Port Connection Research Articles

Connectivity Analysis of Non-Container Ports at PT Pelindo Multi Terminal Using SNA and GIS / Connectivity Analysis of Non-Container Ports at PT Pelindo Multi Terminal Using SNA and GIS

This study aims to analyze the connectivity of non-containerized ports, particularly in the sub-commodity of vegetable/animal oils and fats, within the operational area of PT Pelindo Multi Terminal. Using Social Network Analysis (SNA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, this study builds a network based on nodes (ports) and assesses inter-node connections with metrics such as degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and hub index. Gephi application was used for the calculation of network metrics, while QGIS visualized the shipping routes. The research revealed that high traffic ports such as Belawan, Dumai, and Tanjung Priok play a crucial role in the network. The findings support recommendations for infrastructure development and implementation of an integrated Terminal Operations System (TOS) to improve logistics efficiency.

Port performance indicators construction based on the AIS-generated trajectory segmentation and classification

AbstractWith coverage of worldwide shipping routes and straightforward accessibility, vessels’ navigational data from AIS have emerged as a potential leading source of knowledge for maritime stakeholders. However, transforming the raw AIS messages into meaningful indicators requires comprehensive work that involves enrichment with multiple relevant data sources. In this study, a fain-grained technique to process AIS tracks for the purpose of constructing port performance indicators is proposed. The technique involves trajectory segmentation to separate the stopping and underway segments of AIS-generated trajectories and trajectory classification to identify moored and at-anchor vessels from the stopping segments. With the fusion of relevant information, the method estimates the port boundary and identifies the associated berthing and anchorage locations to estimate turnaround time and construct port connectivity indicators. AIS datasets recorded over eight months covering the waters of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, known as one of the world’s busiest shipping routes, are selected to evaluate the proposed method. The trajectory segmentation demonstrated 98–99% accuracy, while the classification achieved 95–97%. The estimation of the vessel turnaround time closely matched the UNCTAD data with an error rate of 2.9%. These results prove the proposed approach’s practicality in contributing to the real-world scenario.

Assessing and managing the risk of Aedes mosquito introductions via the global maritime trade network.

The global shipping network (GSN) has been suggested as a pathway for the establishment and reintroduction of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus primarily via the tire trade. We used historical maritime movement data in combination with an agent-based model to understand invasion risk in the United States Gulf Coast and how the risk of these invasions could be reduced. We found a strong correlation between the total number of cargo ship arrivals at each port and likelihood of arrival by both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Additionally, in 2012, 99.2% of the arrivals into target ports had most recently visited ports likely occupied by both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, increasing risk of Aedes invasion. Our model results indicated that detection and removal of mosquitoes from containers when they are unloaded effectively reduced the probability of mosquito populations establishment even when the connectivity of ports increased. To reduce the risk of invasion and reintroduction of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, surveillance and control efforts should be employed when containers leave high risk locations and when they arrive in ports at high risk of establishment.

Robust incoherent perfect absorption

A coherent perfect absorber is capable of completely absorbing input waves. However, the coherent perfect absorption severely depends on the superposition of the input waves, and the perfect absorption is sensitive to the disorder of the absorber. Thus, a robust incoherent perfect absorption, being insensitive to the superposition of input waves and the system disorder, is desirable for practical applications. Here, we demonstrate that the linearly independent destructive interference at the port connections removes the constraint on the coherent input. We propose an approach using the interplay between the loss and localization to form the incoherent perfect absorption. The resonant incidence from either port is completely absorbed. Furthermore, we utilize the lattice configuration supporting the flat band to demonstrate the disorder-immune incoherent perfect absorption. Our findings provide insight into the fundamentals and applications for the perfect absorption of light, microwaves, sound, mechanical waves, and beyond. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on connectivity, operational efficiency, and resilience of major container ports in Southeast Asia

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has had significant impacts on the connectivity and performance of container ports in Southeast Asia. The application of social network analysis (SNA) in conjunction with key indicators, such as container throughput, total capacity of ships, number of ship calls, and berth duration, provides a comprehensive understanding of the development of the regional port system. While major ports in the region, namely Singapore, Port Kelang, Manila, and Laem Chabang, have exhibited signs of recovery owing to the expeditious and timely implementation of targeted policies to mitigate the adverse effects of the pandemic, smaller ports in the region, such as Bangkok, Penang, Tanjung Priok, and Tanjung Perak, are grappling with enduring repercussions and encountering challenges in resilience. These challenges stem from inadequate infrastructure, limited accommodation capacity, low loading/unloading productivity, and other significant risk events associated with the pandemic, all of which have weakened their competitiveness. In contrast, ports in Vietnam, including Cai Mep, Hai Phong, and Ho Chi Minh, as well as Malaysia's Tanjung Pelepas, have demonstrated that they are less impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This can be attributed to the sustained growth of their respective economies and the continued surge in domestic production to meet the unabated demand for exports. Based on these findings, several policy recommendations can be suggested for port authorities to effectively manage and mitigate the impact of risky events, such as pandemics, in the future while also enhancing the competitiveness of ports.

Transformasi Kebijakan Maritim dalam Era Digital: Peran Teknologi dalam Meningkatkan Efektivitas dan Keamanan Lautan di Indonesia

Abstract: Indonesia's maritime potential holds a significant position in the country's economy, considering Indonesia's status as an archipelagic country with several ports and sea routes which have a strategic position because Indonesia is located between two continents and two oceans, namely Asia and Australia Continents, and, Indian and the Pacific Oceans. As much as 40% of world trade routes also pass through Indonesia. However, the challenge faced by Indonesia in utilizing its potential is that maritime effectiveness and security are still low. Therefore, the transformation of maritime policy in the digital era is important to increase maritime effectiveness and security in Indonesia. Transforming maritime policy in the digital era can help improve port connectivity, increase maritime supply chain efficiency, and strengthen maritime security systems. This research will use a mixed methodology that includes literature analysis and policy analysis to explain the role of technology in increasing maritime effectiveness and security in Indonesia in the digital era. This writing concluded that the transformation of maritime policy in the digital era can have a significant impact on real-world security and cyber security. However, there are obstacles that need to be overcome so that the use of technology in maritime policy can be carried out effectively and efficiently. Therefore, more serious, and integrated efforts are needed from the government and society to overcome these obstacles and ensure that the transformation of maritime policy in the digital era can provide optimal benefits for the security and defense of maritime areas as well as cyber security in Indonesia. Keywords: maritime policy, transformation, digital era, real-life security, cyber-security

Slope stability analysis applied to the 5th section of the Northern Marmara Motorway, İzmit, Türkiye

The Northern Marmara Motorway is a project that aims to alleviate the heavy traffic congestion in the provinces of İstanbul, Tekirdağ, Kocaeli and Adapazarı. Within the 5th section bounded by “the Motorway Port Connection Road” and “İzmit Intersection”, mass movements of slide (Y1, Y2) and flow (Y3) types were observed along the route. This study investigated the causes of mass movements in the Korucu Formation, which consists of sandstone and shale alternation. It also evaluated the support systems to prevent these movements. The analysis considered project criteria, both static and dynamic conditions, types of mass movements and triggering factors. The study identified a combination of factors, including the water table and surface waters, which lead to progressive weathering and mass movement. Stability analyses were conducted for specific right-cut slope sections. These analyses included assessments of soil structure, soil–rock mechanics, engineering geology and geotechnics, as well as examination of field and laboratory test results. These analyses aimed to comprehensively investigate and understand the factors influencing the occurrence of mass movements, particularly for km: 170 + 300–170 + 400, km: 170 + 640 and km: 175 + 297–175 + 463. At Y1, pile retaining walls are proposed using Slide2 software to reduce the slope angle from 22° to 17°. At Y2, a translational landslide occurred with recommendations for the adjustment of the slope angle and protective measures considering the disturbance factors (D = 0.3 and D = 0.5). Y3 was a flow-type movement that required protection of the slope with riprap due to the different geological conditions and disturbance factors. This study underlines the need for a comprehensive geological analysis and structural measures to ensure safety in these areas.

Port competition, connectivity and accessibility changes under the disturbance: the case of the Chinese port system

Port competition, connectivity and accessibility changes under the disturbance: the case of the Chinese port system

Research on the connectivity of port infrastructure along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road

The connectivity construction of the Maritime Silk Road in the 21st century has created more opportunities for trade and further promoted maritime trade among countries along the route. As an important hub of the maritime connectivity network, the construction of port infrastructure connectivity is of great significance. Taking the port infrastructure of 30 countries along the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road as an example, this paper analyzes the current state of port connectivity construction in China. It identifies that the port infrastructure connectivity between China and Southeast Asia is the most developed and establishes an indicator system for evaluating the potential for port infrastructure connectivity. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA), it is found that Germany, Singapore, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and other countries have relatively high port infrastructure connectivity potential. Finally, suggestions are put forward: China should strengthen the connectivity construction of port infrastructure with Europe and prioritize policy exchanges with Germany to align port development strategies and enhance bilateral maritime trade by establishing complementary trade chains.

Western North American Cruise Shipping Network: Space Structure and System

Regionalization is the basic feature of cruise shipping network organization. We insist that the cruise networks of Alaska, Hawaii, etc., have developed into a whole with the scaling up of cruise tourism. To prove it, we used complex network analysis methods to explore the port connections and the spatial structure of the cruise shipping network in these regions. We found that Alaska, Hawaii, and the west coast of Mexico all belong to seasonal cruise market areas. Cruise itineraries in these areas are categorized into one‐way and round‐trip itineraries, and more than 70% of the itineraries are short duration and medium duration. These areas build cruise shipping networks used in Vancouver, Los Angeles, Anchorage, San Francisco, Honolulu, and other cruise ports, which can be subdivided into nine single‐core cruise shipping network systems and two dual‐core cruise shipping network systems. The interconnection of different systems forms a T‐shaped cruise shipping network in geographical space.

An evolution of the Global Container Shipping Network: port connectivity and trading community structure (2011–2017)

Port connectivity and trading community structure are two fundamental network characteristics that complement one another in explaining the evolution of maritime transport networks. Although port connectivity has been widely studied in the literature, the investigations on trading community structures are rather limited. To better fill this gap, this paper aims to provide a more complete picture of the Global Container Shipping Network (GCSN)’s evolution, based on our earlier works in MEL. In doing so, the GCSN, representing a snapshot of trade at the end of each quarter, from Q3/2011 to Q3/2017, is first constructed. The connectivity of ports and their respective trading communities are then extracted by the Container Port Connectivity Index and the Louvain algorithm, respectively. With our proposed framework, related players would be able to understand the growth of GCSN, as well as the impacts of maritime occurrences on the network of container shipping. Our computational results indicate that port connectivity and trading community structure gradually evolve according to the economic conditions that change over time and the evolution of GCSN could be well explained by these two explanatory variables. In this regard, ports in East Asia consistently dominate others in terms of both inbound and outbound connectivity, led by Shanghai and other major ports of mainland China. Furthermore, the formation of trading communities largely depends on trading patterns—rather than geographical locations—which is evident from the insolvency and mergers of communities in the North American region right after the expansion of the Panama Canal in 2016.

Aggregating an economic model and GIS to explore trade potentials of India-Caspian countries and a way forward for INSTC

The Caspian countries have a crucial role in new trade scenarios for India as it constantly steers towards its trade diversification and expansion. With the establishment and expansion of INSTC (International North South Transport Corridor), the importance of Caspian countries (Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Russia) has increased. INSTC is also seen as a gateway to Central Asia. It is, therefore, of utmost significance to estimate the trade potential of the aforesaid with India adopting novel methods and techniques with giving due attention to the role of INSTC. The objective of the present study is to examine the role of INSTC in the light of geographical background and in promoting Indian trade. The study also attempts to analyze past trends of Indo-Caspian trade potential. A profound gravity model is developed to estimate India-Caspian countries' recent pattern of trade potential. Population, GDP, trade, and service area of the countries' ports are taken as influencing variables in modelling the trade potential and their statistical significance is estimated using ordinary least square method. The integration of GIS based network analysis and service area modelling is performed first time for estimating trade potential as it represents the port's connectivity to the hinterland. The findings of the gravity model postulate that recent years have been full of changes where Iran has lost its dominance, and Azerbaijan has risen to capture the top position from 2015 to 2020. Steady growth has been observed in Russia and sudden growth in Azerbaijan. The present study is a standalone in which the service area of ports has been used and has a positive relation with trade.

Smartphone-Based Portable Bio-Chemical Sensors: Exploring Recent Advancements

Traditionally, analytical chemistry and diagnosis relied on wet laboratories and skilled professionals utilizing sophisticated instruments for sample handling and analysis. However, with the development of novel materials and sensing techniques, there has been a significant shift towards the use of standalone sensors, allowing tests to be conducted on-site or even in real time, leading to cost- and time-efficiency. With their widespread adoption globally, smartphones have emerged as an ideal platform for such sensors, boasting extensive sensor capabilities, advanced processing power, and communication functionalities. Smartphone-based assays make use of optical and electrochemical sensors, utilizing built-in cameras, ambient light sensors, and other features for optical sensing, while the micro-USB port, Bluetooth, and wireless connection facilitate data transmission and analog voltage application for electrochemical sensing. Previous overview papers have explored smartphone-based sensing in specific domains; this review provides a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in smartphone-based sensors, encompassing both optical and electrochemical sensing methods. The review provides the fundamental principles of these sensors and their implementation using smartphones, showcases recent applications, and presents innovative designs that take advantage of the inherent functionalities and sensor capabilities of smartphones. The review concludes by offering an outlook on the prospects of smartphone-based sensing and includes a reflective section emphasizing the potential impact of sensors in chemical and biological analyses. This comprehensive resource aims to provide information to researchers and practitioners interested in using smartphones for cutting-edge analytical methodologies.

The impact of capital market opening on earnings management: Empirical evidence based on “Land−Port Connection”

This paper makes use of the quasi-natural experiment of the stock market interconnection mechanism between the mainland and Hong Kong, and takes the earnings management behavior of listed companies as the observation object, this paper empirically tests the corporate governance effect of the opening of our country's capital market with the multi-time-point double difference model. The study finds that the capital market connectivity mechanism can significantly inhibit the earnings management behavior of Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hong Kong stock connect listed companies. Further analysis shows that Information asymmetry is a potential constraint on earnings management.

Maritime connectivity, transport infrastructure expansion and economic growth: A global perspective

Improving transport connectivity has become increasingly significant to international trade research and transport policy agendas. Little has been done so far to investigate the direct association between maritime connectivity and economic growth, let alone the exact effect magnitude. As the connection between ports, local economies, and global logistics networks becomes ever closer, the economic role of port connectivity deserves closer attention. This paper uses the Panama Canal expansion as a quasi-natural experiment, and proposes a dynamic difference-in-differences (DID) method for making causal inferences about the impact of port connectivity on regional economic growth. This study leverages data mining of multiple sources of satellite data to provide innovative measures of ship movement, port area, and economic activity. We construct an index based on the global shipping network data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to measure the extent to which the ports are exposed to the canal expansion. This allows careful handling of the endogeneity problem. Change in the port area is used as a proxy for port capacity expansion, and is identified via satellite imaging. Night light data provide a measure of regional economic activity around the ports, and of the effect of port connectivity on regional economic growth. Our findings suggest that improvements in port connectivity have a significant and fairly durable stimulating effect on regional economic growth, and that port infrastructure expansion is one potential channel for realizing this effect.

Connectivity and competitiveness of the major Mediterranean container ports using ‘Benefit-of-the-Doubt’ and ‘Common Sets of Weights’ methods in Data Envelopment Analysis

Connectivity and competitiveness of the major Mediterranean container ports using ‘Benefit-of-the-Doubt’ and ‘Common Sets of Weights’ methods in Data Envelopment Analysis

Design of Meat Product Safety Information Chain Traceability System Based on UHF RFID.

As a result of the current imperfection of the meat traceability system, there have been numerous food safety events with serious consequences. In this paper, a meat product information traceability system is designed to efficiently prevent such problems. This system develops an identification tag information reader based on ultra-high frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). It is compatible with LoRa wireless, USB serial port, RS485, and RJ45 Ethernet connection. Among them, the efficiency analysis of the Q-value algorithm finds that the recognition rate of the system reaches a maximum of about 0.367 when the number of tags n is about the frame length. The multi-tag anti-collision algorithm design based on the algorithm improves the efficiency of information collection in production and distribution links. The traceability code identification scheme is designed to effectively match various links, and the platform of system is built using LabVIEW2014 software, which has five sub-modules including user management, farm management, slaughter management, logistics management, and sales management. The system uses MySQL databases to store traceability information so that users can complete their queries by entering the traceability code on the system platform. The system not only has a low cost and a broad range of applications, but it also realizes the tracking record of meat product traceability information from breeding to selling, completes the function from information collection to information inquiry, and solves the problem of the incomplete traceability information chain. In addition, the system not only enhances the informational transparency of meat products in the product supply chain but also provides information for the regulatory authorities to effectively monitor safety.

Fundamental Shifts of Cruise Shipping in the Post-COVID-19 Era

The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously influenced cruise tourism and global businesses, which is a new variant that poses unpredictable issues for the cruise industry. This study investigates fundamental shifts in cruise shipping after the pandemic using the CRUISE PORT framework by conducting 18 semi-structured and in-depth interviews. The results show that port connectivity is the most significant factor in promoting ports as hubs. Regional competitiveness is important to sustain the cruise industry. Some ports face a low utilization rate due to cruise lines changing their itineraries and visiting low-risk ports. Cruise ports can rebuild competitiveness by improving their infrastructures. Security became the prime concern, while environmental management is not the main priority and the deciding factor in reviving the industry. A port of call is a significant factor in fostering the industry’s development. The pandemic does not generate any significant issues for cruise lines in terms of ocean conditions. Recreational activities can help cruise lines to attract more passengers, and cruise traffic is a driving force to improve port competitiveness. The findings are drawn implications for the cruise sector, port authorities, and stakeholders to improve their operations and services.

Digital transformation for maritime logistics capabilities improvement: cases in Indonesia

PurposeThe authors have faced rapid technological developments over the past few years. Still, the authors face challenges of maritime supply chain inefficiency, high costs and the low competitiveness of Indonesian ports. In line with the flow of this research, the purpose of this paper is to conceptualise best practices to improve port connectivity, which impacts improving maritime logistics capabilities in Indonesia that are relevant to the current situation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors utilise surveys and interviews as a data collection method, where several sources were actors in the maritime logistics industry. The authors also use secondary data from the Ministry of Transport of the Republic of Indonesia, online databases as well as trade magazines and newspapers. This paper conducts a multiple case study and principal component analysis (PCA) to meet the research objectives.FindingsThe intention to use port digitisation services will increase if the perceived usefulness of the service also increases. Also, if the negative coefficient of user trust rises, it will bring a very sharp decrease in customers' intentions to use. Furthermore, the high estimated value of context indicates that users expect to have a good experience using the application and bring benefit to their business.Originality/valueBased on the authors’ knowledge, there has been no review about port digitalisation, specifically in Indonesia. The authors initially provided best practices to improve port connectivity, which can impact improving maritime logistics capabilities.

Shifting proximities: visualizing changes in the maritime connectivity of African countries (2006/2016)

ABSTRACT As a process, containerization in Africa is still on-going. In the last decades, a number of new port projects have emerged in parallel with the reorganization of services by shipping companies. To reflect these changes, this paper studies several questions on the geographic differentiation of maritime connectivities across the continent as well as on the longitudinal trends in maritime connectivities in relation to evolving economic, trade and logistical contexts. To this end, we propose a synthetic visualization of the country-level containerized links using the Liner Shipping Bilateral Connectivity Indicator (LSBCI). The resulting graph, obtained through Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), shows that West Africa and East Africa appear as relatively separated subsystems, mediated by several countries in the Northern and the Southern parts of Africa. Between 2006 and 2016, West Africa, initially tied to Europe and America, is increasingly tied to Asia. Our results show major improvements in the maritime connectivity of Morocco, Djibouti and several West African ports. Conversely, most of mainland East African countries stagnate or decline. Connectivities have not converged across the continent. In some cases changes in maritime connectivity mostly result from variations in vessel size. We explore a method to identify these situations.