Predator Populations Research Articles

Optimising Control Device Luring Strategies for Invasive Predator Control: A Modelling Approach.

Invasive predators pose a serious threat to native biodiversity, with trapping being one of several methods developed to manage and monitor their populations. Many individuals in these predator populations have been found to display trap-shyness, which hinders eradication and results in inaccurate estimates of population size. Lures are used to help overcome trap-shyness by increasing the probability of interaction with the device, but the extent of trap-shyness in wild populations, and the best timing for the introduction of a new lure or combination of lures, are uncertain. A key challenge for wildlife managers is maximising the efficacy of invasive predator control, particularly in relation to baiting and trapping, so that pests are extirpated, or survivors are reduced to a minimum. We first use a Bayesian estimation method to quantify trap-shyness in a population of brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in a New Zealand forest; the resulting estimated parameters are then used to calibrate a stochastic, individual-based model simulating the outcomes of different luring scenarios. We show that the brushtail possum population analysed was likely split into a smaller, very trappable group and a larger trap-shy group, with a low mean nightly probability of interaction with traps of 0.28 [0.14-0.56]. Furthermore, our results show that under the assumption of independent attraction levels towards different lures, using a combination of lures simultaneously can result in a greater and faster population knock-down than using a single lure, or than to switch from one lure to another. The model presented can be used to infer wildlife population trappability from capture data, and our simulation results highlight the potential of improved luring strategies to capture individuals in post-control residual populations.

Arnold tongues, shrimp structures, multistability, and ecological paradoxes in a discrete-time predator–prey system

This paper explores a discrete-time system derived from the well-known continuous-time Rosenzweig–MacArthur model using the piecewise constant argument. Examining the impact of increasing carrying capacity and harvesting efforts, we uncover intricate phenomena, such as periodicity, quasiperiodicity, period-doubling, period-bubbling, and chaos. Our analysis reveals that increasing the carrying capacity of prey species can lead to both system stabilization and destabilization. We delve into normal forms associated with different bifurcation types, accompanied by numerical examples, observing multistabilities with intricate basin structures. Bistable, tristable, and quadruple attractors characterize the model’s multistable states. Additionally, we find that enriching prey species negatively affects predator abundance, and increasing carrying capacity can lead to a sudden jump in predator population to the brink of extinction. Examining the two-parameter space of predator and prey harvesting efforts, we identify organized periodic structures: Arnold tongues and shrimp-like structures within quasiperiodic and chaotic regions. Arnold tongues exhibit a sequence of periodic adding. The shrimp structures indicate the existence of period-doubling and period-bubbling phenomena. Discussions on ecological interpretations of predator harvesting, including the paradoxical hydra effect, are provided.

Quantifying the predation impact of an expanding mesocarnivore on declining small‐game species

AbstractHuman‐wildlife conflicts have increased and are particularly acute when predators are involved. A frequent source of conflict is some people's misbeliefs related to the alleged impact of predators on game species and livestock. In this context, quantifying the impact of expanding predators on their prey can be useful in designing conflict mitigation strategies. We estimated the predation impact of the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon), an expanding mesocarnivore in southwestern Europe, on European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and red‐legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) populations, two declining prey species highly valued by hunters. We estimated mongoose densities in three areas of central Spain through live capture, GPS/VHF tagging, camera‐trapping and spatial mark‐resight models. Rabbit and partridge densities were estimated through transect counts and distance sampling. We quantified the mongoose diet by scat analysis. Finally, we compared the number of individuals consumed by the predator population with the estimated total prey populations. European rabbits were the most important mongoose food in two of the study areas, whereas red‐legged partridges were rarely consumed in all the areas. Rabbit density varied widely among study areas (14.0–881.4 rabbits/km2), while partridge density was low in all the areas (2.3–6.9 partridges/km2). The predation impact on rabbits was low in the area with the highest rabbit density (1.9–3.8% of estimated population) and higher (5.6–29%) in the other areas. In contrast, the predation impact on partridge populations was low (<9%) in all the study areas. This is the first study that estimates the Egyptian mongoose impact on small‐game species, a necessary step to deal with the conflicts over the management of this expanding species. The study of predation impact may contribute to the effective management of human‐wildlife conflicts involving predators, by improving the understanding of where additional management may take place to protect prey species or deter predator populations.

First Evidence of Individual Sharks Involved in Multiple Predatory Bites on People

ABSTRACTIt is widely accepted that populations of terrestrial predators sometimes contain “problem individuals” that repeatedly attack humans, yet this phenomenon has never been demonstrated in sharks. Here, we present photographic and genetic evidence of individuals in populations of tiger Galeocerdo cuvier and oceanic whitetip Carcharhinus longimanus sharks that (1) demonstrated atypical behavior compared to the rest of the population, (2) engaged in repeated agonistic behavior directed toward humans, and (3) bit, or attempted to bite humans in probable foraging attempts. These case studies provide some of the first evidence for the existence of “problem individuals” among sharks. The percentage of fatalities due to the same shark individual are not known, so we recommend systematic swabbing of shark bite victims wounds to better understand the importance of this phenomenon and the possibility of identifying these animals. Environmentally conscientious management options for problem individuals range from prohibiting ocean activities (e.g., swimming and surfing) in their habitats to selectively removing the individual, although the latter would be challenging in the marine environment.

Comparison of The Trapezoidal and Adam Bashforth Approaches in The Lotka-Volterra Prey-Predator Dynamics

This study primarily focuses on comparing the numerical methods of the Adams-Bashforth and Trapezoidal methods with the exact solution for solving the Lotka-Volterra prey-predator model. These methods are evaluated for their ability to reliably and accurately solve the non-linearity of the model. Based on the results, both methods offer precise solutions, with the Adams-Bashforth method providing a more accurate approximation for short-term predictions and the Trapezoidal method demonstrating better stability for long-term simulations. The study utilizes data from lynx-rabbit and bat-moth interactions to assess the performance of these methods using software tools. For both models, the short-term predictions align closely with observed data, while long-term stability analyses reveal the strengths of the Trapezoidal method. The equilibrium and stability analyses offer critical insights into the long-term behavior and stability of the system. The predator population trails behind the prey population: a rise in prey numbers is followed by a delayed increase in predator numbers as predators consume more prey. The phase portraits show the regularity of these oscillations. The curves move counterclockwise: prey numbers increase when predator numbers are at their lowest, and prey numbers decrease at their highest. These insights are essential for understanding and predicting the dynamics of predator-prey interactions and have significant implications for ecological modeling and conservation strategies.

Predator Personality Variation, Not the Multiple Stressors of Temperature and Light, Determines Feeding Motivation in an Ambush Piscivore Saxatilia proteus.

Environmental conditions in freshwater ecosystems are increasingly determined by human activity. Increased temperature and light intensity are among the anthropogenic stressors dramatically altering these ecosystems, for example, through deforestation that reduces canopy cover of riparian vegetation. Simultaneous exposure to multiple stressors complicates predictions of responses to environmental stressors due to potential interactions, yet the interaction between temperature and light intensity on feeding motivation remains poorly understood. Here, a fully factorial design was employed to investigate the combined effect of increased temperature and light intensity on the feeding motivation of a freshwater predator, the pike cichlid Saxatilia proteus. Strikes toward food items were used to quantify the subjects' motivation to feed. We found no effect of temperature or light intensity on feeding motivation, either individually or as an interaction. Our repeated measures design allowed us to test whether the predatory fish showed personality variation, i.e., consistent inter-individual differences, in their motivation to feed. While the time taken to make the first strike was not consistently different between individuals, the number of strikes in 1 min, 3 min and the time taken for the 10th strike (which were strongly correlated to one another) was consistently different between individuals. This variation could not be explained by variation in body length, which had no effect as a main effect. Thus, we suggest that anthropogenic effects that alter the composition of individuals in a population of predators, for example selective harvesting, will have a greater ecological effect than direct short-term effects of variability in environmental factors.

Climate, predation, and the controls of island lizard abundance and community structure

AbstractAlternative ecological theories make divergent predictions about the relationship between predators and their prey. If predators exert top‐down ecosystem control, increases in predation should diminish prey abundance and could either diminish or enhance community diversity of prey species. However, if bottom‐up ecosystem controls predominate, predator populations should track underlying variation in prey diversity and abundance, which ultimately should reflect available energy. Past research, both across islands and comparing islands with the mainland, has frequently invoked the importance of predation in regulating lizard abundance and diversity, suggesting an important role of top‐down control when predators are present. However, others have posited a stronger role of food limitation, via competition or bottom‐up forces. If top‐down control predominates, then negative correlations between prey abundance and predator occurrence should emerge within and among islands. Using data from eBird, we inferred landscape‐level presence data for bird species on the islands of Jamaica and Hispaniola. By summing occurrence probabilities of all known anole‐predator birds, we estimated total avian predation pressure and combined these estimates with anole community data from a mark‐recapture study that spanned spatial and climatic gradients on both islands. Avian predators and anole lizards were both affected by climate, with total predator occurrence, anole abundance and anole species richness increasing with mean annual temperature. Anole abundance and predator occurrence showed a curvilinear relationship, where abundance and predator occurrence increased together until predator occurrence became sufficiently high that anole abundance was negatively impacted. This indicates that bottom‐up ecosystem controls drive richness of both anoles and their predators, mitigating the negative effects predators might have on their prey, at least until predator occurrence reaches a threshold. We did not detect consistent evidence of predator occurrence reducing anole community richness. These findings support past research showing that islands with more predators tend to have lower prey abundances, but it does not seem that these top‐down forces are strongly limiting species coexistence. Instead, bottom‐up forces linked with climate may be more important drivers of diversity in both lizards and their avian predators on these islands.

DYNAMICS OF THE LESLIE-GOWER PREDATOR-PREY MODEL WITH THE BEDDINGTON-DEANGELIS RESPONSE FUNCTION, INCLUDING THE PRESENCE OF INFECTED PREY AND THE FEAR FACTOR OF SUSCEPTIBLE PREY TOWARD PREDATORS

This article presents a stability analysis of the Leslie-Gower predator-prey model that is extended by taking into account prey infection, the presence of prey fear factors towards predators and the Beddington-DeAngelis response function. The Leslie-Gower model is a classic model that describes the dynamics of predator and prey populations, while the Beddington-DeAngelis response function accommodates the effects of population density and more complex interactions between predators and prey. The infected prey factor describes the prey's resistance to predator attacks becoming weak, while the prey fear factor towards predators affects prey growth.This study combines the components of infection in the prey population and the prey fear factor into the model to reflect the dynamics of disease and fear factors that can affect model stability. The model studied uses the Beddington-DeAngelis response function which describes the interaction between the prey population and the predator. This study uses two methods, namely analytical methods and numerical simulations. Analytical methods to study the stability analysis of the equilibrium point of the model by exploring the conditions under which the equilibrium point of the model is stable or unstable, focusing on the influence of infection parameters and the Beddington-DeAngelis response function on the stability of the equilibrium point. The results of the analysis show that prey infection and the shape of the response function can significantly affect the stability of the Leslie-Gower predator-prey model. The last section of this article presents numerical simulations that illustrate the stability of the equilibrium point of the model

Dynamic complexity of a discretized predator-prey system with Allee effect and herd behaviour

This paper investigates the dynamics of a discrete-time predator-prey system in which the prey population is impacted by the Allee effect. Possible fixed points in the system are studied for their existence and topological categorization. Moreover, the presence and direction of period-doubling and Neimark-Sacker bifurcations at the interior fixed point are examined through the application of bifurcation theory and the centre manifold theorem. A hybrid approach is adopted to control chaotic behaviour and prevent bifurcations. Numerical examples are provided to substantiate our theoretical findings. The Allee effect has been shown to affect the dynamics of the system using numerical simulations. The moderate Allee effect stabilizes predator and prey populations, facilitating ecological cohabitation and persistence.

Dynamic analysis of a modified Leslie-Gower model with Michaelis-Menten prey harvesting and additive allee effect on predator population

In the current study, the dynamics of a Leslie-Gower model have been studied considering the Allee effect in the growth of the predator and the Michaelis-Menten type harvesting effect on the prey from biological and theoretical perspectives. Key findings highlight how these effects influence the existence of positive equilibria, with local stability properties and potential bifurcation behaviors examined using the center manifold theorem and linearization. Criteria for saddle-node bifurcation are established through Sotomayor’s theorem, while the direction and stability of Hopf bifurcation are explored via the first Lyapunov exponent. An optimal control model is developed to promote sustainable ecosystem development, utilizing the harvesting rate as a control parameter. Further, a few numerical simulations validate our significant findings using phase portrait diagrams.

Invertebrate-biased diet of burrowing owls in a newly-restored coastal grassland

Recovering biodiversity across trophic levels is a major challenge in restoration ecology. Specifically, predator population recovery depends on the timely re-establishment of their preferred prey species in restored habitats. Here, we evaluate potential dietary factors contributing to the loss of western burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea (Bonaparte, 1825)) from a newly-restored coastal grassland. We examined owl pellets and found that burrowing owl diets were relatively low in vertebrate prey during their brief occupation of the restoration site (2.6% of prey items; found in 61.8% of sampled pellets). We suggest that preferred food limitation may have been one contributor to the loss of owls from the restoration site. These findings suggest the need to prioritise re-establishment of prey communities for effective long-term recovery of burrowing owls in restored landscapes.

Enhancing ecosystem dynamics: organic and regenerative practices in rice–wheat systems and their impact on soil arthropod biodiversity

Arthropods may make a significant fraction of the total number of soil organisms. They function as plant litter transformers or ecosystem engineers, and thus contribute positively to soil health. The present study was conducted during the 2020–2022 at International Rice Research Institute, South Asia Regional Centre, Varanasi. Study investigates the impact of different farming methods-conventional (Scenario 1; Sc1), LINF- Low-input natural farming (Sc 2); BBEF- Biochar-based ecological farming (Sc 3); CROF- Climate-resilient organic farming (Sc 4); RF- Regenerative farming (Sc 5) practices on soil arthropod populations in rice-wheat systems. Study utilized pitfall traps across various experimental setups. The findings revealed a significant increase in arthropod diversity and abundance, particularly in organic farming scenarios, where the Formicidae family (ants) and the Araneae family (spiders) were most prevalent. In an organically rich soil system, the five most diverse groups (Isopoda, Myriapoda, Insecta, Acari, and Collembola) were reported. This increase can be attributed to the nutrient-rich amendments that positively influence soil organisms. This study highlights a gradual increase in specific taxa, such as cockroaches, spiders, ants, and grasshoppers, following the transition to organic farming. Principal component analysis (PCA) further revealed distinct arthropod distribution patterns in the different farming systems, indicating the unique ecological impact of each method. Interestingly, predator populations in zero-till wheat fields under regenerative agriculture were greater than those in conventionally tilled fields. These results underscore the substantial role of organic and regenerative farming practices in promoting sustainable agricultural ecosystems. This study reveals the complex interplay between farming practices and arthropod dynamics and highlights the ecological benefits of sustainable agricultural methods, emphasizing their potential to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Natural Enemies in Different Bt Cotton Hybrids under Protected and Unprotected Conditions

A field experiment was conducted to analyse the population dynamics of natural enemies including Chrysoperla, coccinellids, and spiders, in Bt cotton under both protected and unprotected conditions. The results indicated that the population of natural enemies was significantly higher under unprotected conditions compared to protected fields, where insecticides were applied. Among the tested hybrids, G. Cot. Hy.10 BG Ⅱ recorded the highest predator activity, showing a greater population of Chrysoperla, coccinellids, and spiders in unprotected conditions. In contrast, the lowest predator activity was observed in RCH 2 BG Ⅱ, while Ajeet 155 BG Ⅱ and ATM BG Ⅱ had minimal natural enemy presence. These findings highlight the importance of unprotected conditions in preserving natural enemies and suggest that certain Bt hybrids, such as G. Cot. Hy.10 BG Ⅱ, may better support predator populations. This research is crucial for understanding how insecticide use affects natural enemy populations and identifying hybrids that promote predator activity. Incorporating natural enemies into pest management strategies can enhance the sustainability of cotton production. Predators of pests, coccinellids and Chrysoperla, were observed from the 33rd to 52nd, whereas spider populations were observed from the 31st to 52nd SW under unprotected conditions.

Population dynamics and diversity of pests and natural enemies in various organic rice regimes across different phenological stages in rice

A field study was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research to investigate insect pest populations and their natural enemies in different organic rice modules during the rabi 2020 season. Three organic rice regimes, farmers’ practice and untreated control were compared across three phenological stages in rice for the population dynamics of pests and natural enemies of Hemiptera and Hymenoptera. Sampling was done fortnightly for three months using various methods such as visual counting, sticky traps, sweep netting, and D-net. Pest and predator populations peaked during the vegetative stage, while parasitoids peaked during the reproductive stage. Pest population means were highest in untreated control during the reproductive and ripening stages exhibiting the impact of treatments. The predator population was highest in untreated control during the vegetative and reproductive stage, while parasitoid population size was highest in Pseudomonas treatment in the vegetative and reproduction stages of the crop and the Trichoderma treatment in the ripening stage. Predator diversity was highest in untreated control during vegetative and reproductive stages of the crop while parasitoid diversity was maximum during reproductive and ripening stage. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the population of pests and natural enemies was found to be positive and highly significant.

Exploring the influence of refuges and additional foods on predator–prey interactions amidst environmental stochasticity and water level fluctuations

By considering that the predators have some additional foods apart from the focal prey and the prey take refuge, a predator–prey model with the effect of seasonality in a fluctuating environment is investigated in this study. Gaussian white noises, created by random fluctuation of water level, are introduced on the prey’s growth rate and predator’s mortality rate. Both the deterministic and stochastic systems are analyzed mathematically as well as numerically. Our analytical findings show that the intensity of environmental noise, additional foods and prey refuge play significant roles in survival as well as extinction of both prey and predator populations in the aquatic system. Our numerical results show that the effectual level of additional foods, depending on water level, has positive as well as negative effects on the predator and prey populations. We find that both species strongly persist at certain water level and for the low intensity of noise. However, for an increased value of noise intensity, they persist weakly and then go to extinction. Overall, our findings show that the variations of water level together with additional food and white noise plays crucial roles in persistence and extinction of species in the ecosystem.

Declining bivalve species and functional diversity along a coastal eutrophication-deoxygenation gradient in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Coastal eutrophication and hypoxia are growing challenges globally, yet their impacts can be difficult to evaluate because of limited biomonitoring that typically postdates the onset of these stressors. We address this limitation by investigating how the taxonomic and functional diversity of marine bivalve communities vary with primary productivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and seafloor sediment properties across the northern Gulf of Mexico, a region that includes one of the world's largest dead zones. We hypothesized that taxonomic and functional richness would decline in eutrophic and hypoxic coastal environments. Live bivalve mollusks were sampled at 15 stations, spanning more than 600 km of continental shelf habitat. Individuals were identified to species and characterized based on feeding, mobility, fixation, life position relative to the sediment-water interface, and body size. Alpha and beta taxonomic and functional diversity were computed using Hill numbers and linear models used to assess their covariation with regional environmental conditions. Taxonomic and functional diversity were highest in less eutrophic environments characterized by normoxic conditions, and lowest in more eutrophic environments where oxygen was more limited. Community-level differences were underlain by functional shifts, with abundant shallow-infaunal, deposit and mixed feeders in more eutrophic settings, in contrast with less eutrophic settings where suspension feeders were more abundant. Median body size increased with eutrophication, possibly as a result of hypoxia-induced declines in predator and competitor populations. These results suggest that intensifying nutrient loading and deoxygenation in the coastal zone will cause declines in multiple dimensions of benthic biodiversity with implications for ecosystem function.

Role of eggplant trichome in whitefly oviposition and its relevance to biological control under greenhouse conditions.

The combined release of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) and the mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) provides effective biological control of the tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)) in greenhouse eggplant. However, knowing how plants' trichomes affect pest-predator interactions could improve whitefly management. Here, the effect of two varieties with either the presence or absence of trichomes was assessed on naturally occurring whitefly populations and predator abundance in a first experiment under field conditions. Predator-prey models were developed to assess the effect of trichomes on pest and predator population dynamics under field conditions. In a second semi-field experiment, the occurrence and oviposition preferences of B. tabaci and A. swirskii in the same eggplant varieties were compared. Significantly higher numbers of whitefly and mite, adults and eggs, were found on the hairy variety in both experiments. However, no differences were found in N. tenuis abundance between varieties under field conditions. Predator-prey models showed that whitefly growth rate increased in the hairy variety. N. tenuis and A. swirskii showed different fitness parameters according to the variety, with the former displaying better performance in the hairless variety and the latter in the hairy variety. Both predators effectively controlled the increase in whitefly populations in both varieties. Overall, the findings suggest that the hairless variety is more effective in deterring whiteflies. Additionally, the higher population of A. swirskii on the hairy variety indicates that this predator benefited from both the presence of trichomes and the prey.

Evidence for a survival-driven traveling wave in a keystone boreal predator population

Cyclical population dynamics are a common phenomenon in populations worldwide, yet the spatial organization of these cycles remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the spatial form and timing of a population collapse from 2018 to 2022 in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) across the northwest boreal forest. We analyzed survival, reproduction, and dispersal data from 143 individual global positioning system (GPS) collared lynx from populations across five study sites spanning interior Alaska to determine whether lynx displayed characteristics of a population wave following a concurrent wave in snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) abundance. Reproductive rates declined across the study sites; however, site-level reproduction declined first in our easternmost study sites, supporting the idea of a population wave. Despite a clear increase in percent of dispersing lynx, there was no evidence of directional bias in dispersal following a hare population wave. Analysis did show increasingly poor survival for lynx dispersing to the east compared to combined resident and westward dispersal. This pattern is consistent with a survival-mediated population wave in lynx as the driver of the theorized population wave. The combination of these factors supports the idea of a hierarchical response to snowshoe hare population declines with a drop in lynx reproduction followed by increased dispersal, and finally reduced survival. All of this evidence is consistent with the expected characteristics of a population undergoing a traveling wave and supports the hypothesis that lynx presence may facilitate and mirror the underlying wave patterns in snowshoe hare.

Pattern dynamics in a predator–prey model with Smith growth function and prey refuge in predator poisoned environment

In this article, we investigate temporal as well as spatiotemporal dynamics of a predator–prey system where prey grows according to Smith growth function and prey refuges in predator poisoned environment. Self as well as cross diffusion are taken into consideration to describe spatial moment of the species which make the system more realistic. This study aims to investigate the role of prey refuge, toxin-carrying carcass and the impact of cross-diffusion on the spatial distribution of species densities and associated patterns. The existence of equilibria and their stability conditions for non-spatial system are derived. We discuss the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and detect the stability of limit cycle by computing first Lyapunov number. Temporal dynamics of the system is studied by varying the significant parameters. Study reveals that both prey refuge and fatality rate of predator due to toxin-carrying carcass, initially makes the system stable for low refuge and fatality rate but predator population goes to extinction as those effects increase. Turing instability conditions are listed and different instability regions so formed are discussed. In Turing region, pattern selection with the help of amplitude equation via weakly nonlinear analysis are performed which also numerically supported. Intensity of refuge and fatality rate due to toxin carrying carcass result paradox with real ecological world due to the presence of cross diffusion. Various kind of patterns such as mixture of stripe and spot, spot, irregular chaotic patterns emerge due to Hopf and Turing instability. Particularly, spatiotemporal chaos is a controversial topic because of its significant consequences for population dynamics. The results of this work are expected to contribute to a better understanding the level of prey refuge, use of toxin-carrying carcass considering movement in population and effect of cross-diffusion.

Effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the population dynamics of Nilaparvata lugens in the middle Gangetic Plains of India

Aim: To investigate the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the population dynamics of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in the middle Gangetic plains of India. Methodology: Field trials were conducted in the middle Gangetic plains of India at Agricultural Research Farm, B.H.U., Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India during Kharif season of 2018 and 2019 on the variety Swarna sub-1 to study the population dynamics and certain biotic and abiotic interaction with brown planthopper. Results: During Kharif 2018 and 2019, the highest mean number of brown planthopper population (45.00 ± 2.31 and 39.33 ±1.82 nos., respectively) were recorded during September in both seasons. Abiotic factors such as rainfall (r = - 0.556), relative humidity in the morning (r = 0.476), maximum temperature (r = 0.511), and sunshine hour (r = - 0.546) influenced planthopper population dynamics, and predictions were made with reasonable accuracy (R2 = 0.89) using the principal component regression analysis technique. Crop phenology was the most influential biotic factor on pest population density. The crop's booting stage had the highest incidence of planthoppers. Three different predatory populations (wolf spider, damselfly and ladybird beetle) were observed to feed on planthoppers in Kharif 2018 and four different predatory populations (wolf spider, damselfly, ladybird beetle and green mirid bug) were observed to feed on planthoppers in Kharif 2019, resulting in a reduction in crop pest density. Interpretation: These findings can be used to develop the precise management strategies for brown planthopper in the rice ecosystem. Key words: Abiotic, Biotic factors, Brown planthopper, Crop phenology, Middle Gangetic Plains, Natural enemies, Rice