Population Of Mumbai Research Articles

Co-Relation of Body Mass Index with Foot Posture Index Scale amongst Adolescent Population of Mumbai

Co-Relation of Body Mass Index with Foot Posture Index Scale amongst Adolescent Population of Mumbai

Analysis of the gender-identifying abilities of different odontometry methods - A Retrospective cross-sectional Study

Introduction: It is critical to identify the person in a criminal investigation process. Forensic odontology helps in the identification of the person using dentofacial structures as a differentiating tool in the criminal justice system. Several oro-dental anatomical landmarks like palate, lips and bite marks, teeth such as maxillary central incisors, canines and molars have been used in the identification of the gender of an individual based on the principle of individuality. Aims and objectives: Studying different odontometric methods such as palatal depth, mandibular canine index and maxillary inter-canine width for sex determination and compare it with the actual gender of an individual. Methodology: For this study, 72 pairs of orthodontic study models were analysed for gender determination based on three odontometric parameters viz. palatal depth, mandibular canine index and maxillary inter-canine width. The patient’s sex was not disclosed to the investigators until the completion of the model analysis. The measurements were taken using brass wire, divider, stainless steel scale and digital vernier calliper. The data was calculated and tabulated in a master chart and statistical analysis was done. Result: The results of odontometric measurement methods used for the gender determination study are in actual agreement with 32.6% male and 63.04% female population of Mumbai and the sub-urban region. Conclusion: The palatal depth, maxillary inter-canine width and mandibular canine index are simple, convenient, reproducible and reliable odontometric methods in the gender determination of individuals.

Awareness about COVID-19 vaccine, its acceptance and hesitancy among the urban slum & non-slum population of Dharavi in Mumbai, India

Background: Vaccine apprehension poses a risk to global public health. Since an enormous global initiative was underway to create a vaccine to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, little is known about its acceptance in India. Understanding COVID-19 vaccine-related awareness, acceptance and non-acceptance of current and potential vaccines can aid in the development of strategies to improve the national mass vaccination programme. This study aims to determine vaccine related awareness, acceptance & awareness among Dharavi (Slum & Non-Slum) population of Mumbai for COVID-19 vaccine. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted. Total 384 participants were surveyed, among them 192 were from Dharavi slum & 192 from Dharavi non-slum area. Responses to the questionnaire using Google form was filled in the field itself, by doing house to house survey using convenience sampling. Data on socio-demographic characters, COVID-19 vaccine awareness, acceptance & non-acceptance was collected. Results: Overall, out of 384 participants, 227 (59.1%) were having poor or very poor awareness & 157 (40.9%) were having average or above average awareness related to COVID-19 vaccines. Out of 192 slum residents 118 (61.5 %) & out of 192 residents of non-slum 132 (68.8%) were willing to get vaccinated & the difference is not statistically significant. Overall, out of 384 participants of Dharavi 250 (65.1%) were showing vaccine acceptance & 134 (34.9%) participants were showing vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion: Proportion of awareness & acceptance for COVID-19 vaccine varies & interlinked with socio-demographic characteristics like gender, educational level, religion & area of residency of the study population. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was found to have significant association with awareness.

Gauging the correlation between anthropometric measurements to birth weight in subjects of urban lower socioeconomic status in Mumbai

Background: Birth weight is largely influenced by the mother's parity, gender of the baby, conceptus number, and maternal environment. The heavier weight is seen for male babies at full-term compared to females, in singleton compared to twins, and in later-born compared to the first baby. Low-weight babies are seen in mothers of lower socioeconomic status. In urban lower socioeconomic group females, the closest correlation is seen with neonatal calf circumference. Aim: The present study was conducted to perceive the anthropometric parameters that have the best correlation with the birth weight in the urban lower socioeconomic population of Mumbai. Methods: From the post-natal ward of Sir JJ group of hospital and Cama hospital, 200 newborns who were normal-delivered, newborns, singletons, born to females with no history of infections like tuberculosis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were assessed. In 200 included subjects, anthropometric parameters and birth weight were assessed. Results: Good correlation was seen in both females and males between birth weight and calf circumference, thigh circumference, mid-arm circumference, and abdominal circumference. However, poor correlation in females and good correlation in males was seen in chest circumference, head circumference, and crown to heel length.

1424Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards COVID-19: An Epidemiological Survey in Mumbai, India

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious public health concern around the world, with countries taking significant preventive and control measures to halt the spread of this deadly virus. The knowledge, attitude & practices (KAP) of the general population play a major role in the containment measures adopted by the country. The current study was conducted to assess the KAP of the population of Mumbai towards COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The study was a web-based, cross sectional survey. A Snowball sampling technique was used. The digital forms were made available in local languages. A 25-item survey instrument was developed according to the guidelines issued by the Government to test the KAP of the population about COVID-19. Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure the internal consistency of the questionnaire. Chi-square test or Fischer exact test was used to compare categorical data and multiple linear regression was used to identify factors influencing KAP. Results A total of 1360 responses were included in the study. The overall knowledge, attitude and practice score was 83.7%, 77.33% and 63.8% respectively. About 14.85% did not know about the asymptomatic spread of COVID-19. Conclusion The assessment of COVID-19 related KAP among the public could be instrumental in providing better insights to the policy makers to deliver tailored health intervention programmes. Key messages The findings of this study can serve as a guide to future efforts aimed at public readiness to adhere to control measures to address such emergency crises.

Assessment of water reuse potential of wastewater treatment systems used in Mumbai, India

Ever growing population of Mumbai has put additional pressure on existing infrastructure in terms of huge demand for portable water as well as treatment of city’s waste water. Study aimed at review of city’s wastewater in order to understand the reality of treatment quality of wastewater, it’s reusability in terms of offsetting growing water demands of domestic, industrial and agricultural fields in and around the city. Literature review and case study method was used in order to get primary as well as secondary data for achieving data regarding overall functioning and water balance of the city. Because of lot of irregularities, current wastewater management systems are asking for paradigm shift from current centralized wastewater treatment systems to decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Conventional treatment systems treat wastewater as a ‘waste’ yet there is some reuse potential. Concept of collecting water and wastewater separately for better treatment, increased reuse potential, savings upon energy and better nutrient recovery can be used in order to move towards more ecologically and economically sound waste water management systems. To demonstrate this idea documentary and discourse analysis is used. The paper starts by providing general overview about water scarcity and security in India and then proceeds to provide comparative analysis between centralized and decentralized treatment systems used in the city in order to identify it’s water reuse potential. Second, legislative and policy framework used in the city for wastewater treatment and management which is then followed by outline of the current situation and reflections on system dynamics in City. Third, the paper ends with a discussion on practical implications, policy options and conclusion. The presented study gives conceptual model based on Net Zero concept which can be helpful in making of sustainable future cities.

The practice, attitude, and knowledge of complementary and alternative medicine in Mumbai, India

Background: In the recent times, there has been a resurging interest in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in India. The present study was conducted to examine the prevalence of CAM use in Mumbai, the knowledge and attitude regarding CAM regarding its safety and efficacy and the reasons for the use of CAM. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population of Mumbai and its adjoining regions during January-July 2020. 205 residents participated in the study and were asked to fill a pretested questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Results: Out of the 205 responses, 163 (79.51%) agreed to have used CAM at least once in their life. Of these, 108 (52.68%) respondents used Ayurveda and 105 (51.21%) used homeopathy. 60 (36.81%) of the respondents practicing CAM used it for common gastrointestinal (GIT)-related disorder with a 100% recovery rate, 125 (76.67%) for infectious diseases with a 93.6% recovery rate. 99 (60.74%) of the respondents preferring CAM for its safety profile, 68 (41.72%) believed that CAM is time tested and thus is efficacious. An integrative approach was suggested by 118 (57.56%) of all the respondents. Conclusions: There is a disparity between the high prevalence in the use of CAM and its knowledge. However, a general consensus suggests that CAM is efficacious and is practiced for various indications.

The practice, attitude, and knowledge of complementary and alternative medicine in Mumbai, India

Background: In the recent times, there has been a resurging interest in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in India. The present study was conducted to examine the prevalence of CAM use in Mumbai, the knowledge and attitude regarding CAM regarding its safety and efficacy and the reasons for the use of CAM. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population of Mumbai and its adjoining regions during January-July 2020. 205 residents participated in the study and were asked to fill a pretested questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Results: Out of the 205 responses, 163 (79.51%) agreed to have used CAM at least once in their life. Of these, 108 (52.68%) respondents used Ayurveda and 105 (51.21%) used homeopathy. 60 (36.81%) of the respondents practicing CAM used it for common gastrointestinal (GIT)-related disorder with a 100% recovery rate, 125 (76.67%) for infectious diseases with a 93.6% recovery rate. 99 (60.74%) of the respondents preferring CAM for its safety profile, 68 (41.72%) believed that CAM is time tested and thus is efficacious. An integrative approach was suggested by 118 (57.56%) of all the respondents. Conclusions: There is a disparity between the high prevalence in the use of CAM and its knowledge. However, a general consensus suggests that CAM is efficacious and is practiced for various indications.

Heterogeneity of O blood group in India: Peeping through the window of molecular biology.

BACKGROUND:Molecular genotyping of ABO blood group system has identified more than 60 “O” group alleles based on the single-nucleotide polymorphisms present in the ABO gene. Heterogeneity of O group alleles has been observed in various countries from South America, Europe, Middle East, and Asia. India is a vast country with more than 1300 million population which is divided into various ethnic and tribal groups. However, very little is known about the heterogeneity of O alleles in Indians.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 116 O group individuals from the mixed population of Mumbai, India, were enrolled in the present study. DNA was extracted using the standard phenol–chloroform method. The exons 6 and 7 of the ABO gene were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism and/or DNA sequencing. The genotyping results were compared with our earlier findings.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:Overall, ten different genotypes were identified. Three rare alleles, namely, O05, O11, and O26 were seen in the mixed group category. These results suggest that there is an internal heterogeneity in the mixed group while Dhodias and Parsis, the groups which were screened earlier, seem to be more homogenous groups. An important piece of information emerges out from this study, that is, O01O02 genotype is expressing some selective force in population groups screened in India as well as many other groups worldwide.CONCLUSION:In the future, molecular genotyping of the ABO blood group system among different ethnic and tribal Indian groups would help in generating data to fill up the gaps in the molecular ABO map of the world.

Baseline Antibody Titre against Salmonella enterica in Healthy Population of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Objective The aim of this study was to establish a baseline titre for the population of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Method Four hundred healthy blood donors, attending blood donation camps, were screened using a survey questionnaire. Widal tube agglutination test was performed on the diluted sera (with 0.9% normal saline) of blood donors, with final dilution ranging from 1 : 40 to 1 : 320. Results Out of 400 individuals providing samples, 78 (19.5%) individuals showed antibody titres ≥ 1 : 40 for at least one antigen and 322 (80.5%) showed no agglutination. The baseline antibody titres against O antigen and H antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi were found to be 1 : 40 and 1 : 80, respectively. Similarly, the baseline antibody titres for the H antigen of Salmonella enterica serotypes Paratyphi A and Paratyphi B were found to be 1 : 40 and 1 : 80, respectively. Conclusion Thus, it was noted that the diagnostically significant cutoff of antibody titre from acute phase sample was ≥ 1 : 80 for S. Typhi O antigen and titre of ≥ 1 : 160 for both S. Typhi H antigen and S. Paratyphi BH antigen. Antibody titre of ≥ 1 : 80 can be considered significant for S. Paratyphi AH antigen.

Spectacle Compliance in Slum Population of Mumbai: Pilot

Background Mumbai Eye Care campaign was a mega refractive error project implemented for the slum population of Mumbai from 2009-15. The project was supported by Standard Chartered Bank’s CSR activity Seeing is Believing through Sightsavers. The project design and service delivery was implemented by Lotus College of Optometry. During the first 3 years of the project, spectacles were distributed free of cost to adults by only collecting case paper charge of Rs.10/-/ Hence a questionnaire based study was conducted to assess the spectacle compliance among this population. Methodology Spectacle Compliance questionnaire was designed, validated by Optometry faculty and the same was administered by an Optometry intern. The spectacle compliance and reasons for non compliance was analysed for 200 respondents. Results: Spectacle compliance was found to be 73.48%. Conclusion: Spectacle compliance was found to be high in this study and was single vision near spectacle design showed better compliance.

Online Ticket Booking System for Mumbai Local Trains

The mobile devices are becoming more and more popular and are providing a new notion of communication that we could once only imagine. With respect to Mumbai, one of the major problems faced by the 70 lakh people, who travel by local trains every day, is standing in the long queues for an average of 10-15 minutes to buy a ticket. This often leads to people traveling without tickets at all. This project aims to find a remedy for these 70 lakh people by using an online application to book tickets on their phone. It will reduce the average minimum 3170 minutes they spend standing in the line annually. The user will have a unique user name for their rechargeable account. Whenever a user wishes to book a ticket online, he can log into the application and enter the required details. The ticket will be booked and the fare will be deducted from the account along with the confirmed ticket. This project aims to provide an incredible and much needed solution, which will benefit more than half of the population of Mumbai and make their daily routine easy and enjoyable.

Assessment of Trace Element Intake through Some Vegetables to the Population of Mumbai

Major and Trace element concentrations were determined in Potato, Cabbage and Bottle gourd purchased from Mumbai using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Concentration of some major elements Ca, Na, K and Mg were found to be higher in Cabbage as compared to Potato and Bottle Gourd while the concentration of Fe, Zn and Cu was observed to be higher in Bottle Gourd. Toxic elements Cd and Ni concentrations in all the vegetables were <0.5 ppb. Calculated daily dietary intake values for the elements were found to be lower than the reference dietary intake values, indicating that these vegetables are safe for human consumption.

Physical activity levels during work, leisure time and transport and its association with obesity in urban slum of Mumbai, India

Background: Rapid changes in urbanization and associated mechanization and sedentary jobs increase the level of physical inactivity in the population. Physical inactivity is directly reflected in the growing burden of obesity in the Indian population predominantly in the urban areas. WHO developed STEP wise approach for surveillance of risk factors for non-communicable diseases. This study aimed at assessing prevalence of overweight, generalized obesity, abdominal obesity and physical activity status and find out association between them among urban slum population of Mumbai. Methods: Community based, cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out in urban slum of Mumbai, India during the period of March 2013 to January 2014 by using WHO STEP wise approach. Total number of 600 participants of age group 25-64 years were interviewed and examined for information regarding physical activity and obesity. Results: About 60% of study participants were physical inactivity during work, leisure time and transport. Physical inactivity increased with increased age and female sex. Prevalence of overweight or obesity (generalized obesity) 41.8% was more than that of abdominal obesity 37.7%. Physical inactivity during work, leisure time and transport was significantly associated with obesity and high waist circumference. Conclusions: Physical inactivity was more so with increasing obesity, women and increasing age. To tackle the epidemic of obesity habitual moderate physical activity is the key. It is necessity of time to create environment for adoption of healthy lifestyle through properly channelled health education and advocacy.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Mumbai City, India

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex web of metabolic factors that are associated with a 2-fold risk of cardiovascular diseases and a 5-fold risk of diabetes. There are lacunae of Indian studies regarding its prevalence with special reference to metropolitan cities such as Mumbai, India. Aim: To determine the prevalence of MetS in apparently healthy adult male population from Mumbai city based on their anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical health markers. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study comprising 313 apparently healthy adult males aged 18-65 years from upper-middle-income group from different locales of Mumbai. A standardized pretested questionnaire was used to collect data regarding demographic characteristics, anthropometric parameters, and biochemical and clinical health markers using standardized methods. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Any observed difference was considered statistically significant with P < 0.05. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 46 years. The prevalence of MetS was 40% with 82% of the population surveyed being overweight and obese and 70.3% of the population with waist circumference of ΃90 cm. It was observed that 36% of the subjects were prehypertensives and 23.4% had systolic and/or diastolic blood pressures ΃140/90 mmHg. Almost 40% of the subjects had dysglycemia with 34% of the subjects with high triglycerides, 26% with high total cholesterol, 64% with raised serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and almost 66% with low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. A significant positive correlation was observed between anthropometric and biochemical markers. Conclusion: In apparently healthy adult population of Mumbai, the prevalence of MetS was 40%. A significant positive correlation was observed between anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical markers. The study highlights the need for intervention to lower the risk markers predisposing the urban population to noncommunicable diseases.

Mumbai slums since independence: Evaluating the policy outcomes

The urbanization process in Mumbai is closely integrated with housing crisis and informality in settlement growth. Slums have emerged as a significant settlement form, catering to the housing demand of a large section of the population of Mumbai, primarily for the urban poor. Statistics show that nearly half of the Mumbai population lives in slum areas which in turn spatially occupy a very small portion of the city. Since 1947 (i.e., after independence), a range of policies related to housing and slums have been implemented at various points of time in the city planning framework. However, the housing crisis situation has worsened over time and resulted in further slum growth. In the past, research has concentrated on spatio-temporal identification and spread of slums. However, the policy impacts on reduction of slums is relatively a less touched area, especially in developing cities like Mumbai. In this study, authors argue that the housing and land policies implemented in Mumbai to solve the problem of slums have actually provided the momentum to the undercurrents that fuel further proliferation of informality. The paper analyses these policies chronologically and focuses on the persuasive top down approach of policy implementation. Using the framework of bounded rationality, authors develop a “cause-effect” model to identify the impact of ten major housing and land policies implemented since independence. Further, a gap coherence analysis revealed the lack of participation of direct stakeholders (i.e., the slum dwellers). The study proposes participatory approach as an alternative to the current policy frameworks. Internalizing the strengths of the actual users in the policy framework may unlock the opportunities for the success of the policies.

Awareness about Cancer in Urban Slum population of Mumbai, India

Objective: To assess awareness about various cancers in an urban slum population of Mumbai, India Materials and Methodology: This Community based Descriptive epidemiological study was conducted from July 2009 to October 2009 in the catchment area of urban health centre, Cheetah camp which is the field practice area of dept of P.S.M., Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Ch. Hospital Mumbai. Sample of 525 above the age of 40 years was selected using cluster sampling. Information was gathered by personal interview using semi-structured proforma. Results: Out of 525 study participants, males were 50.48%. Majority of the subjects belonged to age group of 40 to 44 years (39.04%). 169 (32.2%) participants thought that cancer is a disease; whereas 109 (20.6%) participants were not able to describe cancer. Regarding initial symptoms of cancer, 272 (51.8%) don't knew any symptoms. Commonest risk factor known to participants was tobacco consumption 450 (85.7%). Awareness of participants about prognostic factors, screening facilities, screening centres of cancers, treatment centres of cancer was very poor. Conclusion: Awareness of study participants about cancers was very poor. There is a need for awareness generation programs to educate population about various common cancers, propagation of correct messages and promotion of early detection of cancers.

Daily intake of aluminium by adult population of Mumbai, India

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ET-AAS) has been used for the determination of Al in environmental and food samples with a detection limit of 0.3 ng ml −1. The reliability of estimation is assessed through the analysis of Standard Reference Materials (IAEA SRMs) of Soil-7, SL-3, SD-M2/TM and Hay (V-10). The results indicate that the average concentration of aluminium in air particulate samples is 5.3 μg m −3. The daily intake of Al by the adult population of Mumbai is 6.4 mg day −1.

Selenium levels in biological matrices in adult population of Mumbai, India.

Selenium (Se) levels in whole blood, serum, urine, muscle and saliva of Mumbai adults have been estimated by differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPCSV); the detection limit of Se is 0.05 ng ml(-1). The reliability of estimation is further assessed through the analysis of Standard Reference Materials. The Se levels in whole blood (n = 35) and blood serum (n = 201) of the Mumbai adult population is 99.6 and 100 ng ml(-1); approximately 34.8% of the population have serum Se levels between 80 and 100 ng ml(-1). The blood serum levels of Se for Mumbai adults are comparable to those of whole blood. The mean concentration of Se in urine on a 24-h basis is 5.2 ng ml(-1). Muscle and saliva of the Mumbai adult population contain 195.4 ng g(-1) and 2 ng ml(-1) of Se, respectively. A good correlation between serum Se and dietary Se is observed with a correlation coefficient of 0.89.

Assessment of risk to public health posed by persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in milk and milk products in Mumbai, India

The risk posed by the presence of organochlorine pesticides in milk and milk products was estimated for the population of Mumbai. To determine the levels of organochlorine pesticides in milk and milk products, a monitoring study was carried out in and around Mumbai City. 520 samples of milk and milk products of different brands were considered in this study. A survey was also conducted to determine the mean daily consumption of milk and milk products by different age groups and this data was used to evaluate the daily exposure to the public. Non-cancer effects were evaluated by comparing the predicted exposure distributions to the published guidance values. For chemicals identified as potential human carcinogens, cancer risk was evaluated using standard methodology. The majority of the chlorinated pesticides identified in the milk and milk product samples studied were found to be at levels which do not pose unacceptable risks to the public, with the exception of alpha-HCH. The cancer risk estimated for this chemical slightly exceeds the US EPA guidance value.