Populus Tomentiglandulosa Research Articles

Exploring phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of Populus × tomentiglandulosa.

Populus × tomentiglandulosa (PT), a tree endemic to Korea, shows promising potential as a natural therapeutic agent owing to its potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, the isolation and analysis of phytochemical compounds in PT and related species remains underexplored. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the biochemical profile of PT and evaluate its extracts and fractions for anti-inflammatory activities. Nine compounds were isolated, including two novel flavonoids (luteolin 7-O-β-d-glucuronide butyl ester and chrysoeriol 7-O-β-d-glucuronide butyl ester) from the Salicaceae family for the first time. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited significant radical scavenging activity against various radicals, including DPPH, ABTS+, •OH, and O2 - radicals. PT extracts and the ethyl acetate fraction showed minimal cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 macrophages at concentrations below 500 and 100μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, PT extracts and fractions significantly suppressed the protein expression of proinflammatory mediators (iNOS and IL-6) in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages, highlighting their potent anti-inflammatory effects. These findings suggest that PT holds promise as a valuable natural therapeutic intervention for various oxidative stress and inflammation-related disorders, underscoring the need for further exploration of its clinical applications.

Neuroprotective effects of phenolic glycosides from Populus tomentiglandulosa roots in HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells

The present work isolated a total of three novel phenolic glycosides (1 − 3), and 12 known compounds (4 − 15) from methanol extract of the roots of Populus tomentiglandulosa. The chemical structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses (1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry). The compounds (5, 7, and 11) having the 1‑hydroxy-6-oxo-2-cyclohexenecarboxylate (HCH) moiety showed strong neuroprotective effects in glutamate-induced HT22 hippocampal cells. However, among these compounds, tremulacin (compound 5; TRC) was evaluated for its ability to prevent glutamate-induced apoptosis. TRC reduced the glutamate-induced apoptosis by downregulating of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-3, Bax, and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways while upregulating Bcl-2 and Bid. Also, TRC triggered the expression of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, TRC treatment attenuated intracellular ROS generation and MMP loss. Molecular docking results also demonstrated that TRC interacted with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Overall, this study revealed that TRC might be a promising treatment option for neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Populus tomentiglandulosa Extract Is Rich in Polyphenols and Protects Neurons, Astrocytes, and the Blood-Brain Barrier in Gerbil Striatum Following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Transient ischemia in brains causes neuronal damage, gliosis, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, which is related to ischemia-induced brain dysfunction. Populus species have various pharmacological properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we found that phenolic compounds were rich in Populus tomentiglandulosa extract and examined the effects of Populus tomentiglandulosa extract on neuronal damage/death, astrogliosis, and BBB breakdown in the striatum, which is related to motor behavior, following 15-min transient ischemia in the forebrain in gerbils. The gerbils were pre-treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of the extract. The latter showed significant effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ischemia-induced hyperactivity using spontaneous motor activity test was significantly attenuated by the treatment. Striatal cells (neurons) were dead at five days after the ischemia; however, pre-treatment with the extract protected the striatal cells from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Ischemia-induced reactive astrogliosis was significantly alleviated, in particular, astrocyte end feet, which are a component of BBB, were significantly preserved. Immunoglobulin G, which is not found in intact brain parenchyma, was apparently shown (an indicator of extravasation) in striatal parenchyma at five days after the ischemia, but IgG leakage was dramatically attenuated in the parenchyma by the pre-treatment. Based on these findings, we suggest that Populus tomentiglandulosa extract rich in phenolic compounds can be employed as a pharmaceutical composition to develop a preventive material against brain ischemic injury.

Protective effects of Populus tomentiglandulosa against cognitive impairment by regulating oxidative stress in an amyloid beta25-35-induced Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESAlzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most representative neurodegenerative disease mainly caused by the excessive production of amyloid beta (Aβ). Several studies on the antioxidant activity and protective effects of Populus tomentiglandulosa (PT) against cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal damage have been reported. Based on this background, the present study investigated the protective effects of PT against cognitive impairment in AD.MATERIALS/METHODSWe orally administered PT (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) for 14 days in an Aβ25-35-induced mouse model and conducted behavioral experiments to test cognitive ability. In addition, we evaluated the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and measured the production of lipid peroxide, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissues.RESULTSPT treatment improved the space perceptive ability in the T-maze test, object cognitive ability in the novel object recognition test, and spatial learning/long-term memory in the Morris water-maze test. Moreover, the levels of AST and ALT were not significantly different among the groups, indicating that PT did not show liver toxicity. Furthermore, administration of PT significantly inhibited the production of lipid peroxide, NO, and ROS in the brain, liver, and kidney, suggesting that PT protected against oxidative stress.CONCLUSIONSOur study demonstrated that administration of PT improved Aβ25–35-induced cognitive impairment by regulating oxidative stress. Therefore, we propose that PT could be used as a natural agent for AD improvement.

Protective role of Populus tomentiglandulosa against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells

Oxidative stress caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is known as an etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Populus tomentiglandulosa (PT), a member of the Salicaceae family, is widely grown in Korea and has been reported to exert protective effects on cerebral ischemia by attenuating of oxidative stress and neuronal damage. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects of an ethanol extract and four fractions [n-butanol, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), chloroform, and n-hexane] of PT under in vitro and cellular systems. The extract and four fractions of PT showed 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ·OH, and O2 - radical scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, the EtOAc fraction of PT had the strongest DPPH, ·OH, and O2 - radical scavenging activities among the extract and other fractions. Therefore, we further investigated the neuroprotective effect of the EtOAc fraction of PT against oxidative stress in H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Treatment with H2O2 significantly decreased cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and it also increased the ROS levels compared to the normal group. However, treatment with the EtOAc fraction of PT significantly increased cell viability. Moreover, the EtOAc fraction of PTtreated group significantly suppressed ROS production and LDH release compared to the H2O2-induced control group. In conclusion, our findings indicated that PT had in vitro antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress. Therefore, PT could be used as a natural agent for protection against oxidative stress.

명승 부안 채석강ㆍ적벽강 일원의 경관관리를 위한 관속식물상 연구

This research was conducted to provide basic information for landscape management, natural resource 􀁆􀁒􀁑􀁖􀁈􀁕􀁙􀁄􀁗􀁌􀁒􀁑􀀃􀁄􀁑􀁇􀀃􀁘􀁗􀁌􀁏􀁌􀁝􀁄􀁗􀁌􀁒􀁑􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁕􀁒􀁘􀁊􀁋􀀃􀁖􀁜􀁖􀁗􀁈􀁐􀁄􀁗􀁌􀁆􀀃􀁕􀁈􀁖􀁈􀁄􀁕􀁆􀁋􀀃􀁒􀁑􀀃􀃀􀁒􀁕􀁄􀀃􀁄􀁑􀁇􀀃􀁏􀁄􀁑􀁇􀁖􀁆􀁄􀁓􀁈􀀃􀁆􀁋􀁄􀁑􀁊􀁈􀁖􀀃􀁒􀁉􀀃􀀶􀁆􀁈􀁑􀁌􀁆􀀃􀀶􀁌􀁗􀁈􀀃 (No. 13) Chaeseokgang and Jeokbyeokgang Cliffed Coasts, Buan. A total of 183 taxa of vascular plants were identified, the detail being 65 families, 138 genus, 157 species, 1 subspecies, 23 varieties, and 2 forms. There were only two ferns and two gymnosperms, but also 175 types of angiosperms were 􀁌􀁇􀁈􀁑􀁗􀁌􀂿􀁈􀁇􀀏􀀃􀁚􀁋􀁌􀁆􀁋􀀃􀁌􀁖􀀃􀀜􀀘􀀑􀀙􀀈􀀃􀁒􀁉􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁗􀁒􀁗􀁄􀁏􀀑􀀃􀀤􀁐􀁒􀁑􀁊􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁓􀁏􀁄􀁑􀁗􀁖􀀃􀁕􀁈􀁖􀁈􀁄􀁕􀁆􀁋􀁈􀁇􀀏􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁗􀁄􀁛􀁒􀁑􀀃􀁚􀁌􀁗􀁋􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁊􀁕􀁈􀁄􀁗􀁈􀁖􀁗􀀃􀁑􀁘􀁐􀁅􀁈􀁕􀀃 􀁚􀁄􀁖􀀃􀀦􀁒􀁐􀁓􀁒􀁖􀁌􀁗􀁄􀁈􀀃􀁚􀁋􀁌􀁆􀁋􀀃􀁕􀁈􀁆􀁒􀁕􀁇􀁈􀁇􀀃􀀕􀀙􀀃􀁗􀁜􀁓􀁈􀁖􀀑􀀃􀀤􀀃􀁗􀁒􀁗􀁄􀁏􀀃􀁒􀁉􀀃􀀗􀀃􀁗􀁄􀁛􀁄􀀃􀁒􀁉􀀃􀁈􀁑􀁇􀁈􀁐􀁌􀁆􀀃􀁓􀁏􀁄􀁑􀁗􀁖􀀃􀁚􀁈􀁕􀁈􀀃􀁌􀁇􀁈􀁑􀁗􀁌􀂿􀁈􀁇􀀞􀀃􀀦􀁏􀁈􀁐􀁄􀁗􀁌􀁖􀀃 brachyura, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold, and Saussurea eriophylla Nakai, while two taxa of endangered plants were identified; Koelreuteria paniculata and Glehnia littoralis. There were a total of 10 taxa in case of naturalized plants, including Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. nippo-oleifera Makino, Lepidium virginicum L., Chenopodium ficifolium Sm., and Phytolacca americana L., with the naturalization rate being 5.5%. According to the analysis of naturalized degrees of the naturalized plants, there were 7 plants with 5th degree of naturalization while there were one species for each 4th, 3rd, and 2nd degrees, and there were no 1st degree plant. The vegetation in the Gyeokpo-ri area is divided into 13 plant communities. The representative plant colonies include Pinus thunbergii colony, Pinus thumbergii-Quercus variabilis colony, Pinus thunbergii-Quercus acutissima colony, Carpinus turczaninovii Hance-Pinus thunbergii colony, Carpinus turczaninovii Hance colony, and Clerodendrum trichotomum -Euonymus japonicus colony, with Pinus thunbergii colony taking up 53.55% of the total. As the vegetation in Scenic Site Chaeseokgang and Jeokbyeokgang Cliffed Coasts, Buan mainly consist of Pinus thunbergii colony and mixed pinus thunbergii forest, the vegetation landscape does not become different throughout four seasons, and one can feel partial seasonal changes because deciduous trees, such as Quercus species and Carpinus turczaninovii Hance, are spread in parts.

Stronger antioxidant enzyme immunoreactivity of Populus tomentiglandulosa extract than ascorbic acid in rat liver and kidney.

Objective(s): Populus species have various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant activity. In this study, the effects of Populus tomentiglandulosa extract (PTE) on histopathology and antioxidant enzymes in the rat liver and kidney were examined. Materials and Methods:Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to three groups; (1) normal diet fed group, (2) ascorbic acid-containing diet-fed group as a positive control, (3) PTE-containing diet-fed group. The histopathology in the rat liver and kidney was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The effect of PTE was examined in the rat liver and kidney by immunohistochemistry for antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases (SOD1 and SOD2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Results:No marked histopathological alterations were observed in the liver and kidney of the PTE-containing diet-fed group. In the liver, the mean numbers of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPx immunoreactive cells were significantly increased in the PTE-containing diet-fed rats, compared with those in the normal- and ascorbic acid-containing diet-fed rats. In the kidney, all SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPx immunoreactive structures were significantly increased in the PTE-containing diet-fed group, compared with those in the normal- and ascorbic acid-containing diet-fed groups. Conclusion:Results showed that PTE treatment significantly increased antioxidant enzymes in the rat liver and kidney, and we suggest that PTE might have hepato- and nephro-protective potentials against oxidative stress.

Pretreatment of Populus tomentiglandulosa protects hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons from ischemia-reperfusion injury in gerbils via increasing SODs expressions and maintaining BDNF and IGF-I expressions.

To examine the effects of Populus tomentiglandulosa (PT) extract on the expressions of antioxidant enzymes and neurotrophic factors in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus at 5 min after inducing transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI) in gerbils, TGCI was induced by occlusion of common carotid arteries for 5 min. Before ischemic surgery, 200 mg·kg-1 PT extract was orally administrated once daily for 7 d. We performed neuronal nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B staining. Furthermore, we determined in situ production of superoxide anion radical, expression levels of SOD1 and SOD2 as antioxidant enzymes and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) as neurotrophic factors. Pretreatment with 200 mg·kg-1 PT extract prevented neuronal death (loss). Furthermore, pretreatment with 200 mg·kg-1 PT extract significantly inhibited the production of superoxide anion radical, increased expressions of SODs and maintained expressions of BDNF and IGF-I. Such increased expressions of SODs were maintained in the neurons after IRI. In summary, pretreated PT extract can significantly increase levels of SODs and protect the neurons against TGCI, suggesting that PT can be a useful natural agent to protect against TGCI.

Pre-treated Populus tomentiglandulosa extract inhibits neuronal loss and alleviates gliosis in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 area induced by transient global cerebral ischemia.

The genus Populus (poplar) belonging to the Salicaceae family has been used in traditional medicine, and its several species show various pharmacological properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. No study regarding protective effects of Populus species against cerebral ischemia has been reported. Therefore, in the present study, we examined neuroprotective effects of ethanol extract from Populus tomentiglandulosa (Korea poplar) in the hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA1) area of gerbils subjected to 5 minutes of transient global cerebral ischemia. Pretreatment with 200 mg/kg of P. tomentiglandulosa extract effectively protected CA1 pyramidal neurons from transient global cerebral ischemia. In addition, glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactive astrocytes and ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 immunoreactive microglia were significantly diminished in the ischemic CA1 area by pretreatment with 200 mg/kg of P. tomentiglandulosa extract. Briefly, our results indicate that pretreatment with P. tomentiglandulosa extract protects neurons from transient cerebral ischemic injury and diminish cerebral ischemia-induced reactive gliosis in ischemic CA1 area. Based on these results, we suggest that P. tomentiglandulosa can be used as a potential candidate for prevention of ischemic injury.

용봉산 및 수암산 일대의 관속식물상

행정구역상 충청남도 예산군 삽교읍과 덕산면, 홍성군 홍북면에 걸쳐있는 용봉산 및 수암산 일대의 식물상을 2010년도 3월부터 2016년 5월까지 총 23회에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 사진과 표본 등의 증거자료를 바탕으로 작성한 소산 관속식물은 105과 312속 468종 4아종 47변종 13품종의 총 532분류군으로 확인되었다. 한반도 특산식물은 은사시나무(식), 외대으아리, 할미밀망, 좀땅비싸리, 개나리(식), 오동나무(식), 병꽃나무, 벌개미취(식) 등 8분류군이 조사되었고, 산림청지정 희귀식물은 주목(식), 개지치, 두메부추(식), 꽃창포(식) 등 4분류군이 관찰되었으며, 환경부지정 멸종위기야생식물은 출현하지 않았다. 식물구계학적 특정식물종은 III~V등급에 해당하는 11분류군이 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 총 68분류군으로 귀화율은 12.8%, 도시화지수는 21.2%로 높은 수치를 보여주었다. A floristic study was conducted 23 times from March 2010 to May 2016 on Mt. Yongbongsan and Mt. Suamsan region of Chungcheongnam-do which lies across Sapgyo-eup, Deoksan-myeon Yesan-gun, and Hongbuk-myeon Hongseong-gun. Based on voucher speciemens, list of vascular plants found in this area were contained 532 taxa in total including 105 families, 312 genera, 468 species, 4 subspecies, 47 varieties, and 13 forma. The 8 taxa were Korean endemic plants such as Populus tomentiglandulosa T.B.Lee, Clematis brachyura Maxim, C. trichotoma Nakai, Indigofera koreana Ohwi, Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai, Paulownia coreana Uyeki, Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey, Aster koraiensis Nakai. 4 taxa of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service such as Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc., Lithospermum arvense L., Allium senescens L., and Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai. Endangered plants designated by the Ministry of Environment was not found in this study. The 11 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants in 3^rd to 5^th degree were found. 68 taxa naturalized plants were found and the naturalized ratio was 12.8% while 21.2% of urbanized ratio which is regarded quite high.

Alteration of Leaf Surface Structures of Poplars under Elevated Air Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentration

Effects of elevated air temperature and carbon dioxide (<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>) concentration on the leaf surface structures were investigated in Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar) and Populus tomentiglandulosa (Suwon poplar). Cuttings of the two tree species were exposed to elevated air temperatures at <TEX>$27/22^{\circ}C$</TEX> (day/night) and <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> concentrations at 770/790 ppm for three months. The abaxial leaf surface of yellow poplar under an ambient condition (<TEX>$22/17^{\circ}C$</TEX> and 380/400 ppm) had stomata and epicuticular waxes (transversely ridged rodlets). A prominent increase in the density of epicuticular waxes was found on the leaves under the elevated condition. Meanwhile, the abaxial leaf surface of Suwon poplar under an ambient condition was covered with long trichomes. The leaves under the elevated condition possessed a higher amount of long trichomes than those under the ambient condition. These results suggest that the two poplar species may change their leaf surface structures under the elevated air temperature and <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> concentration condition for acclimation of increased photosynthesis.

Phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil and saccharification of the resulting biomass

In this study, we aimed to identify plant species capable of remediating diesel-contaminated soil and to convert their biomass to bioethanol. Three plant species (Pinus densiflora, Populus tomentiglandulosa, and Thuja orientalis) were grown on an area of soil contaminated with 6000mg/kg of diesel to assess the effects of addition of a microbial consortium and fertilizer on remediation efficacy. Diesel-contaminated soil resulted in reduced plant biomass for most of the tested plants. However, in diesel-contaminated P. densiflora pots containing the microbial consortium, shoot biomass was greater than that in pots treated with diesel alone. Additionally, fertilizer application was found to be the most important factor for efficient diesel degradation. Plant biomass in diesel-contaminated soil was pretreated and used as a substrate for hydrolysis using lignocellulases from Armillaria gemina, a newly isolated fungal strain. The strain showed the highest β-glucosidase (15U/mL), cellobiohydrolase (34U/mL), endoglucanase (146U/mL), endoxylanase (1270U/mL), laccase (0.16U/mL), mannanase (57U/mL), lignin peroxidase (0.31U/mL) and filter paper (1.72U/mL) activities. The highest saccharification yield was obtained with P. densiflora (52%). The A. gemina enzymes hydrolyzed the woody biomass used for phytoremediation and resulted in a high level of reducing sugar (375mg/g-substrate).

응봉산(강원, 영월)의 식물상

본 조사는 강원도 영월군 응봉산의 관속식물 분포를 밝히기 위해 2011년 4월부터 10월에 걸쳐 이루어졌으며, 본 조사를 통해 확인된 소산 관속식물은 89과 288속 405종 3아종 43변종 7품종으로 총 458분류군으로 확인되었다. 한국특산식물은 고려엉겅퀴, 각시서덜취, 참배암차즈기, 홀아비바람꽃, 외대으아리, 할미밀망, 은사시나무(재), 개수양버들, 키버들, 누른괭이눈, 고광나무, 참좁쌀풀, 청괴불나무, 병꽃나무 오동나무, 점현호색 등 16분류군으로 확인되었으며, 산림청지정 희귀식물은 개서어나무, 홀아비바람꽃, 너도바람꽃, 쥐방울덩굴, 도깨비부채, 참좁쌀풀, 꽃개회나무, 나도개감채, 금강애기나리, 참배암차즈기 등 총 10분류군이 확인되었다. 식물구계학적 특정종은 I 등급종이 39분류군, II 등급종이 14분류군, III 등급종이 19분류군, IV 등급종이 14분류군, V 등급종이 1분류군으로 총 87분류군이 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 8과 28분류군으로 조사되었으며, 이는 밝혀진 전체 소산 식물목록 중 약 6.1%를 차지하고 있었다. 귀화식물은 군락을 형성하지 않은 상태로 주변 식생에 큰 영향을 주지 못하는 것으로 확인되었다. This study was carried out to illuminate the floras of vascular plants of Mt. Eungbongsan in Yeongwol-gun. This study was conducted from April to October, 2011. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants in this area consisted of 89 families, 288 genera, 405 species, 3 subspecies, 43 varieties, and 7 forms, totally 458 taxa. 16 species were endemic to Korea such as Cirsium setidens, Saussurea macrolepis, Salvia chanroenica, Anemone koraiensis, Clematis brachyura, Clematis trichotoma, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix dependens, Salix koriyanagi, Chrysosplenium flaviflorum, Philadelphus schrenckii, Lysimachia coreana, Lonicera subsessilis, Weigela subsessilis, Paulownia coreana, and Corydalis maculata. Ten taxa were rare plants as designated by Korea Forest Service such as Anemone koraiensis, Eranthis stellata, Aristolochia contorta, Rodgersia podophylla, Lysimachia coreana, Syringa wolfii, Lloydia triflora, Streptopus ovalis, Salvia chanroenica, and Carpinus tshonoskii. Plants specially designated by the Ministry of Environment in phytogeographic categories totaled 87 taxa including 39 taxa of grade I, 14 taxa of grade II, 19 taxa of grade III, 14 taxa of grade IV and 1 taxon grade V. Naturalized plants consisted of 8 families with 28 taxa that made up 6.1% of the total vascular plants in this area. Naturalized plants have not strongly influenced the Mt. Eungbongsan vegetation.

단양 석문봉 측백나무군락지의 식물상 및 보전방안

The vascular plants of Thuja orientalis community in Seokmun-bong, Danyang were listed 222 taxa (4.5% of all 4,881 taxa of vascular plants); 67 families, 150 genera, 163 species, 2 subspecies, 43 varieties and 14 forms. Limestone plants, 29 taxa; Asplenium rutamuraria, Celtis koraiensis, Goodyera coreana, etc. So, Based on the legal protection species, endangered wild plants II, were recorded; Thalictrum coreanum (EN) and rare plants, 8 taxa; Thuja orientalis (LC), Exochorda serratifolia var. serratifolia (LC), Diarthron linifolium (EN), Bupleurum falcatum (VU), Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LC), Dracocephalum argunense (EN), Polygonatum robustum (EN), etc. and endemic plants, 3 taxa; Populus tomentiglandulosa (Planted plant), Thalictrum actaefolium var. brevistylum, Asperula lasiantha, etc. Based on the list of specific plants, 29 taxa; Thalictrum coreanum in class V, 7 taxa (Neillia uyekii for. uyekii, Prunus sibirica, Abelia coreana, etc.) in class IV, 8 taxa (Spiraea trichocarpa, Polygala tatarinowi, Asparagus oligoclonos, etc.) in class III, 2 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii var. dickinsii, Weigela florida) in class II, 11 taxa (Morus cathayana, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, Zizyphus jujuba var. jujuba, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 10 taxa (Robinia pseudoacacia, Oenothera biennis, Festuca arundinacea, etc.), naturalization rate (NR) was 4.5% of all 222 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index (UI) was 3.1% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants.

경상남도 황강 수계의 식물상과 식생의 특성

This study is carried out to offer raw data and establish strategy for conservation and restoration of river ecosystem by objective surveying and analysing the flora and vegetation distributed in Hwang river, Gyeongsangnam-do. The flora identified in this site were 406 taxa including 95 families, 252 genera, 360 species, 3 subspecies, 40 varieties and 3 forms. The rare plants were 3 taxa including Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala, Hydrocharis dubia and Acorus calamus. The endemic plants were 4 taxa including Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi, Paulownia coreana and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 17 taxa including Salix siuzevii, Poncirus trifoliata, Potamogeton maackianus and so forth. The naturalized plants were 39 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Chenopodium glaucum, Lepidium virginicum, Oenothera erythrosepala, Xanthium canadense, Lolium multiflorum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida. The whole NI and UI were each 9.6% and 13.9%. The hydrophytes were 27 taxa including Marsilea quadrifolia, Nymphaea tetragona, Ceratophyllum demersum, Trapa japonica and so forth. In the results of growth forms of the hydrophytes, emergent species were 14 taxa, 3 taxa of floating-leaved species, 4 taxa of free-floating species and 6 taxa of submerged species. The dominant vegetations were Salix spp. community, Miscanthus sacchariflorus community, Phragmites japonica community and Phragmites communis community.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of aspen biomass into fermentable sugars by using lignocellulases from Armillaria gemina

A white rot fungus, identified as Armillaria gemina SKU2114 on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic analyses, was found to secrete efficient lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. The strain showed maximum endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and β-glucosidase activities of 146, 34, and 15U/mL, respectively, and also secreted xylanase, laccase, mannanase, and lignin peroxidase with activities of 1270, 0.16, 57, and 0.31U/mL, respectively, when grown with rice straw as a carbon source. Among various plant biomasses tested for saccharification, aspen biomass produced the maximum amount of reducing sugar. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the hydrolysis of aspen biomass to achieve the highest level of sugar production. A maximum saccharification yield of 62% (429mg/g-substrate) was obtained using Populus tomentiglandulosa biomass after 48h of hydrolysis. A. gemina was shown to be a good option for use in the production of reducing sugars from lignocellulosic biomass.

절개사면 녹화지역과 인접 자연지역의 식생 비교

This study was compared to the differences in the habitat, species composition and community structure of revegetation and nature area in Korea. Plant number in plot of revegetation and nature area was 10.3 and 15.0 taxa, respectively, and coverage was 90.6 and 88.1%, respectively. Revegetation and nature area was very heterogeneous, due to low similarity index (0.38) and less common plants. Festuca arundinacea frequency (56.7%) was highest in revegetation area, and Oplismenus undulatifolius frequency (66.7%) was highest in nature area. Plant appearing of revegetation and nature area was 111 and 136 taxa, respectively. Herb appearing of revegetation and nature areas was 93 (83.3%) and 72 (52.9%) taxa, respectively, tree was 18 (16.2%) and 64 (47.1%) taxa, respectively. Plant communities of revegetation area was classified into Lespedeza bicolor, Indigofera amblyantha, Alnus sibirica, Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Miscanthus sinensis, Humulus japonicus, Setaria faberii, Rudbeckia bicolor, Pueraria lobata community. Plant communities of nature area was classified into Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Castanea crenata, Pinus rigida, Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Phyllostachys bambusoides community. Habitat, species composition and community structure of revegetation and nature area showed a large difference.

강원도 일대의 상황버섯 기주식물 생태에 관한 연구

The investigation was made about distribution and ecological characteristics of host plant for Phellinus linteus at habitats in Gangwon-Do. The habitats of P. linteus are the place where the fog is much generated and there is lots of the moisture. The flora of the vascular plants in P. linteus habitats were consisted of 76 taxa; 62 species, 10 varieties and 4 formas of 62 genera of 40 families. The plants of infiltration type were found 70% around P. linteus habitats. This results shows that the natural environments of P. linteus habitat is very stable condition. The categories of vegetation were classified into two types. The host plant for P. linteus appeared 61.6% from Populus tomentiglandulosa. The first type showed up above the sea about 600m and west exposure region. The second type was investigated around the facing north region of the steep slope-land.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae와 Pichia stipitis을 이용한 댐 목질계 부유물로부터의 에탄올 생산 특성에 관한 연구

Suspended wood waste was being inflow into the dam and the problem of waste disposal has been occurred. In this study, ethanol production using woody floater wastes was performed to estimate value in use for raw material of renewable energy. To achieve the goal, experiments of acid hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation using dam woody floater as raw materials for bioethanol was carried out. In the results of field survey in the chungju dam, kind of woody floater was mainly Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) and hybrid poplar (Populus tomentiglandulosa). The results of sugar extraction showed that sugar content was higher in Larix leptolepis than Populus tomentiglandulosa. Extracted sugar from wood waste was effective consumed by yeast(P. Stipitis and S cerevisiae). In the experiment consumption of sugar including glucose, galactose and xylose, the consumption rate of S. cerevisiae is faster than that of P. stipitis. and efficiency for ethanol production is higer in S. cerevisiae than P. stipitis. Also it can be confirmed that resource as ethanol production using wood waste was available.

Ammonium nitrate-impregnated woodchips: a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer for plants

Different types of fertilizers are widely used throughout the world for successful crop production. Chemical fertilizers have some adverse effects on the environment if used indiscriminately and are a major source of soil and water pollution. To minimize environmental pollution, use of slow-release fertilizer (SRF) in agricultural practices is an important and effective method. Different materials have been used so far to formulate SRF, but SRF from wood is a unique technique which reflects a new dimension of wood use. In this aspect, present study was designed to develop a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer using three kinds of woodchips: Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), eunsasi poplar (Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee), and konara oak (Quercus serrata Thunb.). Fertilizers were prepared from woodchips after full-cell treated with a saturated solution (2140 g/l at 25°C) of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). The morphology of woodchip fertilizer was investigated by using a field-emission electron microscope (FE-SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer to locate NH4NO3 in woodchips. Deposition of nitrogen in the cell lumen was verified by FE-SEM. Deposition inside the cell wall was confirmed by EDX mapping. This study also evaluated the release pattern of nitrogen from impregnated woodchips in distilled water for 768 h and found that nitrogen was released from poplar, pine, and oak in a slow-release pattern. The encapsulated nutrient in the void volume of wood facilitated the slow release. The above findings confirm that woodchip fertilizers can be used as a slow-release nitrogen source for plants.