Port Facilities Research Articles

Composite Risk Assessment of HNS Discharged from Marine Industrial Facilities: A Case Study on Incheon Port, South Korea

This study conducted a composite risk assessment to evaluate the environmental impacts of phenol, a Hazardous and Noxious Substance (HNS) released or leaked from port facilities. The study area was designated as the vicinity of Incheon Port, South Korea, where the volume of petrochemical-related materials is substantial and various industrial facilities are located. For the composite risk assessment, various vulnerability maps were developed, incorporating the dispersion range of phenol calculated through numerical modeling. The vulnerability maps were generated by classifying socio-environment, legally protected areas, habitats, and species, followed by integrating these individual vulnerability maps to construct an integrated vulnerability map. The composite risk assessment was conducted by considering both the integrated vulnerability map and the dispersion range of phenol. The assessment results indicated that the highest risk by depth was observed in the lower layers due to the settling characteristics of phenol. Spatially, areas where islands and coastlines converge exhibited relatively higher risks. This was attributed to the high concentrations of phenol released from industrial facilities, such as crude oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and organic compound manufacturers, in regions characterized by intense human activity, sensitive habitats, and legally protected areas. Continuous monitoring of these high-risk areas is crucial for assessing the environmental impacts of HNS substances like phenol.

MEXICAN INTEROCEANIC CORRIDOR: TOWARD A LIKELY SOCIALLY INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE REGION IN SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO

Mexican Interoceanic Corridor or Tehuantepec's Transisthmian Corridor (along with the Mayan Train) represents one the two largest iconic and challenging Mega Projects implemented in Southwestern Mexico, funded by Mexican Government, in the same so-called “Macrosouth region” or just Macrosouth, here on, (integrated by three economic subregions, namely, South-Pacific, Southern and South-western regions). Despite both projects ultimately aim to foster economic growth in such a region, the former aims to stimulate growth through an increased tourism flow from the wealthy Mayan Riviera zone toward the Gulf of Mexico's long-lagged region by railroad through the Mayan Train recently inaugurated by President Lopez Obrador,vid AMLO(Dec 22, 2023).Although the main focus of our attention here, namely, the Interoceanic Corridor, given its geoeconomic and geo strategic relevance for the country since it is expected to skyrocket Mexican exports and commercial activity through this facility and thus fostering economic growth throughout the Corridor stripe and spread it out throughout its neighboring regions such as those above referred in the coming years given its previlegious geographic location under the global context in which Mexico is currently immersed. Accordingly, the article aims to assess and highlight the socio economic relevance of the Mexican Corridor megaproject and its likelihood to achieve by this means simultaneously economic growth and people's well-being in this region as an expected consequence of the intensive commercial thorugh its operation and industrial activity generated by the production of ten industrial parks to be implemented along the Corridor (backed by a host of full-fledged refurbished and renewed productive infrastructure around it) such as railway itself and road transport and port facilities along the end lines of the Corridor stripe (and the entire Macroregion) focused on supporting the expected massive commercial flow of merchandise and concomitant export boom back and forth through the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, shortly. Furthermore, all these significant public investments, unlike prior neoliberal investment priorities in the past, these new investments are nurtured upon a framework of a socially inclusive and sustainable strategy tailored by the Mexican government for the Corridor zone to promote simultaneously economic growth and people’s well-being in the Transismithian stripe in the years to come. However, the challenge for the Mexican state, through its policymakers, is to achieve such an equilibrium between economic growth and population well-being in this region under a sustainable environmental context. Accordingly, in short, the purpose of this article is to explore the likelihood of Mexico attaining the above-referred equilibrium and implementing a socially inclusive strategy within a long-time deprived and lagged region from the rest of the country such as the Transisthmian Corridor stripe and its neighboring regions, such as the South-Pacific and Gulf of Mexico, in the foreseeable future along with its likely perspectives and socioeconomic and environmental implications.

Ship pictures on the municipal seals of medieval seaports: Ship seals show notices to mariners on tokens of municipal identity

Many late-medieval western European seaports showed a ship in the central image of their municipal seal (a ship seal). Municipal seals to identify and authorize documents ranging from important supra-regional charters to local ephemera were widely used at the time, and probably also on trade contracts and (predecessors to) maritime bills of lading. This study of 115 ship seals from 80 seaports between ad 1200 and ad 1450 reveals that the central image of all ship seals contained striking details, strongly reminiscent of semiotic pictorial signals that conveyed information. The supposed signals were assigned a probable meaning by linking them to nautical aspects of the approach to each seaport and to the state of the harbour at the time. The results strongly suggest that the signals provided information about the risks and hazards in the approach to port, the water depth, and the facilities at the port in question. Compelling evidence comes from ports issuing successive ship seals over an extended period of time: updated images with properly adjusted signals were shown on subsequent seals when significant changes in the approach or port facilities had occurred, but the signals remained the same as long as the local situation stayed unchanged. These findings provide a clear explanation for the divergent ship portraits; ship seals served a dual purpose: first, to confirm the identity of the seaport and the authority of the council in its various actions and tasks, and, second, to provide up-to-date insight into the nautical challenges when approaching the port and in the local port facilities, in a manner similar to the current ‘notices to mariners’ from hydrographic offices. The rapidly increasing number of ports using ship seals in the thirteenth century and their continued use for two centuries supports the success of this late-medieval nautical information system. The study results also provide up-to-date impressions of the 80 seaports involved and of various nautical aspects of the hazardous maritime traffic in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, about which written archival information is scarce. The results may help to put the rare yield of maritime archaeology of this period into perspective. The ship seals lost their appeal as buoys and beacons made approaches safer, harbours became deeper and better equipped, and written information (‘rutters’) became widely available.

Apresentação do Centro de Competência e Desenvolvimento da Economia Azul

The blue economy focuses on sustainable and regenerative development associated with resources and sectors related to the aquatic environment (ocean, seas, rivers and lakes). The blue economy encompasses traditional economic activities such as fishing, aquaculture and processing industries, maritime transport, port facilities and logistics, maritime infrastructure and works, shipbuilding and maintenance, coastal tourism and nautical tourism, sports and culture, and education, training and scientific research. It also includes emerging economic activities such as renewable ocean energies (wind, wave and tidal), marine biotechnology (biofuels, genetic resources, pharmaceuticals), maritime surveillance, carbon capture and sequestration, among many others. Each of these activities faces challenges associated with decarbonisation, digitalisation and the circular economy, while offering vast opportunities for innovation, entrepreneurship, investment and the development of professional careers, boosting the creation of qualified jobs. The blue economy is driven by several critical factors, including the promotion of a healthy and resilient ocean, the protection of biodiversity, the existence and quality of basic sanitation, the creation and maintenance of vibrant ecosystems, and investment in knowledge, education and inclusive social development.

The Impact of Anchoring on Seafloor Integrity: An Integrated Assessment within a Major Bunkering Area of the Maltese Islands

International shipping is a fundamental component of the global economy. As the industry expands, the demand for high-capacity vessels increases, raising concerns about their impact on the marine environment. While awaiting access to port facilities, vessels often anchor to save fuel and prevent drifting, but this practice is a significant cause of mechanical disturbance to the seafloor and benthic habitats. Identifying and quantifying anchoring pressure is essential for better managing and mitigating the damage to the seafloor. The Automatic Identification System (AIS) can be utilized to assess anchoring pressure by transmitting vessel information (e.g., position, type and size) to other vessels and coastal stations. This research evaluates anchoring pressure in a strategically located bunkering area around the Maltese Islands using AIS data collected from an antenna at the University of Malta. An arbitrary index was developed to determine anchoring pressure, and the AIS data was used to create GIS maps showing the location and size of vessels within the bunkering area, as well as plots depicting anchoring pressure by vessel type, seasonality, and density. This study serves as a blueprint for future assessments of anchoring pressures from various maritime activities in other areas around the Maltese Islands and provides a decision support tool for national policy-making related to Descriptor 6 (Seafloor Integrity) of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive (MSPD), and the management plan for Sites of Community Interest (SCI) and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).

About the role of PJSC «Krasnoe Sormovo Plant» in providing logistics for water transport in Russia

This work is devoted to the analysis of the role of PJSC «Krasnoe Sormovo Plant» in providing logistics for water transport in Russia. The article provides information about the history of the company's development from the moment of its creation to the present. Special attention is paid to the activities of PJSC "Krasnoe Sormovo Plant" on the development and implementation of plans for the renewal of the fleet of ships in the modern period, which depend on the conjuncture of the freight market, the availability of credit resources, the general state of the economy, the development of the transport system, the state of port facilities and waterway infrastructure. Statistical data characterizing the financial and economic condition of a public joint stock company are presented. The promising areas of activity of PJSC "Krasnoe Sormovo Plant" to meet the needs of the state in implementing a policy of improving transport logistics, attracting additional cargo flows to inland waterway transport are outlined.

Spatiotemporal Distribution and Habitat Characteristics of Shorebirds in the Coastal Wetlands of Dalian, Liaoning, China

The coast of Dalian in Liaoning Province, China, is one of the most important habitats for migratory shorebirds along the East Asia–Australasian Flyway. However, the coastal areas of Dalian have been modified extensively by various projects, including reclamation and the construction of aquaculture and port facilities, embankment buildings, cross-sea passages, and wind farms, which have led to significant damage to the coastal habitats of shorebirds. Assessing the spatiotemporal distribution and habitat characteristics of shorebirds is of great importance to biodiversity conservation. The present study involved a 15-month-long survey of shorebirds in nine coastal wetlands of Dalian from August 2021 to October 2022. In total, 31 species of shorebirds, belonging to five families, were recorded. Migratory shorebirds were the most frequently observed, accounting for 77% of the recorded shorebirds. Dunlin (Calidris alpina), Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata), and Far Eastern curlew (Numenius madagascariensis) were the most abundant species. Both species richness and species abundance peaked in May and again in September. The Zhuanghe Estuary boasted the highest species diversity, while the Huli Estuary wetland exhibited the greatest species abundance. The type of habitat and the spatial extent of natural wetlands were the main variables influencing the spatial distribution of waterbirds. By identifying the population characteristics and habitat status of shorebirds in Dalian, the results provide support for shorebird conservation and habitat management.

A bibliometric examination of global port facility research propagation (1975 - 2023)

Seaports play a crucial role in international trade and economic development. This study aims to analyze the existing literature on port facilities to identify research patterns and emerging areas of interest. Using the Scopus database, the researchers searched for publications related to port facilities and found a total of 178 scholarly articles. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel, Publish or Perish and VOS viewer. The study examined subject areas, keywords, citations, and Journal/publishers metrics, to understand the key contributors and collaborative efforts in this field. The findings revealed a lack of scholarly evaluation of port facilities literature until 1975. From 1975 to 2003, there were 57 publications with very few citations. However, interest in this field grew significantly between 2004 and 2023, with 114 publications and 496 citations. Most of the documents were written in English, and there was concentration of research efforts in specific areas. International collaboration was observed among 12 countries. The study suggests the need for more research, collaborations, and citations in the field of port facilities, particularly in areas beyond engineering and earth and planetary sciences. Logistics management, computing, and maritime should be further explored to address gaps in the current literature.

Machine learning tool for wave overtopping prediction based on the safety-operability ratio

The phenomenon of wave overtopping affects both the safety of people and port facilities, as well as the operability of a port. This work aims to develop a predictive tool based on artificial intelligence to predict wave overtopping over a breakwater, and to reach a compromise between safeguarding people and port efficiency. The data used came from an extensive field campaign lasting 6.5 years. During this research, the overtopping events were recorded and integrated with the forecast data available from the Port. The model used is the random forest, which was applied with the metrics AUC-PR and F2 score to a weighted dataset. The validation results show a recall for alignments of 0.91 and 0.89, while in the test it reaches 0.94 and 0.95. The dangerousness of the wave overtopping was also analyzed, reducing the dangerous false negatives to 2 and to 14 in the two alignments studied. Operability per alignment was unnecessarily affected during validation by 4 and 10 days over 26.5 months, and in the test by 4 and 3 days over 6.5 months. The results show a proven tool with real data, capable of predicting wave overtopping, and a methodology that can be exported to other ports.

Analysis of Fish Supplies at the Poumako Fishing Port, Mimika Regency, Central Papua Province - Indonesia

One of the feeder ports in Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 718 is the Poumako fishing port in Central Papua Province, which encompasses fishing grounds in the sea of Aru, Arafuru, and Eastern Timor. As a supply of fish for different consumer locations on the island of Java, the port is crucial to Indonesia's marine fisheries supply chain. Therefore, in fisheries management policies at FMA 718, it is necessary to predict fish catches as assessment materials. This research aims to analyze the availability of fish supplies at the Poumako Fishing Port. Secondary data from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) provided the production of fish that landed between January 2018 and October 2023 for analysis. In addition, secondary data from the Poumako Fishing Port and interviews with port management were used to reveal the dynamics of fish supply at the Fishing Port. Data was analyzed descriptively. Fish catch predictions were investigated by the Triple Exponential Smoothing method. The research results show that Poumako Fishing Port has significant roles in the local and national fish supply chains. The trend of fish catches landed at Poumako Fishing Port is parabolic. There is a trend of increasing production in 2018–2021 and decreasing production in 2022–2023. The catch fisheries production is predicted to decline in 2024. Therefore, it is necessary to improve port facilities and management to increase marine fisheries production at the Poumako Fishing Port in the future.

Multi-Faceted Analysis of Airborne Noise Impact in the Port of Split (III)

Marginal and neglected until recently, noise pollution is a significant topic of sustainable development today. Port noise has become an increasingly critical problem for the environment. The public and the scientific community have gradually become aware of the harmful impact of noise emissions on residents living near port facilities. It coincides with the increase in complaints from the population about excessive noise pollution in ports, especially in residential areas near the cargo terminals in Split. This paper seeks to empirically investigate overall port noise and assess the significance of the reported disturbances. The methodology includes the measurement of noise in zero state conditions, residual noise and noise during specific work processes, and consideration of conditions for possible adjustments of the selected work process during transport operations. The goal is to propose plans for noise reduction by evaluating the results of noise monitoring with the specified limit values, which determine the highest permissible noise levels for industrial and residential zones in the observed area. The values exceed the maximum permitted noise levels during the night. However, this problem can be reduced through operational and technical adjustments in cargo handling processes, acting as objective mitigation measures. The effectiveness of the defined procedure is demonstrated by its application in the Port of Split, contributing to the port’s sustainability located near the residential area.

A robust integrated navigation optimization method for USV in signal occlusion environment

Unmanned surface vehicles (USV) can use global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and inertial navigation systems (INS) for combined positioning and navigation. However, buildings such as port facilities and bridges blocking GNSS signals will increase the error in the discriminator output in the GNSS vector tracking loop and reduce positioning accuracy. Meanwhile, due to the cumulative error in the inertial navigation system, the credibility of the navigation results when the signal is blocked is further reduced. In this regard, this study proposes a robust integrated navigation optimization method. Specifically, the RTS smoothing optimized Kalman filter is used to constrain the carrier phase error and code phase error output by the discriminator, which can dynamically adjust the gain of the vector tracking loop, thereby improving the signal tracking capability. Simultaneously, the prediction results of the gated recurrent unit (GRU) network optimized based on the attention mechanism are combined with the inertial navigation system to improve navigation accuracy. Furthermore, an adaptive Kalman filter is utilized as the integrated navigation filter. The actual path of the carrier refers to the navigation solution of the existing receiver. In the open environment, the proposed optimization method reduces horizontal positioning error and speed error by 44.7% and 37.1% respectively compared with existing methods. Simultaneously, it can effectively improve the robustness of positioning in signal obstruction environments. The proposed integrated navigation method provides new possibilities for optimizing USV navigation solutions.

Sustainable maritime legislation: The case of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code

Sustainable maritime legislation: The case of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code

Mathematical Assessment of Pollution Factors from Eddy Currents in the Durrës Seaport

Eddy currents, a significant phenomenon in electromagnetic fields, were first distinguished from general electric currents by Foucault. These currents, influenced by the magnetic field vector (H), magnetic flux density (B), and electric field (E), are present in various environments, including homogeneous and non-homogeneous areas, linear and non-linear environments, and open boundary problems. In marine environments, these currents, referred to as planetary currents, contribute to electrical pollution, impacting maritime infrastructure, machinery, and ecosystems. This study aims to assess the impact of eddy currents in the Durrës Seaport, Albania, focusing on how meteorological factors such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity influence pollution levels. Using the TES-92 Electro-smog meter and the PCE-THB 40 Thermo-hygrometer and barometer, we measured electromagnetic field characteristics and meteorological parameters. Our results highlight the significant impact of stray currents on marine environments, emphasizing the need for effective measures to minimize their effects and improve the quality and selection of materials and equipment in port facilities. This study provides valuable insights into the environmental and infrastructural challenges posed by electromagnetic pollution and proposes recommendations for mitigating these impacts.

GIS-Based Risk Assessment on Sea Level Rise and Flooding in Alsancak Harbour Behind Area

According to climate change projections outlined in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 6th Assessment Report, sea levels are expected to rise between 0.37 and 1.88 meters by 2150. The rise in sea level poses a significant threat to coastal areas, including industrial heritage zones frequently developed around ports. Alsancak Harbour Behind Area is a significant location due to its essential industrial heritage. The main objective of the research is to evaluate the potential risks related to floods and long-term sea level rises in the Alsancak Harbour Behind Area. Thus, the research aims to assess the potential risks associated with flooding and long-term sea level rise in the Alsancak Harbour Behind Area within the context of industrial heritage. It also measures the area's resilience to these risks and discusses planning decisions. The ‘Coastal Risk Screening Tool’ was used to create a coastal flood map according to determined three different scenarios. The result shows that the valuable industrial heritage buildings such as the Coal Gas Factory, Old Flour Mill-II and Tariş Alcohol Factory, new high-rise residential areas, port facilities and transportation arteries are at high or medium risk, especially in 2100 and 2150.

FORTIFICATION LINE OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA: A NEW STAGE OF DEFENSE ARCHITECTURE OF THE EASTERN EUROPE SPACE

The theme of the history of medieval defensive architecture in the Northern Black Sea region becomes extremely relevant in the realities of the modern history of Ukraine, when the Russian invaders try to capture the southern lands of Ukraine and defend the idea of belonging of these territories to Russia with pseudo-historical concepts of «Russian peace». The results of the historical and archaeological study of the South of Ukraine, especially in recent decades, demonstrate other circumstances of the development of the South. They make it possible to highlight the main trends of the evolution of the region in direct continuity with the previous history of Russia in new historical circumstances. This is the time when the Kyiv principality became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Zhemaitia, the borders of which reach the Black Sea coast in the late 14th — early 15th century. Here the turbulent activity of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas unfolds in the construction of fortresses, customs houses, the arrangement of crossings and port facilities. The defensive architecture of the Southern region of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Zhemaitia takes place during the formation of a new map of Eastern Europe, with the presence of Lithuania, the formation of early Ukraine on the heritage of Russia, the formation of the Crimean Tatar people and its statehood, the active activity of the Principality of Moldavia in connection with the presence and influences of Genoa, contacts with Poland, influence of Ottoman Empire and other states of that time. It was the time of construction of the castle fortification, which belonged to the first stage of adaptation of military affairs to the artillery of the contemporary world, which covers the time of the 14th— 16th centuries. The comparative castellology gave the possibilities to study some regularity in the typological model of fortresses. This method was used in the course of study of fortresses of Vitovt’s fortification line, such as Tiagin fortress. It allows establishing the common features of the planning structure of the fortification architecture of the Northern Black Sea region — a new stage of evolution, which was characterized by stone castle architecture. In turn, they met the needs of the stage of development of artillery at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 16th centuries. Medieval Europe, in which the influences of various cultures of the East and the West intersect, new defense opportunities and prospects are developing.

아태지역 ODA사업 지원을 위한 대상국 선정 및 지원 사업 연구

Purpose: This study aimed t o e stablish strategies for strengthening t ransport networks in the Asia-Pacific region and select countries for support to improve port and logistics infrastructure. Research design, data, and methodology: Cluster analysis was used to select the target countries for support. The analysis was based on 15 variables, including GDP, economic growth, population, import and export growth, tariff rates, import tax rates, and container volumes, derived from literature studies of 53 UN ESCAP member countries. Cluster analysis was performed using a primary cluster analysis utilizing the quantitative variables and a secondary cluster analysis with qualitative variables. Results: The analysis identified 10 countries (Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Vanuatu) as candidates for support. For each of the 10 selected countries, 10 support projects were proposed, considering the current status of shipping and ports in the country and national infrastructure development plans. Conclusions: The smooth progress of a project requires a consideration of the form and type of ODA support, support port facilities that can handle various cargo, and propose solutions to the problem of volume generation.

Energy–Logistics Cooperative Optimization for a Port-Integrated Energy System

In order to achieve carbon peak and neutrality goals, many low-carbon operations are implemented in ports. Integrated energy systems that consist of port electricity and cooling loads, wind and PV energy devices, energy storage, and clean fuels are considered as a future technology. In addition, ports are important hubs for the global economy and trade; logistics optimization is also part of their objective, and most port facilities have complex logistics. This article proposes an energy–logistics collaborative optimization method to fully tap the potential of port-integrated energy systems. A logistics–energy system model is established by deeply examining the operational characteristics of logistics systems and their corresponding energy consumption patterns, considering ships’ operational statuses, quay crane distribution constraints, and power balances. To better represent the ship–energy–logistics optimization problem, a hybrid system modeling technique is employed. The case of Shanghai Port is studied; the results show that costs can be reduced by 3.27% compared to the traditional optimization method, and a sensitivity analysis demonstrates the robustness of the proposed method.

Risk Analysis of Port Facility Security Based on the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS CODE)

Risk Analysis of Port Facility Security Based on the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS CODE)

PORT PERFORMANCE IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF SHIP ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE REPORT DATA

The seaport as a gateway to the regional, national and international economy must pay attention to the performance of operational services, including the level of service quality of ships, goods and port facilities. Activities at the port such as sea transportation operations must be reported to the Port Operator in accordance with the format of the ship arrival and departure report (LK3) which includes the type of ship, docking terminal, arrival time data and departure time from the Port. One perspective of port performance measurement is ship service which can be measured from how long the ship is at the terminal until it leaves the port. This research method uses a quantitative approach and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. This study aims to determine the statistical approach and measure port performance, namely turnaround time and performance efficiency. The results of the study for 2022 obtained for the type of container ship, Tanjung Emas Port has a turnaround time of 23 hours while Tanjung Priok Port and Tanjung Perak Port are more than 24 hours and port performance efficiency with DEA efficient rating value Ѳ =1 at Tanjung Priok and Tanjung Perak ports.