Shenzhen Port Research Articles

Optimizing container ports’ transportation and Distribution systems toward a low-carbon future: A Shenzhen port case study

Although the large throughput of China’s container ports signals positive progress on trade and economic growth, large Chinese container ports still heavily rely on high-emitting and heavy-polluting diesel trucks for transportation and distribution. The reliance on diesel HDTs is aggravating air pollution in ports’ surrounding areas, worsening traffic congestion, and preventing port cities from establishing ambitious carbon-emission reduction targets.

Towards an analysis framework for operational risk coupling mode: A case from MASS navigating in restricted waters

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASSs) constitute highly interconnected and tightly coupled multistate systems. Incorporating the coupling effects of both interactions and dependencies is centrally important to ensure navigation safety of MASSs. This paper proposes a framework for examining the coupling effects in the operational modes (OM) of MASSs. Failure Modes (FMs) of MASSs related to interactions with the environment and subsystems are identified using 24Model developed based on conventional ship accidents involving grounding in the west of Shenzhen port, China. FMs related to grounding are classified into the five risk types of human, organization, ship, environment, and technology, considering three OMs (states), i.e., manual control, remote control, and autonomous control. Based on this classification, the N-K model is applied to calculate the risk coupling values of scenarios involving multiple risk types. These scenarios are then ranked by the risk coupling values of the three OMs, and values are compared among different OMs. The results indicate that for grounding in the west of Shenzhen port most risk coupling values increase with increasing risk type diversity. Furthermore, the risk coupling mechanism in remote control differs significantly from that in manual control and autonomous control, thus risk management of MASS OMs should vary.

Study on the hierarchical structure of container port systems along the South China Sea in the context of low carbon emissions

Under the low-carbon background, 37 ports of countries along the South China Sea with capacity ranking in the world’s top 100 container ports are selected as the research object to establish a shipping network, construct a directed dichotomous shipping network, and divide the port tiers after finding the kernel number by using kernel analysis method, respectively, to explore the relationship between tiers and the relationship between ports at the higher level, and then make clear the direction of the improvement for the reduction of carbon emissions. The results show that: the routes sent between container ports in countries along the South China Sea have formed a more stable connection, but the receiving routes are still in a passive position, and the port call relationship is affected by the port hierarchy. High-level ports such as Shanghai Port and Singapore Port undertake the transshipment function of cargo concentration and redistribution within the network. The small-world characteristics among ports such as Singapore Port, Ningbo Port, Haiphong Port, Shenzhen Port, Guangzhou Port, and Linchaban Port are obvious. Based on the results of the empirical analysis, corresponding suggestions are put forward to optimize the structure of the container port system in the countries along the South China Sea and promote the low-carbon development of the sea.

Systemic Modeling and Prediction of Port Container Throughput Using Hybrid Link Analysis in Complex Networks

This paper introduces a hybrid framework for port container throughput forecasting, which is essential in global trade and transportation systems. It uses a multidisciplinary method that combines artificial intelligence, link prediction, and complex networks. To better grasp the interconnection and dynamics of port operations, time series data are first transformed using complex network theory into a network structure. The framework applies 13 similarity metrics, encompassing various aspects of network structural similarity, to form a feature set representing the complex port operation network. The most effective features are selected using the maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) method, adhering to systems theory’s efficiency principles. These features are processed through SVM, DNN, and LSTM models for link prediction, which is crucial for forecasting in port logistics. Finally, the methodology concludes with regression analysis to obtain container throughput forecasts, which is a key metric in port systems management. Case studies of Shanghai Port and Shenzhen Port validate the framework’s effectiveness, demonstrating a significant improvement in forecasting accuracy over the baseline models. This study contributes to systems analysis by showcasing a hybrid, AI-enhanced approach for managing and forecasting critical aspects of maritime trade systems.

A system dynamics model of port hinterland intermodal transport: A case study of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area under different carbon taxation policies

The port cluster in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is an important network hub. It not only connects domestic and international markets, but also plays a vital role in stimulating the local and global economy. However, the GBA is facing the challenges in its port hinterland intermodal system due to its surging transport demands. The optimization and integration of the two goals of economy and eco-environmental protection must be considered at the same time. This study makes an endeavor to establish a port hinterland intermodal transport System Dynamics (SD) model of the GBA. The simulation results show that the carbon taxation policy is a relatively direct and effective incentive for inducing the modal split of port hinterland intermodal to a greener mode. Under the same carbon tax rate, the emission reduction effect in descending order is Shenzhen Port, Guangzhou Port, and Hong Kong Port, which means Shenzhen Port is the most sensitive to carbon tax rate due to its huge emission reduction potential. To achieve the national emission reduction goal, the carbon tax rate of BGA needs to be set at the medium to high level. Nevertheless, local governments still have to formulate carbon taxation policies based on local conditions.

The Research of the Decline of Hong Kong Port: A comparison with Singapore Port

Hong Kong port used to be the leading position in the world, but it has recently declined. The essay will find out the reason why Hong Kong port loses its leading position; the essay conducts an in-depth study of Hong Kong port and Singapore port: comparing the features and patterns of Singapore port and Hong Kong port; listing the data of Singapore port, Hong Kong port, Shenzhen port and Guangzhou port from 2004 to 2020; analyzing the de-velopment trend of these ports. The essay concludes with two reasons explaining the decline of Hong Kong port. One is that the user base of Hong Kong port is weak, and the other is that Hong Kong port has no geographical advantage over its competitors.

Regional classification and competitiveness of port cluster: a case study of China's coastal ports

ABSTRACT Many studies on port competitiveness try to understand which aspects will affect the competitive performance of ports. However, there are few studies from the perspective of port clusters. This paper, by reviewing the history of port competitiveness research to explain the need for research in the context of port clusters, and construct an indicator system from the perspective of port cluster development in terms of port throughput capacity, scale, development potential and intra-cluster development environment. The entropy TOPSIS method is used to objectively evaluate the competitiveness level of each port within the major port clusters in China and try to improve the Boston matrix model to identify each port type. We found that from 2014 to 2019, cash cow ports such as Shanghai Port, Shenzhen Port, and Ningbo Zhoushan Port maintained great development status. The port competitiveness of the Bohai Bay Port cluster is not prominent, while the port competitiveness of the Yangtze River Delta port cluster and Pearl River Delta port cluster shows obvious polarisation. The prediction results based on the improved Boston matrix model are consistent with the actual situation of port development, which can assist future decision-making. The results reveal the relationship between cooperation and competition in the process of port integration.

Research on Coordinated Development of Shenzhen Port Logistics and Hinterland Economy

As the main channel of global cargo transportation, the coordinated development of the logistics and hinterland economy of coastal ports is of great significance to promote the sustainable development of countries (regions). The improvement in port logistics’ performance lays the foundation for the smooth transportation of goods. The improvement in coastal port infrastructure facilities will also effectively reduce the resource loss and carbon emissions generated in the process of cargo handling and turnover. Aiming at researching the coordinated development of coastal port logistics and the hinterland economy, this paper constructs the index system of Shenzhen port logistics and Shenzhen’s economic development, selects the relevant data from 1996 to 2020, uses the grey correlation model to analyze the internal correlation between Shenzhen port logistics and Shenzhen’s economic development, constructs the system order degree model and the coupling coordination model, explores their coordinated development degree and collaborative trend, and further selects the Johansen cointegration test and Granger causality test to verify the development relationship between the two, and puts forward relevant suggestions to promote the sustainable development of port logistics and the hinterland economy. The empirical results show that there is a high correlation between Shenzhen port logistics and Shenzhen’s economic development, the degree of coordinated development is increasing year by year, and there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the two, which has the characteristics of mutual promotion.

Diffusion and Superposition of Ship Exhaust Gas in Port Area Based on Gaussian Puff Model: A Case Study on Shenzhen Port

Ship exhaust gas has become an essential source of air pollution in recent years. To assess the impact of ship exhaust gas on the atmospheric environment and human health, this paper studies the problem of ship exhaust gas diffusion in the port area. According to automatic identification system (AIS) data, ship exhaust gas is estimated based on the bottom-up method, and the result of emission calculation is entered into a Gaussian puff model to calculate the superposition of the diffusion of gaseous pollutants from multiple ships. In addition, the results of a case study of the diffusion of ship exhaust gas in the western area of Shenzhen Port in China show that the distribution of the NO2 concentration in the studied area is not stable, the diffusion of exhaust gas from multiple ships mainly affects some areas near large ship berths at night, and there is a small impact on the whole study area. This lays a foundation for monitoring and treating the atmospheric environment in the port area.

Real-time collision risk based safety management for vessel traffic in busy ports and waterways

Regional risk analysis and management of maritime accidents is one of the fundamental tasks for maritime safety management. With the heavy and complicated maritime traffic in the ports and waterways, accidents, especially ship collision accidents, have been continuously posing threats to the maritime transportation system. To achieve effective and prompt identification of collision risk and to facilitate the stakeholders such as Maritime Safety Administration, this paper proposes an integrated approach for regional collision risk analysis and maritime safety management in busy ports and waterways. Firstly, regional gridding is used to link accident data and traffic data based on geographical location; Secondly, the risk model based on accident data is established. The reliability of the accident risk model is verified by data feature analysis. Finally, non-accident critical events are mined from historical accident data and traffic data as surrogate indicators of collision accidents. A regional real-time risk model is developed for integrating the accident risk model and non-accident critical events risk model by using random forest. A case study in Shenzhen port indicates that the proposed collision risk model can identify high-risk areas and facilitates maritime safety management to improve the safety level of vessel traffic in these areas. In this paper, the regional grid is used to overcome the shortcomings of different scales between data, and a real-time risk model is established by combining accidents and traffic. The 15-year maritime collision accidents are used for collision risk modeling, which improves the performance of the model.

Investigating the evolution of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) multi-port system: The multi-faced perspectives

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is the world's workshop and one of the most rapidly growing economic regions in the world. In the GBA multi-port system, Hong Kong, which is one of the world's largest shipping centres and once the leading port in the GBA, has experienced a continuous decline in recent years and has been successively overtaken by two other GBA ports (i.e. Shenzhen and Guangzhou). This paper explores the concentration, inequality, and competition of the GBA multi-port system during the 1972–2020 period from multi-faced perspectives. Results indicate that: 1) Hong Kong has witnessed an entire K-wave evolution, and 2) the evolution of the GBA multi-port system is a result of the asynchronous development stages of different GBA ports; 3) Missing the opportunity period of 2000–2008, the transfer of capital from Hong Kong and the Chinese “opening up” policy are the direct, the underlying and the root causes behind this evolution; 4) A tri-hub multi-port system has gradually taken shape in the GBA finally, in which Hong Kong is the second runner-up after Shenzhen and Guangzhou. The prospect of the Hong Kong Port would not be optimistic, and a negative impact of Guangzhou on Hong Kong could be expected in the near future. We recommend Hong Kong to carry out differentiation development with Shenzhen Port and Guangzhou Port and focus on international transhipment.

Research on Competition and Cooperation of Central Ports in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area requires the establishment of a comprehensive port cooperation mechanism. Coordination is key to port integration. This paper establishes a multi-group Lotka-Volterra model based on the theory of competition and cooperation to study the evolution of the relationships among Hong Kong Port, Shenzhen Port, and Guangzhou Port. The results show that the three major ports have predator-prey roles and form a symbiotic competition and cooperation ecological pattern. The extended Hotelling model is established to study the central ports’ spatial differences; the results show that whether it is the central port cooperation body or the entire central port group, the gains from Shenzhen Port-Guangzhou Port cooperation are greater than between either and Hong Kong Port for Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area’s container business. The biggest competitor to Hong Kong Port in the container business is Guangzhou Port. Hong Kong Port will gain more from cooperation with Shenzhen Port and should strengthen such cooperation. The study provides quantitative support and reference for positioning the strategic development of the high-end shipping business in Hong Kong Port, the pilot free-trade port in Shenzhen Port, and the exploration of the Shenzhen-Hong Kong composite port, Guangzhou Port’s comprehensive shipping hub.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF OIL SPILL IN SHENZHEN PORT

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF OIL SPILL IN SHENZHEN PORT

Ship exhaust emission estimation and analysis using Automatic Identification System data: The west area of Shenzhen port, China, as a case study

In recent years, ship exhaust gases have become an essential source of air pollution. A detailed study of ship exhaust emissions can accurately reflect air pollution intensity in ports with high waterborne traffic. In this paper, ship exhaust emissions in 2018 in the west area of Shenzhen port are estimated based on ship AIS data and fitting results between ship characteristics, including ship length, engines' power, gross tonnage, and maximum speed. This research reveals the emission distributions according to different ship types, months, and operation conditions. The results showed that the contribution rate of exhaust emissions of cargo ships and container ships is at the forefront, In contrast, ship emissions in hotelling and normal cruising are more significant than those in maneuvering and slow steaming conditions. The results presented in this research provide a basis for developing emission reduction measures in port area management and provide relevant experience to other world port areas.

Decision making framework based Fermatean fuzzy integrated weighted distance and TOPSIS for green low-carbon port evaluation

Green low-carbon port (GLCP) development and evaluation have gained increase attention in recent years. However, the uncertain assessment procedure and complex index in the GLCP assessment has brought great challenges to achieve a consensus for decision. To solve above problems, this study aims to present a novel decision making framework based on Fermatean fuzzy integrated weighted distance measure and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach for the GLCP evaluation. The Fermatean fuzzy integrated weighted average distance (FFIWAD) measure is first proposed, which takes into account the subjective significance of the variables and the attitudinal characteristics of decision makers. A FFIWAD-TOPSIS decision making framework is then developed, wherein the weights of index are determined by entropy method, and the FFIWAD is applied to calculate the distance between each alternative and the positive (or negative) ideal solution. Moreover, on the basis of the constructed index system of GLCP evaluation, the presented FFIWAD-TOPSIS method is applied to assess the development status GLCP of five major ports in China. The case analysis shows that Guangzhou Port behaves the best comprehensive performance among the five cities, while Shenzhen Port is the worst. Finally, the sensitivity analysis, as well as comparative analysis of the presented model are conducted.

Integration, Game, and Sustainable Development of Shenzhen Port Based on Governmental Regulations

The internal integration, game, and sustainable development of Shenzhen Port play key roles in developing a synergy mechanism among Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) ports. Using a logistics model, a parameter estimation and evolutionary analysis of Shenzhen Port were performed, revealing that it requires a new impetus to promote growth in its container throughput. Based on the population ecology theory, a two‐population Lotka‐Volterra model was used to discuss the activity and mutual effect between the western and eastern port areas of Shenzhen Port, quantitatively measuring the varying degrees of the hindering effects between them. To reduce competition and strengthen cooperation, a port game matrix with a punishment mechanism of governmental regulations was created to discuss the internal integration of Shenzhen Port. The results show that, along with the promoting effect of port cooperation on the increase in container throughput, there is a gradual increase in the punishment of speculative behaviours. Government‐dominated port cooperation prevents the prisoner’s dilemma in the port activity process. The findings of this study provide quantitative data support and decision‐making references for achieving resource complementarity, developing synergy mechanisms, and attaining sustainable development in Shenzhen Port.

Air quality improvement via modal shift: Assessment of rail-water-port integrated system planning in Shenzhen, China

The escalating concerns regarding air pollution problems surrounding port cities have attracted much research attention. The Port of Shenzhen is one of the busiest container ports worldwide, only third to Shanghai and Singapore globally. However, 70% of the freight transportation demand is satisfied via on-road trucks, leading to serious traffic congestion, road accidents and air pollution issues in the city of Shenzhen. This study aims to assess the environmental benefits of modal shift of port-connecting freight transportation by increasing the use of rail and waterborne systems in Shenzhen. To evaluate the environmental benefits of the multimodal transportation strategy in 2025, we employed traffic datasets with a high spatial resolution and a transportation demand model to establish emission inventories and applied them in air quality simulations. Our results indicate that the implementation of multimodal transportation systems could notably reduce the truck volume along major freight corridors, except for roads adjacent to the planned inland ports. The freight traffic activities along the major freight corridors are reduced by nearly 70% over the original freight volume, resulting in a drastic reduction in the emission intensity. Under the most progressive policy-enhanced strategy (PPP) scenario, the total well-to-wheel (WTW) NOX, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and CO2 emissions could be reduced by 8881 t, 104.8 t and 688 × 103 t, respectively. The NO2 concentration in traffic-intensive areas could be reduced by 5 μg/m3, and the 8-h maximum O3 concentration could be reduced by 0.34 μg/m3 on the average (up to 1.1 μg/m3 in certain areas). Our research indicates that a shift from traditional road transport to cleaner railway and waterway transport could deliver transportation and environmental benefits to port cities.

Analysis of Shenzhen Port Container Development Countermeasures under the Background of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area brings new opportunities for the future development of Shenzhen Port, but it also faces many challenges. Due to the large number of ports in the Bay Area, large and small, rich port resources, leading to increasingly fierce competition between ports. Therefore, the article mainly to Hong Kong and Macao Grand Bay Area as the research of environment, analyzes the status quo of Shenzhen Port Container development, followed by The exponential smoothing model is used to predict the container throughput of Shenzhen Port, finally, on the basis of the prediction results, relevant countermeasures are put forward for the better development of container transportation in Shenzhen Port, and the development path of Shenzhen Port in the context of the Greater Bay Area is sought.

Shore power vs low sulfur fuel oil: pricing strategies of carriers and port in a transport chain

Abstract With the increasingly serious pollution from the ships berthing at port and the emergence of low-carbon policies, shore power (SP) and low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) have become effective means to reduce the emissions from ships berthing in the ports. In order to analyse two emission mitigation strategies, we establish a non-cooperative game model in a transport chain consisting of a terminal and two carriers who adopt SP or LSFO strategy and obtain the equilibrium results and pricing strategies under different conditions. We observe that, when the carbon price is lower than a threshold, both carriers will choose LSFO; otherwise, both carriers will adopt SP. However, if the two carriers cooperate to maximize their total profits, they will simultaneously choose LSFO when the carbon price is lower than another threshold or choose SP when the carbon price is higher than the threshold, which will maximize the total profits of the transport chain. If the carbon price is less than the threshold, the consumer surplus will be maximized when two carriers adopt LSFO, otherwise the consumer surplus will be maximized when two carriers use SP. If two carriers cooperate to maximize their total profits, this will maximize the entire transport chain’s profits and the consumer surplus. Finally, the validity of model is verified by taking Shenzhen Port as an example.

Evaluating the Developing Potentiality of Shenzhen Port Logistics after Arctic Routes Open11) -Based on the Entropy-Weight TOPSIS-

Evaluating the Developing Potentiality of Shenzhen Port Logistics after Arctic Routes Open11) -Based on the Entropy-Weight TOPSIS-