Population Settlement Patterns Research Articles

Investigating Metropolitan Hierarchies through a Spatially Explicit (Local) Approach

Assuming a non-neutral impact of space, an explicit assessment of metropolitan hierarchies based on local regression models produces a refined description of population settlement patterns and processes over time. We used Geographically Weighted Regressions (GWR) to provide an enriched interpretation of the density gradient in Greece, estimating a spatially explicit rank–size relationship inspired by Zipf’s law. The empirical results of the GWR models quantified the adherence of real data (municipal population density as a predictor of metropolitan hierarchy) to the operational assumptions of the rank–size relationship. Local deviations from its prediction were explained considering the peculiarity of the metropolitan cycle (1961–2011) in the country. Although preliminary and exploratory, these findings decomposed representative population dynamics in two stages of the cycle (namely urbanization, 1961–1991, and suburbanization, 1991–2011). Being in line with earlier studies, this timing allowed a geographical interpretation of the evolution of a particularly complex metropolitan system with intense (urban) primacy and a weak level of rural development over a sufficiently long time interval. Introducing a spatially explicit estimation of the rank–size relationship at detailed territorial resolutions provided an original contribution to regional science, covering broad geographical scales.

Urban Green Spaces Distribution and Disparities in Congested Populated Areas: A Geographical Assessment from Pakistan

Urban green spaces are considered the most important element for keeping the balance between good environmental conditions, infrastructure development, and social sustainability in cities. Nevertheless, urban green spaces are declining in developing countries due to the fast diffusion of different human activities, raising the potential risk of social injustice and urban ecology meltdown. This study brings the example of Shahdara Town, a suburban area of Lahore, the second largest city and one of the most populated ones in Pakistan. In Shahdara Town, the scarcity of urban green spaces seems to achieve an unequal distribution of restorative places within crowded residential areas. By coupling the vegetation spectral index NDVI and Lahore institutional data to detect green spaces, this study maps the urban green area distribution and compares it with the population settlement pattern. An analysis was made to assess possible spatial relationships between green areas distribution, population density, and the social–economic profile of the residents. The distribution and accessibility of green spaces resulted insufficient for Shahdara Town’s population, highlighting local issues from a social perspective. The imbalanced provision of green spaces for densely populated areas is a big challenge for urban planners and policymakers because it jeopardizes the city life-quality and local ecological justice. Only the effort of conducting a good spatial assessment during urban planning processes can lead to a balanced and equal distribution of urban green spaces in developing cities, ensuring social and ecological justice for the population.

Ethnic residential segregation in the city of Milan at the interplay between social class, housing and labour market

This article analyses the spatial distribution of foreigners living in the city of Milan, based on data from the civil registry and relying on theories and methods from the residential segregation literature, exploring the dimensions of evenness, exposure, concentration, centralisation and clustering, as well as analysing migrants’ over/under-representation in specific areas through maps of their location quotients. Despite the low degree of ethnic residential segregation detected, we highlight the presence of persistent dynamics that exclude ethnic minorities from the wealthiest areas of the city. The most relevant case is that of the Chinese, clustering in some peripheral areas north of the historic centre, where they have established an enclave economy, often making their residence coincide with their workplace and running commercial activities mostly directed towards their compatriots. The Egyptians, constituting the most numerous foreign group in the city, show a completely different settlement pattern, being more integrated into the social tissue and more scattered throughout the city. In the context of a city strongly polarised between a wealthy centre and progressively deprived peripheral belts, the only foreign groups with a marked presence in the city core are those traditionally employed in domestic work, which are however excluded from life in the public places in which they reside. Overall, the class dimension seems to prevail over the ethnic in shaping population settlement patterns within the city.

Spatial and Ecological Approach on Marble Mining Land in Tulungagung Regency-Indonesia: Is it Suitable as an Assessment of Disaster Mitigation Efforts?

Indonesia has a karst region abundant in high-quality marble mining products but is also prone to disasters. Over the years, this area has experienced numerous natural disasters, thereby leading to the need for a land suitability assessment. This is a descriptive qualitative and quantitative research with data collected from field observations, laboratory tests, interviews, and documents. Four places in the center and adjacent areas of marble producers were selected for the research sample. The data collected were analyzed using the spatial and ecological approach, fishbone, tabulation, percentage, and SWOT analysis. The result showed that numerous land mismatches contribute to the occurrence of natural catastrophes, such as improper vegetation kinds, population settlement patterns, excessive exploitation, and unfriendly human activities. This study recommends a variety of measures to improve the mining area.

Environmentally Conscious Least Cost Multi-Criteria Decision Making for Modeling Railway Network for Eritrea

A proper development of railway transportation is critical for sustainable socio-economic and environmental benefits. Nonetheless, in Eritrea, a country that once had a vibrant railway system, it is currently nonfunctional. There are also ambitious sectoral investments in neighboring Ethiopia and Sudan, pressing Eritrea to revitalize its decimated railway transportation system. Therefore, this study used population settlement pattern, environmental and physical criteria as inputs to a least-cost multi-criteria decision-making for modeling the railway network for Eritrea. Accordingly, seven railway routes, covering a total of 1, 610 km distance, were modeled. Four are running in the north-to-south directions, while three are running in the east-to-west directions. This railway network will give services to 5 out of 6 Eritrean’s administrative regions, where 93% of the estimated 5.8 million people reside. Additionally, it will service the 21 urban centers, where an estimated population of 1,658,749 live; approximately 70% of Eritrea’s urban population. Besides, it shall boost regional integration, peace, and development thereof, in an otherwise conflict-ravaged geographical region.

POLA PERSEBARAN PERMUKIMAN PENDUDUK DI KECAMATAN TALIABU BARAT LAUT KABUPATEN TALIABU

The formulation of the problem in this study are: 1) What is the pattern of population settlements in Taliabu Barat Northwest District Taliabu District, 2) What are the factors that influence the population settlement patterns in Taliabu Northwest District Taliabu District. The purpose of this study is 1) To describe the population settlement patterns in Taliabu Northwest District, Taliabu Regency. 2) To find out the factors that influence the population settlement patterns in Taliabu Northwest District Taliabu District. This type of research is descriptive qualitative using a case study approach. Data collection techniques are observation, questionnaire, and documentation.Analysis of the pattern of settlement distribution was measured using the analysis of the nearest neighbor (nearest neighbor analysis), namely by calculating the size of the nearest neighbor parameter (T). Based on the results of the research on the Distribution Pattern of Population Settlements in Taliabu Northwest Subdistrict, Taliabu District, the pattern is uniform because the value of T ≥ 1.4 is the value of T = 2.54 m and patterned to follow the path or linear settlement pattern. Factors of settlement distribution patterns in Taliabu Northwest Subdistrict, Taliabu Regency are influenced by: First the community prefers to establish settlements in the coastal area of 67.3% and close to the road by 56.4%; The two of them mostly use their land as plantation land of 78.2% and agricultural land by 20%; The third source of water comes from the PDAM of 50.9% and is> 31 m at 54.5%; The four availability of natural resources mostly comes from agriculture / plantations, which is 96.4%.

THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH IN THE LAND DEBATE

The issue of land is emotive and controversial. The colonisers allotted themselves land ignoring the African emotional and religious attachment to land. Churches ended up owning tracts of land from which original inhabitants had been mercilessly removed. Landlessness has become a mark of various population settlement patterns. The church is called on to be prophetic by partnering with victims for land re-allocation. The paper suggests four decisive steps that the church should take. These are firstly to advocate strategies to clarify, and secondly to entrench rights for the victims – bilateral agreements – with which the church is conversant with current policies regarding land in order to assist the dispossessed. Thirdly , to reach degrees of consensus which may contribute to amicable settlement of disputes that satisfy both parties and where majority decisions are respected . Finally, the church should promote dialogue, where dissenting parties should synergise towards a unified action to address the situation; or clarify any misunderstanding.

Этнический туризм как фактор деградации и сохранения традиционного культурного ландшафта

The author considers concept of ethnic tourism, analyzes correlations between development of ethnic tourism and preservation of traditional population settlement pattern, traditional nature management and traditional cultural landscape. The author represents two ways of the ethnic tourism organization. The first of them is "South-american" that promotes conservation of traditional culture and traditional landscape. The second one is "Asian" that leads to degradation of traditional culture and traditional landscape.

Changes in population settlement pattern in urban system of Tehran province (1966 to 2006)

Rapid suburbanization in urban system of Tehran province has been driven by the government’s policies in past decades, transport system development and land price differences between metropolises and Periphery area. Cities in Periphery area grew rapidly during 1966 to 1986 as families moved there in anticipation of jobs. The non-appearance of jobs resulted in poor social services, gridlocked freeways and long travel distances to metropolises for job. The aim of this paper was to investigate how population settlement pattern in urban system of Tehran province USTP have been changed during 1966 to 2006. Methods adopted for this purpose were Mehta index, entropy coefficient and urban development model. Furthermore, for more analysis paper was supported by some theories such as system theory, primate city theory, basic economy theory, suburbanization theories, etc. Secondary data used in this paper were collected from governmental organizations (statistical data and map). Results show that growth of big cities in number and in population is the most considerable change which has been happened in urban system of Tehran province (USTP). What make it critical is their short distance from Tehran and Karaj. The paper argues that although distribution both in urban population and in urban points occurred during 1966 to 2006. But it is very important that where the destination of population flows. Because of their short distance, big cities exert double pressure on infrastructures of metropolises and agricultural lands in periphery area. The paper recommends seeking new structures for management in USTP because roots of change pressure extend beyond individual city. Key words: Settlement pattern, primate city, population distribution, growth of big cities, urban system of Tehran Province.

Influence of Population Settlement Pattern of Russian Federation on the Regional Economics of the Country

The article has a goal to depict connection between population settlement pattern of Russian Federation and it's regional economic state, with the help of twenties century economic theories which have been based on cumulative growth theories. Latest innovation in world trade theory as a part of economical geography, together with constant growth of cities role in global economic system, make the urban structure a very actual topic. Author also makes an attempt of systemizing the indicators of such an analyses and offering conclusions and recommendations for development of Russian regions.

England under the Norman and Angevin kings, 1075-1225

Introduction 1. Political Patterns: The Struggle for the Succession, 1075-1225 The Cross-Channel Realm Court Politics Predatory and Punitive Rule Rebellion 2. England and Beyond: England and the British Isles England and the Wider World 3. Lordship and Government: Kingship and Lordship Regality The Household and Household Administration Itineration Assemblies Territorial Administration Royal Finances Courts and Judgements Records and Record-Keeping 4. The Aristocracy: The Structure of the Aristocracy The Aristocratic Estate The Life of the Aristocracy 5. Warfare: Waging War Recruitment Castles 6. The Rural Foundations: The Physical Framework Population Settlement Patterns Land Use and Agricultural Techniques The Manorial Economy Rural Social Structure 7. Towns and Trade: Urbanization Town Law Urban Self-Government London Urban Unrest The Jews Trade, the Framework Commodities Coinage and Monetization 8. The Institutional Church: The Hierarchy Kingly Power and Priestly Power The Religious 9. Religious Life: Concepts of the Holy Devotion Saints and their Cults Overseas Pilgrimage Dissent 10. Cultural Patterns: Languages and Literature Education and Higher Learning The Visual Arts Performance The Value of the Arts 11. The Course of Life: Childhood Naming Patterns Love, Sex, and Marriage Manners Medicine and Healing Death and the Dead 12. Cosmologies: Time The World The Chain of Being Beings Neither Angelic, Human, nor Animal Chronology of Political Events Bibliography Index Introduction 1. Political Patterns: The Struggle for the Succession, 1075-1225 The Cross-Channel Realm Court Politics Predatory and Punitive Rule Rebellion 2. England and Beyond: England and the British Isles England and the Wider World 3. Lordship and Government: Kingship and Lordship Regality The Household and Household Administration Itineration Assemblies Territorial Administration Royal Finances Courts and Judgements Records and Record-Keeping 4. The Aristocracy: The Structure of the Aristocracy The Aristocratic Estate The Life of the Aristocracy 5. Warfare: Waging War Recruitment Castles 6. The Rural Foundations: The Physical Framework Population Settlement Patterns Land Use and Agricultural Techniques The Manorial Economy Rural Social Structure 7. Towns and Trade: Urbanization Town Law Urban Self-Government London Urban Unrest The Jews Trade, the Framework Commodities Coinage and Monetization 8. The Institutional Church: The Hierarchy Kingly Power and Priestly Power The Religious 9. Religious Life: Concepts of the Holy Devotion Saints and their Cults Overseas Pilgrimage Dissent 10. Cultural Patterns: Languages and Literature Education and Higher Learning The Visual Arts Performance The Value of the Arts 11. The Course of Life: Childhood Naming Patterns Love, Sex, and Marriage Manners Medicine and Healing Death and the Dead 12. Cosmologies: Time The World The Chain of Being Beings Neither Angelic, Human, nor Animal Chronology of Political Events Bibliography Index

Potential effects on rural economies of conversion to sustainable farming systems

AbstractConversions from conventional to sustainable farming systems could affect local rural economies either positively or negatively, by several means: changes in income of agricultural households; backward linkages to input supply firms; forward linkages to transportation, processing, and marketing firms; and changes in consumer expenditures by agricultural and other households. We estimated these effects for five local rural economies in South Dakota, representing different agroclimatic and population settlement patterns. Whole-farm economic models of case study conventional and sustainable farms in each area were used to estimate differences in input purchase and marketing patterns. We found declines in on-farm personal income (returns to farm labor and management) in four of the five case comparisons under a conversion to sustainable farming systems if organic price premiums are ignored; we found increases in three of five cases if applicable organic premiums are included. In all five study areas, total off-farm personal income drops in the portions of local economies connected to farming through backward linkages. It also drops in four of the five study areas in the portions of local economies connected through forward linkages if organic premiums are ignored (all five if organic premiums are included). However, net forward linkage effects are usually much smaller than net backward linkage effects, and on-farm personal income effects are substantially greater than either backward or forward off-farm linkage effects in most cases. The total (on-and off-farm) personal income effect of converting to sustainable systems is positive in only one area without organic premiums, and in one additional area with premiums. The ratio of total to on-farm personal income effects within local economies, considering only first round effects on backward- and forward-linked firms, averages 1.2 without organic premiums, or 0.6 with them. Taking account of more complete multiplier effects, which also consider changes in consumer expenditures and changes in expenditures for supplies by backward- and forward-linked firms, the average is 1.8 without organic premiums, or 0.8 with them. With more time for changes in sustainable production techniques and in the structure of farms and the rural economy, the overall economic effects of conversions to sustainable farming are likely to be more positive than our estimates.

Migration and the phases of population redistribution

Major phases of population redistribution include initial urbanization, frontier expansion, traditional urbanization, overurbanization, suburbanization, and metropolitan-to-non-metropolitan turnaround. These major phases are associated with shifts in population settlement patterns as population concentrates in urban centers in response to the need for greater social and economic interaction during the early stages of development and then deconcentrates as improved transportation and communication permit much of the increased interaction to be performed at a distance. While much migration occurs during these major phases of population redistribution, some aspects of migration involve relatively minor shifts in population within a given settlement pattern. Other migration flows may lead to no population shifts but are important to study as ‘turnover’ migration providing an indication of the degree of integration of the labor markets throughout the society. Migration, population redistribution, and population settlement patterns are closely related phenomena that would benefit from a unified theoretical framework.

Timber Procurement and Village Location in the Middle Missouri Subarea

Foodstuffs have frequently been regarded as one of the foremost variables when considering population distribution and village location across the landscape. However, other variables may be at least as important as the availability of food. Timber has been noted as a material that is important for fuel and construction purposes, and in some cases can be a resource that is crucial for population maintenance in an area. The importance of timber is examined for the Plains Village populations of the Middle Missouri Subarea, timber succession is examined, and village location in relation to timber resources hypothesized. In recent years archaeologists have begun to examine the economic consequences of human population settlement patterns. Most studies have been concerned with the availability and procurement of foodstuffs and the expenditure of energy in relation to site location (e.g. Vita-Finzi and Higgs 1970). Commonly, the availability of foodstuffs has been regarded as an important variable and affects maintenance, growth, and decrease in population size. Sedentism, technological change, biological reproduction, and popula tion attrition have been viewed as responses to or consequences of the availability of foodstuffs (cf. Boserup 1965; Binford 1968, 1976; Cohen 1977). Food is often thought to be the most important of critical resources that need to be considered when dealing with settlement location. However, there is at least one author who specifically cites a variable other than availability of food that is important for settlement location. Lee states that in the Kalahari Desert, where the soil is porous, rainfall is percolated rapidly, and surficial runoff is at a minimum so that the distribution of water sources is by far the most important ecological determinant of Bush man subsistence. The availability of plant foods is of secondary importance and the numbers and distributions of game animals are only of minor importance. Since the Bushman camps, of necessity, are anchored to water sources they can exploit only those vegetable foods that lie within a reasonable walking distance of water. Food resources that lie beyond a reasonable walking distance are rarely exploited (1969: 56). For this particular case the availability of food is of less importance when discussing Bushman settlement patterns than the avail ability and location of water. Additional examples where water is a critical resource may be adduced from articles by Lipe (1970:91-93), Dean (1970:146), and Yengoyan (1968:186). The point to be emphasized is that variables considered important for human habitation and settlement may vary in time, space, and cultural position. For the purposes of this paper I will examine another resource which I deem to be at least as important as the availability and attainment of foodstuffs. Before continuing let me emphasize that I am cognizant that probably not all variables that are important in human population maintenance or change or settlement location act in a mutually exclusive or linear fashion. The issue is obviously much more complex, with variables co-occurring, co-varying, or dependency linked in a cyclical fashion. Nevertheless, the focus of this paper will be upon a single variable, the availability of timber, and its effects upon the native populations along the Missouri River in North and South Dakota.