVDF matrix. Hence, in this work, we report a MnAl-alloy-based optimized piezoelectric nanogenerator device using a free-standing nanofiber mat (7.5 wt. % MnAl-alloy) prepared by the electrospinning technique. The as-fabricated piezoelectric nanogenerator effectively channels charges generated by mechanical stress to the electrodes, resulting in an impressive output voltage of approximately 16 V and an output current of around 7.1 μA, yielding a power of 47 μW across 4.5 MΩ resistor. Furthermore, energy harvesting from human movements such as jogging, knee bending, and walking is demonstrated for practical application. A piezo potential of approximately 8 V generated during walking showcases the development of a self-powered pedometer. Furthermore, tapping the PENG charges a capacitor of 0.1 μF up to approximately 1 V, demonstrating the potential application for the power up of small portable electronic devices.

Empowering Tri-Functional Palladium's Catalytic Activity and Durability in Electrocatalytic Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction via Innovative Self-Caging and Alloying Strategies.

Direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) stand out for portable electronic devices owing to their ease of handling, abundant fuel availability, and high theoretical open circuit potential. However, the practical application of DFAFCs is hindered by the unsatisfactory performance of electrocatalysts for the sluggish anodic formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR). Palladium (Pd) based nanomaterials have shown promise for FAOR due to their highly selective reaction mechanism, but maintaining high electrocatalytic durability remains challenging. In this study, a novel Pd-based electrocatalyst (UiO-Pd-E) is reported with exceptional durability and activity for FAOR, which can be attributed to the Pd nanoparticles encapsulated within a carbon framework where concurrent chemical alloying of Pd and Zr occurs. Further, the UiO-Pd-E demonstrates noteworthy multifunctionality in various electrochemical reactions including electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in addition to the FAOR, highlighting its practical potentials.

Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Films: Structure Design and Prospects.

The popularity of portable and wearable flexible electronic devices, coupled with the rapid advancements in military field, requires electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with lightweight, thin, and flexible characteristics, which are incomparable for traditional EMI shielding materials. The film materials can fulfill the above requirements, making them among the most promising EMI shielding materials for next-generation electronic devices. Meticulously controlling structure of composite film materials while optimizing the electromagnetic parameters of the constructed components can effectively dissipate and transform electromagnetic wave energy. Herein, the review systematically outlines high-performance EMI shielding composite films through structural design strategies, including homogeneous structure, layered structure, and porous structure. The attenuation mechanism of EMI shielding materials and the evaluation (Schelkunoff theory and calculation theory) of EMI shielding performance are introduced in detail. Moreover, the effect of structure attributes and electromagnetic properties of composite films on the EMI shielding performance is analyzed, while summarizing design criteria and elucidating the relevant EMI shielding mechanism. Finally, the future challenges and potential application prospects of EMI shielding composite films are prospected. This review provides crucial guidance for the construction of advanced EMI shielding films tailored for highly customized and personalized electronic devices in the future.

Graphene nanoribbon FET technology‐based OTA for optimizing fast and energy‐efficient electronics for IoT application: Next‐generation circuit design

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) and portable electronic devices are pivotal in enhancing living standards, with battery efficiency and compact design being critical for these devices. Analogue sensors, integral to advanced artificial intelligence, often necessitate complex real‐time processing and actuation. This study examines the performance of one‐dimensional armchair graphene nanoribbons in graphene nanoribbon field‐effect transistors (GNRFETs). It compares graphene nanoribbon‐based triple cascode operational transconductance amplifiers (GNRFET‐TCOTAs) with conventional CMOS‐based TCOTA. The results reveal substantial enhancements in the GNRFET‐based TCOTAs: the pure GNR‐TCOTA variant shows a remarkable 33.8% increase in DC gain and significant improvements in transconductance, slew rate, and gain‐bandwidth, with enhancements of 8.48, 5.85, and 8.56 times, respectively. Furthermore, the pure GNRFET TCOTA exhibits higher speed, lower energy‐delay product, and settling time compared to Si‐CMOS‐based TCOTA. The study also investigates the impact of critical design parameters on circuit performance. Overall, the research highlights the potential of GNRFETs to optimize TCOTA circuits, offering a path towards more efficient and compact electronic devices, thereby advancing the state of nanoelectronics and supporting the growth of high‐performance IoT systems.

Asymmetric sandwich poly(lactic acid) composite films fabricated by one-step phase separation approach towards absorption-dominant electromagnetic interference shielding and hydrophobicity

The absorption-dominant electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding polymer composites with excellent hydrophobicity and environmental friendliness are highly demanded to alleviate secondary electromagnetic radiation in high-humidity surroundings. Herein, cobalt–nickel@carbon nanotubes-polylactic acid-silver nanowires (CoNi@CNTs-PLA-AgNWs) films with asymmetrical sandwich architectures were successfully fabricated via a one-step magnetic field-assisted non-solvent-induced phase separation methodology. AgNWs are mainly spread on the rough top layer, but CoNi@CNTs are primarily distributed in the porous bottom layer of CoNi@CNTs-PLA-AgNWs composite films. Owing to the unique asymmetrical magnetic-electric dual networks, 150CoNi@CNTs-PLA-7AgNWs film displays the fantastic averaged EMI SET of 53.7 dB and optimal A of 0.61, illuminating the dominance of absorption in EMI shielding and efficiently alleviating the secondary electromagnetic pollution. In order to enhance the stability of EMI shielding in damp environment, CoNi@CNTs-PLA-AgNWs composite films are dip-coated in 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (FDTS) solution for hydrophobic modification. The excellent water repellency is achieved on both top and bottom surface of CoNi@CNTs-PLA-AgNWs films with WCA > 150° and > 120°, respectively, while maintaining the superior EMI shielding performance. Such facile one-step asymmetrical sandwich structure design strategy provides valuable insight into preparing and controlling hydrophobic absorption-dominant EMI shielding composites, which is anticipated to have numerous implications for smart and portable electronic devices in high-humidity environment.

All-in-One Polymer Gel Electrolyte towards High-Efficiency and Stable Fiber Zinc-Air Battery.

Fiber zinc-air batteries are explored as promising power systems for wearable and portable electronic devices due to their intrinsic safety and the use of ambient oxygen as cathode material. However, challenges such as limited zinc anode reversibility and sluggish cathode reaction kinetics result in poor cycling stability and low energy efficiency. To address these challenges, we design a polydopamine-based all-in-one gel electrolyte (PAGE) that simultaneously regulates the reversibility of zinc anodes and the kinetics of air cathodes through polydopamine interfacial and redox chemistry, respectively. The intrinsic catechol and carboxylate groups in PAGE regulate the transport and solvation structure of Zn2+, facilitating dendrite-free zinc deposition with a lamellar stacking morphology. Additionally, the oxidation of redox-active catechol groups in PAGE replaces the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction on the air cathode and reduces the energy barrier for charging, enabling fiber zinc-air batteries to achieve a significantly improved energy efficiency of 95% and a longer lifespan of 40 hours. Further integration into self-powered electronic textiles underscores its potential for next-generation wearable systems.