Porphyra Tenera Research Articles

アサクサノリ(<i>Porphyra tenera</i> K<sub>JELLM.</sub>)糸状体の生態-IV

It is said that the seed of Porphyra tenera KJELLM. (Asakusanori) in culture ground appears in more abundance or in earlier time when the water is salty So we studied on the influence of the sea water of various concentration on the formation of sporangium and the liberation of spore in the Conchocelis-phase. The results are as follows: 1) The growth of Conchocelis gets worse in dilute sea water than in the normal. The branching of filaments becomes scanty in low concentrated water. 2) The formation of sporangia is delayed in dilute sea water than in the normal in the beginning, but afterwards many sporangia are formed. 3) The liberation of the spore decreases in dilute sea water than in the normal.

アサクサノリ系状体の病害に関する研究(予報)

In mass-culture of Conchocelis-phase of Porphyra tenera penetrated in oyster shells, there were often observed a disease appearing as organge yellow spots on the shell. Sometimes this disease caused fatal damages to the Conchocelis. After the fixation by Perenyi's solution and staining by haematonylin, methylene blue or methyl violet, the authers could find a many individual of rod shaped bacteria within the Conchocelis-filament. And the present bacteria are found only in the iseased part, but not in healthy part. Besides, the authers could also isolate on agar-plate about nine kinds of bacteria from an oyster shell-piece which were penetrated by diseased Conchocelis-filaments. Among these only one is able to infest into the Conchocelis. It remains still uncertain whether the bacteria found within the diseased filaments is essential or secondary to the present disease.

カキ殼内のアサクサノリ糸状体の分布に関する観察

The shells of Ostrea denselamellosa were experimentally set near to the mature thalli of Porphyra tenera in the sea from Feb. 6 till Apr. 8 1956. Then the Conchocelis-phase of porphyra invaded within the shells was cultured in a laboratory tank till June 6, when the growth and distribution of Conchocelis was examined. It was acknowledged that the Conchocelis grows in a greater number in the left valva than the right ones, and it distributes in most abundance in the section A of the shell, shown in Fig. 1 (Tab. 1). As to the vertical distribution, the Conchocelis phase appears in every layer spreading from the sea surface to the bottom of about 250cm. in depth, and especially in abundance in 24-36cm. zone above the bottom. (Tab. 2). As the chalky-deposit of the oyster shell becomes thinner where the surface layer of the shell shows dark violet color owing to the luxuriant growth of Conchocelis-filaments, it seems probable that the chalky-deposit has some close relation to the growth of the Conchocelis.

STUDIES ON CHROMOPROTEINS IN JAPANESE NORI (PORPHYRA TENERA)

Journal Article STUDIES ON CHROMOPROTEINS IN JAPANESE NORI (PORPHYRA TENERA): II. AMINO ACID COMPOSITIONS OF PHYCOERYTHRIN AND PHYCOCYANIN Get access TERUKO FUJIWARA TERUKO FUJIWARA Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Osaka UniversityOsaka Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 43, Issue 2, March 1956, Pages 195–204, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a126620 Published: 01 March 1956 Article history Received: 16 January 1956 Published: 01 March 1956

アサクサノリ胞子の付着と海況について-II

For the purpose of finding out the best condition to set the collector for laver in the sea to get a best crop, a study was made through the following methods from late September to the early November. 1. Daily observation on the vertical change in temperature and chlorinity of sea water in about one meter intervals from the surface to the bottom. In the meantime, air temperature and wind were also recorded. 2. Counting the laver-germlings appeared on the collector which have been set every day in the sea. 3. Calculation of the laver-spores liberated from the Conchocelis which have been set in the sea after over-summering in the laboratory. The results may be summerized as follows: 1. The laver-spores are apt to appear in large quantities within a few days after the occur-rence of vertical turbulance of sea water. 2. Hydrographic and atmospheric conditions havc some influence on the liberation of spores from the Conchocelis. 3. There seems to be a closer correlation between the appearance of laver-spores in nature and the liberation of spores from the Conchocelis set in the sea.

海中でのアサクサノリ糸状体からの胞子放出について(予報)

It is reported from the results of indoor experiments that the liberation of spores from the Conchocelis of Porphyra tenera is greatly affected by water temperature and illumination, and it seems to occur mainly in the early morning. With a view to clarify whether such a phenomenon occurs in the sea, investigation was made through the following experiments and observations: (1) The Conchocelis were submerged in the sea on September 20 after indoor culturing through the warmer season Before daybreak each day (Sept. 26, Oct. 6, 9 and 16) material was suspended in the sea in glass tubes with glass slides on the bottom. After periods varying from one to two hours, the Conchocelis was moved into another tube of the same device. The process was r ?? peated several times until sun set. The tubes from which the Conchocelis had been removed, were set still in laboratory two hours, so as to let the spores liberated sink down to the slides on the bottom. Then the spores were counted. (2) In the meantime, hydrogiaphical and atmospheric conditions were observed. Results obtained from the experiments and observations above mentioned suggest that the liberation of spores is apt to be accelerated by the rising of water temperature and increase of illumination. These conditions in the sea, however, do not always occur immediately after sun-rise, and the time of liberation of spores is variablly affected by certain hydrographical (tidal phase, turbidity of seawater etc.) and weather conditions.

アサクサノリ糸状体の成長成熟に及ぼす二,三の要因の影響について

The present study was carried out to clarity the influence of the environmental factors such as chlorinity of sea water, burying in the mud, and desiccation in the air, on Conchocelis-phase of a laver, Porphyra tenera KJELLMANN. Results are as follows: (1) In dilute sea water (less than 10 Cl ‰) the development of carpospores into the Conchocelis is retarded and disturbed. The development of the Conchocelis which has penetrated within oyster shell is almost unaffected by lower chlorinity, although only some delay in growth is observed in its younger stage. The formation of sporangia on the Conchocelis is delayed by the effect of lower chlorinity. (2) When the Conchocelis is buried by various kinds of bottom substances, it stops to grow. If it is returned into normal condition after shorter periods of burying, it can grow further and become mature, But it can not resist longer in the mud or muddy sand which are rich in organic substances. (3) The Conchocelis is fatally-affected by desiccation and direct sunlight when they are exposed in the air. It dies in about 15 minutes outdoors and in about 30 minutes indoors.

テトラゾリウム〓によるコンコセリス糸状体の傷害・生死の判定について-I

Owing to the characteristic growth of Conchocelis filaments perforating the shells, discrimination of intact, injured and dead states in them has so far been in great difficulties. A particular advantage was found in the use of tetrazolium salt as a viability indicator. Triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) used in properly conditioned treatments was reduced by the filaments so as to produce red pigmentation by formazan. The gradation in the reduction reflected the intact, injured and dead states very sharply, no reduction occuring in the dead filaments. Recommendable conditions for viability test were found as the following: a) The final TTC concentrations of 1mg./cc. in twice diluted sea water is sufficient for use; b) Incubation at 30°C. favours the reaction greatly and lower temperature is disadvantageous: c) Illumination (1500-2000 lux) and evacuation do not favour the reaction so much, and is unnecessary in most cases. Non-enzymatic photochemical reduction of TTC, especially by ultraviolet irradiation was vigorous. But such a reduction could be obviously distinguished and excluded from the vital reduction. From these result: it was concluded that the TTC test gives quite reliable criteria, and should be recommended to practical nursing and cultivation of Porphyra tenera and Conchocelis.

アサクサノリ(<i>Porphyra tenera</i> K<sub>JELLM</sub>.)の生化学的研究-I

The change in the catalase activity of Porphyra tenera and coral algae were studied by the iodometric titration method. (1) The catalase activity changes during the course of the day; i.e., the activity of the catalase solution which was prepared from 12 to 16 o'clock shows the lowest value. (2) The activity was reduced when the fronds were exposed to sunlight. It was reduced by about 75% when they were exposed for two hours, and by 60% for four hours in Porphyra tenera. But, in the coral algae, it was reduced by 30% when the exposed for 30 minutes. In each case, the activity was not markedly reduced by the longer exposure. (3) The activity was reduced when phenol and urea were added to the solution which was prepared from Porphyra tenera.

アサクサノリ胞子の付着と海況について-I

It is said that the autumnal appearance or settlement of the spores of the laver (Porphyra tenera) are greatly affected by the hydrographical or atmospheric conditions. With a view to resolve this problem following experiments and observations were made for four years from 1951 to 1954 in Ise Bay. 1) Daily collection and enumeration of the spores floating in the sea, from late September till early October. 2) Setting the bamboo twigs daily in the sea for about a month from late September and enumerating the germlings appeared on them, ten days after setting up the twigs. 3) Daily measuring the variation in the vertical distribution of the temperature and chlorinity of sea water at various depths in about 1-2 metres interval from the surface to the bottom up to a depth of 6 meters at high tide. In the meantime, the diurnal mean range of tides was computed from the records of Nagoya Harbour as obtained by the tide gauge. As a result obtained from the above experiments and observations, it is suggested that the spores of the laver are apt to get afloat in large masses for one to five days after the occurrence of such vertical turbulance in the sea water as those which might have been raised by wind or tidal movement.

アサクサノリの風味に就て-II 呈味アミノ酸中特にアラニン,グリシン含量に就て

In the previous paper, we have reported that several free amino acids, as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, glycine, threonine, and alanine, occur in the laver, Porphyra tenera. Besides the above acids, asparagine was newly found as shown in Table 2. Various kinds of laver are analysed of their total nitrogen, extractable nitrogen, its amino acid nitrogen, alanine, and glycine. The results are given in Table 3. It is suggested that glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine are nicely tasty ingredients and especially alanine is a main sweet one in the layer. The amounts of these amino acids vary with season and attain to the maxima in January as shown in Fig. 2. From Fig. 1, it is proved that the amount of total nitrogen is positively correlative to the quantity of alanine and glycine.

徳島産の非常に狭長な一種の「アサクサノリ」の発生について

In the Nori (laver) field of Tokushima city, a laver of extremely narrow shape is found mixed with the common laver, Porphyra tenera. Early development of the laver discussed here was investigated during 1951-52. The results are as follows. 1) The laver appears in the same season and also in the same level as Porphyra tenera. 2) The sporelings of the laver develop into long filaments of a single row of cells. Longitudinal cell-division occurs when the sporelings have developed to about 500-celled stage, while in other Porphyra species it occurs when the sporelings are in younger stages than 50-celled one. 3) The relation between the thickness (W in μ) and the number of cells (n) in the sporelings is shown as follow: W=10.4+0.05n (where range of “n”: 200-500) 4) The sporelings of the present laver somewhat resemble those of Bangia. However, they are distinctly different from each other in the relation between the number of cells and the length of filaments as well as in several other respects. For example, the sporelings of the laver are shorter than those of Bangia at the same stage of development. 5) Although the present laver are usually found growing densely, it hardly worth cultivating as it takes quite a long time to become large enough to be harvested and its thallus is too narrow even at maturity.

Vitamin B12 in marine and freshwater algae.

Asakusanori, the air-dried Porphyra tenera, used as a foodstuff in Japan, was found to be relatively rich in vitamin B12 and to possess a growth-promoting activity on the young chicks fed an all plant protein ration. Over thirty species of other seaweeds were tested and the vitamin contents were found to vary from 0.1 to 4.0γ/100g on a fresh basis. Several zoo-and phytoplanktons and bottom muds of pond were also analysed and proved to be very rich in this vitamin. The author's view on the significance of the vitamin in algae is proposed, especially on the utility of marine and freshwater algae as APF sources.

松川浦アサクサノリ養殖場の研究-I

In a previous paper, we have reported on environmental characteristics of cultural grounds of a laver, Porphyra tenera Kjellman in Matsushima Bay. The present work carried out to make clear the environmental factors affecting upon the production of laver at Matsukawa-Ura Inlet from October in 1952 to March in 1953 is a comparative study with the preceeding work at Matsushima Bay. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The inlet water was remarkably interchanged with Sendai Bay water by tidal currents. The quantities of water of all inflowing rivers into this inlet were so small that the most part of the inlet except small areas lccated near river mouth was chiefly occupied by the water with nearly equal salinity to Sendai Bay water. Therefore, the cultural grounds would always be exposed to the outside waters of the inlet. 2. Though the contents of nutrient salts in Sendai Bay water were generally poor, the nutrient supplies during the cultural season from autumn to early spring were relatively abundant owing to nutrient rich water of Oyashio which had sometimes inflowed to Sendai Bay. Therefore, it seems reasonable to suppose that the production of laver in this inlet may be attributed to the inflow of Oyashio. 3. According to chemical analysis of laver, the nitrogen contents fluctuated from 1.93 to 6.52 in per cent of dry weight and the phosphorus contents were 0.237±0.057 in per cent of dry weight. The low values and the small variation of phosphorus contents suggest that the necessary amount of phosphorus to support the growth of laver is about 0.2 per cent of dry weight of laver. On the other hand, N:P ratio had considerable variance, showing the values between 7.2 and 28.2. The change in N:P ratio was chiefly due to the fluctuation of nitrogen contents. The nitrogen contents of the samples collected after January were almost below 3 per cent of dry weight. This low value seems to be the results of insufficient supply in nitrogenous nutrients.

海に入れたノリの“Conchocelis-phase”からの胞子の放出とヒビ立て時期

In order to get some knowledge on the shedding of spores from “Conchocelis-phase” of Porphyra tenera, oyster shells in which the Conchocelis had been cultured were set in the sea in autumn. Everyday a part of them was taken up, kept in glass tubes till the next day in the laboratory and number of spores shed were counted under microscope. Shedding occurs everyday from the late September to the early December.The number of spores-shed in a day is considerablly large (200-1, 000 per 1cm2 of shell) during two to three days at every spring tide, while in other days it remains very small (less than 10 per 1cm2 of shell).

アサクサノリの生活史に就いて,特に秋に立込んだヒビに最初に着く胞子の性質-III

“Autumn spores” of Porphyra tenera fix themselves to collectors early in autumn and give rise to winter plants. In previous papers, it was shown that the autumn spores in Tokyo and Ise Bay measure about 11μ in diameter and are not to be considered as monospores (14-15μ in diameter) from “summer plantlets”. In this paper the auther reported some results of the measurement of the spores from Concho-celis-phase of Porphyra tenera cultured in oyster shells and his view upon the life-history of Porphyra. The spores measure about 11μ in diameter; they develop to Porphyra thalli. Autumn spores in Tokyo and Ise Bay at least a greater part of them, are concluded with reasons to be the spores from Conchocelis-phase. In the previous papers, which appeared at the time when the spores Conchocelis phase had not been discoverd, author suggested that carpospores formed in previous winter might pass the summer in a resting state and directly become autumn spores in autumn. This suggestion should be now withdrawn.

アサクサノリの“Conchocelis-Phase”からの胞子放出について

Shedding of spores from “Conchocelis-phase” of Porphyra tenera cultured in oyster shells was studied in laboratory. 1) Shedding occurs periodically everyday in the morning, chiefly between 7-10 am. At night any shedding could not be observed. In the dark shedding occurs too, thought it is somewhat retarded in time and is reduced in amount. 2) Shedding can be seen abundantly at the temperature of 12-22°C. At 9 and 24°C., it becomes small in amount. At 27°C., any shedding could not be observed. 3) Shedding occurs abundantly in the sea water keeping the density at 1, 023. It decreases in amount in the water of lower density.

アサクサノリの生活史に就いて,特に秋に立込んだヒビに最初に着く胞子の性質第2報

“Autumn Spores” of Porphyra tenera fix themselves to substrata early in autumn and give rise to winter plants. In previous paper, it was shown that in some fields in Tokyo Bay the autumn spores are not monospores. Now Kunieda (1939) reported that Porphyra tenera could be divided into severl forms, generally into two, i. e. the “long type” and the “round type”. The former predominates in the localities where materials were collected in the previous work. In this report, it was studied whether it is also the case or not in other localities, especially where another type of Porphyra (the “round type”) predominates. Materials were collected at Narawa (Tokyo Bay), Chita (Ise Bay) and Nameishi (AriakeSea). The results obtained were as follows. 1. Spores recognized as “autumn spores” of this alga were collected from sea water early in autumn. They measured all 10-11 μ in diameter in all samples (Fig. 1, 1-4). Monospores from autumn plants measured 14-15 μ (Fig. 1, 5-9). Carpospores in winter are known as 11 μ 2. Sporelings from the “autumn spores” were thinner than those from monospores in all samples (Fig. 2), i.e. the former should start with spores smaller than the monospores (14-15 μ). From these results it may be conceivable that the “autumn spores” are not mnonospores both in the long type and in the round type. They will be carpospores, which were formed in previous winter and have rested during summer.

アサクサノリの生活史に就いて特に秋に立込んだヒビに最初に着く胞子の性質 海藻胞子付けの研究第10報

Porphyra tenera is edible red alga cultivated in Japan. In late September many twigs of bamboos are set in the sea. “Autumn spores” appear and fix themselves on the twigs and begin to develop. In winter plants grow thick, When spring comes, they decrease and the twigs are taken away. In late spring, some poor plantlets, less than several milimetre so called “summer plantlets” are found here and there, in late summer they are lost in sight. Carpospores are formed sexually on the winter plants, while monospores are formed asexually on some of the young plants in autumn especially in November and also on summer plantlets. It remains in doubt, where the autumn spores come from, i.e. whether they are monospores from survived summer plantlets or carpospores rested during spring and summer. To make clear the nature of this autumn spores, diameter of spores and thickness of young sporelings on bamboo twigs were measured in whole year and compared each other. The results are as follows. 1. Monospores from summer plantlets and also from autumn plants are all 15μ in diameter (Fig. 1, C-F). Carpospores in winter are 11μ (Fig. 1, B). Autumn spores are also 11μ. (Fig. 1, A). 2. By thickness, young sporelings can be divided in two groups. Sporelings from monospores in summer and also in late autumn are belong to thicker group (Fig. 3, II & IV) and those from autumn spores in early autumn to thinner group (Fig. 3, I), i.e. the latter must be originated from smaller spores, nothing but carpospores in previous winter. These results show that, a greater part of the carpospores in winter rest during summer and appear again in early autumn and make crigin of next winter plants. “Summer plantlets” may be in a side road of life history.

愛知縣東三河灣の海苔の豊凶と氣候要素との相關に就て

Correlations were studied between the annual products of dried algae (Porphyra tenera Kjelim.) per producer in the eastern part of Mikawa Bay and monthly average atmospheric temperature, rainfall and number of rainy days in Nagoya, with regard to their observations during the pericd of 17 years from 1926 to 1942. The positive coefficients of correlation were significantly found in the cases of the atmospheric temperature in December (0.576) and February (0.489), and in the case of the rainfall in March (0.846).