Population In Yogyakarta Research Articles

Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Yogyakarta: Tinjauan Penerapan Regulasi dan Otonomi Khusus

Despite its abundance of cultural and natural resources, the Special Region of Yogyakarta continues to grapple with poverty. A significant portion of the population in Yogyakarta continues to experience poverty and has not yet completely reaped the advantages of the special autonomy along with its regulations. This study seeks to investigate the issue of poverty and evaluate the efficacy of special autonomy and regulations. A descriptive qualitative method was employed using a desk study to analyze literature from scientific journals, books, and online sources. The findings indicated that the use of special funds and restrictions has not yielded complete efficacy in mitigating poverty. Enhancing collaboration between the government and the community is necessary, and legislation should be tailored to local knowledge and practices. Efforts should be made to enhance the management of dedicated funds with a specific focus on enhancing human resources so as to achieve a more efficient reduction of poverty.

Diverging likelihood of colon and rectal cancer in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A cross sectional study.

Colon and rectal cancer are associated with different risk factors and prognostic. However, this discrepancy has not been widely explored in the local population. This study aimed to investigate the site-specific likelihood of colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in the Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. This cross-sectional study analyses 1,295 CRC cases diagnosed in 2008-2019 registered in the Yogyakarta population-based cancer registry (PBCR) database. Cases were grouped into colon and rectal cancer. Log-binomial regression was used to determine the relative risk of either colon or rectal cancer across different gender, age group, and rurality of residence. The age-specific rates were calculated by age group and temporal trend for each group were analyzed using joinpoint regression. Females displayed higher odds of colon cancer (relative risk/RR = 1.20, 95%CI = 1.02-1.41) and lower odds of rectal cancer (RR = 0.92, 95%CI = 0.85-0.99). Elevated odds of colon cancer were observed in younger age group, especially 30-39 (RR = 1.87, 95%CI = 1.10-3.19), while decreased odds of rectal cancer was apparent in age group 30-39 and 40-49 (RR = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.60-0.93 and RR = 0.82, 95%CI = 0.69-0.98, respectively). Living in urban or rural areas did not significantly influence the odds of either having colon (RR = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.82-1.17) or rectal cancer (RR = 1.01, 95%CI = 0.93-1.10). During 2008-2019, trends of colon cancer in age <50 increased by 8.15% annually while rectal cancer displayed a 9.71% increase annually prior to 2017, followed by a 17.23% decrease until 2019. Yogyakarta population shows higher odds of young-onset colon cancer, especially between age 30-39 years old. Overall observation of trend shows increasing incidence in young-onset colon cancer, and non-significant decrease in rectal cancer.

Oral Conditions as Risk Factors for Low Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Among the Elderly Population in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Approximately 70% of the elderly population living in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, has a low oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). This study aimed to identify the risk factors for low OHRQoL in the elderly population of Yogyakarta. Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S), Community Periodontal Index, Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index, and the number of natural occluding pairs (NOP) were assessed for 153 participants aged ≥ 60 years. Xerostomia, hyposalivation, and OHRQoL were also examined using Xerostomia Inventory (XI), unstimulated spitting whole saliva collecting method, and Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) questionnaire, respectively. OHRQoL was categorized as low, moderate, and high. Bivariate and multivariate tests were conducted to identify the risk factors for low OHRQoL. Initial analysis of characteristics of participants revealed that hyposalivation, xerostomia, periodontal pocket, high DMFT, NOP ≤ 5, poor OHI-S, and low OHRQoL were experienced by 40 (26.1%), 92 (60.1%), 39 (25.5%), 110 (71.9%), 112 (73.2%), 44 (28.8%), and 108 (70.6%) participants, respectively. Relative risk (RR) and p values for hyposalivation, xerostomia, periodontal pocket, high DMFT, NOP ≤5, and poor OHI-S were found to be at 1.573 (CI 0.681-3.637) and 0.225; 2.532 (CI 1.255-5.108) and 0.006; 0.846 (CI 0.391-1.830) and 0.606; 1.759 (CI 0.843-3.670) and 0.110; 1.133 (CI 0.522-2.461) and 0.008; and 2.723 (CI 1.293-5.734) and 0.632, respectively. Multivariate tests showed that xerostomia and NOP ≤5 had RR of 2.519 (CI 1.221-5.195) and 2.536 (CI 1.175-5.477), respectively. Overall, elders with xerostomia or NOP ≤ 5 had 2.5 times higher risk of having a low OHRQoL.

Tugu Ngejaman: Penanda Kuasa dan Pengingat Waktu di Yogyakarta

Tugu Ngejaman or Stadsklok is a monument to commemorate a century of the return of Java to the Dutch colonial rule in 1916. This story begins with the French conquest of the Netherlands in January 1795 which led to the conquest of Java in 1808-1811. But France finally lost the war against Russia in 1814, so the Netherlands negotiated with Britain over its colonies. The British and the Dutch managed to reach an agreement to cede Java to the Dutch, while the British took control of Malacca in 1816. In this paper, I trace the history of the establishment of the Ngejaman monument, the meaning of the Ngejaman monument for the Dutch population in Yogyakarta, and the reasons for maintaining the Ngejaman monument today. I use Walter Benjamin's perspective on aura to explore the relationship between monuments and history and the technological revolution. The data in this paper comes from archival documents and existing scholarly literature, interviews, as well as field observations that elucidate the Ngejaman monument and the activities of the surrounding community. This study finds that the construction of the Ngejaman monument was related to the markers of Dutch colonial power in Yogyakarta and the "revolution of time" in the modern society. However, the Yogyakarta City Government maintains the Ngejaman monument without providing a narrative about the history of the monument's establishment in Malioboro. The government ignores historical literacy in tourism development in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, even when the importance of preserving the Ngejaman monument lies in its being a marker of the introduction of time as a regulator of modern human activity in Yogyakarta and a reminder that liberation has not necessarily meant freedom for all.

Correlation between Polymorphisms Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (IL-1RA) And Melasma Severity: A Study of Javanese Female Population in Yogyakarta

Background: IL-1 is postulated as a cytokine that plays a fundamental role in the pathophysiology of several skin disorders or diseases. Melasma is a form of hyperpigmentation with a symmetrically distributed predilection for facial features. Due to its elusive pathogenesis, it is believed that the inflammatory factor plays a role in melasma. Increased or decreased IL-1RA concentrations may correlate with the severity of melasma. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the correlation between the IL-1RA (86bp VNTR) polymorphisms and the severity of melasma among a Javanese female population. Methods: The study involved 79 individuals with melasma and used a cross-sectional design. The severity of melasma was assessed using the MASI (Melasma Area and Severity Index). The data were analyzed using a Chi-square test and Odds Ratio (OR). The genomic DNA from the patients' blood was examined and analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: There was an increase in the frequency of IL-1Ra*1/1(410/410) genotype in melasma with a mild severity and of IL-1Ra*1/2(410/240) genotype in melasma with moderate severity (OR: 0.74, 95%CI: 0.26- 2.13, p: 0.42). The allele frequency of IL-1Ra*1/1 was 55.70% at a mild degree and 44.30% at a moderate degree (OR: 0.29-2.11, p: 0.65). Conclusions: There was no correlation between IL-1Ra VNTR and the severity of melasma; however, it was found that the IL-1Ra*1/1(410/410) genotype and allele frequency tended to be higher in mild melasma, although it was statistically insignificant.

Knowledge of COVID-19 and online purchase intention: the role of health protocol and fulfilment

Purpose – This study analyses the relationship between knowledge of COVID-19 and the application of health protocols, fulfilment in the pandemic era and online purchase intention. This study also analyses the effect of health protocol and fulfilment on online purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach – This study is a quantitative study with a student population in Yogyakarta. From the total population, 170 respondents were taken by random sampling method. The data in this study are primary data obtained through the distribution of questionnaires. From the data obtained, analysis was carried out using the Structural Equation Model method using Partial Least Square with Smart-PLS software. Findings – The results of the analysis in this study indicate that knowledge of COVID-19 is able to have a significant influence on the implementation of health protocols and fulfilment, but knowledge of COVID-19 is not able to significantly influence online purchase intention. The results of the analysis also state that the health protocol is not able to have a significant effect on online purchase intention in students, while fulfilment is able to provide a significant influence on online purchase intention. Research limitations/implications – For further research, it is expected to be able to examine more deeply online purchase intentions across generations and compare them. Further research is also expected to include several other variables that have a role in online shopping behaviour. Practical implications – The results of the analysis in this study also provide recommendations for business people in this pandemic era to emphasize online buying and selling services. Online marketing is also more recommended because the more people understand about COVID-19, the less they do activities outside the home, so the most effective marketing is through social media which is accessed by the public every day. Originality/Value – In contrast to previous studies, this study proposes a model of people's behaviour in shopping online. The analysis in this study formulates the relationship between knowledge of COVID-19, health protocol, fulfilment and online purchase intention.

Application of K-Medoids Clustering to Increase the 2020 Family Planning Program in Sleman Regency

Indonesia is a country with a large population. Based on the results of the 2020 census, Indonesia's population ranks fourth in the world. The Indonesian government has made a policy to reduce population growth, namely the Family Planning Program or Keluarga Berencana (KB). One of the areas that did not escape the target was the DIY. Based on BKKBN DIY data, there is a significant difference between the number of active KB participants and the number of couples of childbearing ages, the number of KB equipment and the number of KB health facilities that exist between sub-districts in Sleman Regency. Then the sub-district classification is carried out based on the 2020 KB data in Sleman Regency using the K-Medoids Clustering method. This study aims to see the sub-district grouping used as a reference by the government in increasing active KB participants in the community to overcome the population in Yogyakarta, primarily focusing on Sleman. The categories in each cluster, namely Cluster 1, which consists of 6 sub-districts, have a high level of KB active participants, couples of reproductive ages, KB equipment, and KB health facilities. Then Cluster 2, which consists of 6 sub-districts, has a medium level of KB active participants, couples of reproductive ages, KB equipment, and KB health facilities. While Cluster 3 consists of 5 sub-districts, where KB active participants, teams of reproductive age, KB equipment, and KB health facilities are low level.

ABCC8 EXON 16-3 C&gt;T POLYMORPHISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN SECRETION IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN YOGYAKARTA

Background ABCC8 is a gene encoding the SUR1 subunit of the KATP Channel which plays a central role in insulin secretion from the beta cell, hence its potential as the candidate risk gene in the development of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM type 2). the polmorphism of ABCC8 exon 16 -3 C&gt;T has been investigated in various populations with inconsistent result. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the association of the polymorphism with DM type 2 in Yogyakarta population. Method a number of 40 patients with DM type 2 and 44 patients without DM type 2 were recruited as case and control subjects, respectively. the polymorphism was genotyped using PCR-RFLP. The association between insulin secretion and the polymorphism was analyzed with ANOVA and Post Hoc Test. Chi-square and odds ratio were employed to determine whether the polymorphism was a risk of DM type 2. Results There was a significant difference between CC and CT genotypes among subjects with DM type 2 (p=0,005). Fasting insulin concentration exhibited a significant difference between CC and TT genotypes among DM type 2 subjects (p=0,013). Allele T frequency was found to be 0,45 among DM type 2 subjects and 0,48 among non DM subjects, there was no significant difference of allele T frequency between DM type 2 and non DM subjects (p=0,723, OR=0,90, CI: 0,49-1,65). Conclusion ABCC8 exon 16 -3 C&gt;T polymorphism was not associated with DM type 2 prevalency in Yogyakarta population, however the impact of the polymorphism on diabetes pathogenesis in DM type 2 can not be excluded because of the association with insulin secretion in DM type 2 subjects.

An Overview Study of Low Back Pain Event Among the Dentist in Yogyakarta

Introduction: Low back pain is a pain sensation in spinal and paraspinal structure of lumbosacral region. The prevalence of low back pain event in several country show the significant percentage every year. Dentist is a high-risk profession related to musculoskeletal disorders particularly low back pain. Bad posture, static sitting position and repetition movement are several risks possibility for the occurrence of low back pain. Objective: This research is purposed to evaluate the prevalence overview of low back pain event among the dentist in Yogyakarta city. Methode: This research was designed by the descriptive observational approach using cross sectional research design. The samples were 76 dentists under the “Indonesian Dentist Association of Yogyakarta” region. The research was conducted through questionnaires utilization to measure the level of low back pain from the respondents to the no disabillity, minimal disabillity, moderate disabillity dan severe disability categories. Result: The result showed that among dentist population in Yogyakarta there were 37 dentists (49%) suffered low back pain with no disabillity, 35 dentists (46%) low back pain with minimal disabillity and 4 dentists (5%) low back pain with moderate disabillitywhile there were nodentist suffered from low back pain with severe disabillity (0%). Conclusion: The total prevalence of low back pain event among dentist in Yogyakarya city categorized by all the severity level was 39 dentists (or 51%) suffered from a low back pain of musculoskeletal disorder.

Risk factor of metabolic syndrome in Javanese population based on determinants of anthropometry and metabolic measurement

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is high worldwide which it can increase the risk of some diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus even mortality. The prevalence pattern and determinants of MetS risk factors might differ among ethnics in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the anthropometry and metabolic measurements determinants to predict the MetS prevalence of the Javanese population in Yogyakarta. It was a case control study conducted from December 2018 to March 2019 involving 214 Javanese subjects aged 20-74 years resided in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. NCEP ATP III criteria were used to identify MetS as case and not diagnosed with MetS as control. The results showed that BMI, WC, BP, total cholesterol and HDL-C were significantly different between MetS and non MetS patients (p 5 by 9.54 time. In conclusion, WHtR is a better marker for MetS prediction independently. However, the WHtR in combination with WC and total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio are better for MetS prediction in the Javanese population.

Rethinking the Heritage Value from Different Perspectives, Case Study in Yogyakarta

Purpose Today heritage is of strategic importance not only because of its historical value, but also due to the capacity to sustain traditional philosophy. A problem arose in association with the over-commercialisation of heritage that led to a question of how the citizens react to the problem and the emerging values. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between heritage conservation practices conducted by the government and local people. Design/Methodology/Approach This study used qualitative analysis to investigate official documents and newspapers. In-depth interviews were used to elaborate citizens’ perception about heritage values. Findings There were connection and disconnection between the implementation of heritage conservation policy and citizens’ opinions about conservation practices. The connection should be maintained to anticipate the change of meanings and overcome problems stemmed from heritage tourism and the uncontrolled urban development. Research Limitations/Implications This study bridged a possibility of evaluating the impact of urban development on heritage value by assessing perspectives from different social actors. It was evidenced that the official and unofficial values of heritage are differently recognised. However, this study had a limitation in terms of the social group involved in interviews. The analytical framework of this research needs to be developed incorporating quantitative analysis with a survey of particular population in Yogyakarta. This kind of study is essential to discovering how the population reacts to urban development and heritage sites. Social/Practical Implications The government should not dominate the practice of heritage conservation. It is essential to maintain the cultural authenticity of heritage by involving general public in monitoring urban development surrounding heritage sites. Originality/Value This study provides a framework for integrating different perspectives to better recognise and manage heritage sites and the overall urban landscape. This framework can be used as a foundation for evaluating heritage impact relating to societal changes and the dynamics of urban development.

Religiosity, interpersonal attachment, and forgiveness among the Javanese population in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine forgiveness among the Javanese population in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The proposed hypothesis was that a model of religiosity and interpersonal attachment would affect forgiveness, and agreeableness, and neuroticism would function as mediating variables. Three hundred and thirty-five individuals participated in the study. Data were collecting with a questionnaire on forgiveness, neuroticism, agreeableness, religiosity, and interpersonal attachment. The results showed that the model fit the data reasonably well. Thus, demonstrating that religiosity and interpersonal attachment affect forgiveness through agreeableness and neuroticism in the Javanese population in Yogyakarta. Furthermore, it was found that to improve forgiveness among this population, agreeableness should be maximised and neuroticism should be minimised.

&lt;p&gt;Association between heterozygote Val92Met &lt;em&gt;MC1R&lt;/em&gt; gene polymorphisms with incidence of melasma: a study of Javanese women population in Yogyakarta&lt;/p&gt;

Introduction: Melasma is an acquired hypermelanosis of the face. The pathogenesis of melasma is multifactorial and may be caused by interactions between genetics and the environment. Research has shown that skin pigmentation is regulated by the Melanocortin-1 Receptor gene (MC1R). In Japanese populations, Val92Met and Arg163Gln genotypes of MC1R gene polymorphisms are associated with freckles and lentigo solaris, because they have skin types II–III, but for Indonesians who are skin type IV, hyperpigmentation disorders are often melasma.Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between Val92Met and Arg163Gln genotypes of MC1R gene polymorphisms with the incidence of melasma in a Javanese women population.Patients and methods: This study used unmatched case-control design, conducted by clinical examination and questionnaire. Data were analyzed with Chi-squared test and Odds Ratio (OR).Results: This study evaluated 158 Javanese women from 18–60 years old with 79 case and 79 control subjects. The genotype of Val92Met was found more common in melasma subjects than in non-melasma (p=0.005) with (OR2.53; 95% CI:1.21–5.29). By using a bivariate test we showed sun exposure and family history of melasma were risk factors for melasma (OR:1.99; 95% CI:1.04–3.78) and (OR:35.32; 95% CI:10.25–121.70). However, genotype of Arg163Gln was not a risk factor for the incidence of melasma (OR: 0.86; 95% CI:0.39–1.89).Conclusion: The findings showed Val92Met genotypes, sun exposure and family history were risk factors for melasma incidence. This is the first study on incidence of melasma in an Indonesian population and contributes to ongoing efforts to understand the mechanisms of melasma.

Well Water Contamination Analysis in the Code Riverbank Terrace in Yogyakarta

Urbanization accelerate the growth of population in Yogyakarta. The existence of densely populated settlements directly affect the river environment Code. Some residents still dispose liquid waste into the river that contribute to polluting the environment. Slums also lead to environmental health problems. Pollution is not only happen in the river, but also occurs in wells population. The problem is compounded by the condition of the terraced river border. Waste from septic terrace 1 (top) and terrace 2 (middle) will flow into the patio 3 (bottom) and pollute wells population in the terrace 3 (bottom) as the accumulation of septic tank waste originating from above. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of the water quality of wells in terracedareas, based on parameters DO, pH, electrical conductivity (DHL), temperature, TDS, and E-Coli bacteria as well as to ascertain whether there is a direct correlation of pollution accumulation from high to lower elevation on a terraced area. Methods being used include: Identification of wells and sanitation, wells positioning measurements with GPS, plotting the location of wells to map, collecting sample from wells, analyzing the quality of well water in the laboratory, and analyzing the well water contamination. Based on the results, it can be concluded that there are decline in water quality, either on the left or on the right side of the river. In other words, there is a direct correlation between contamination accumulation of well water at a high elevation and a lower elevation on the terraced riverbank area code.

Culture, social networks and HIV vulnerability among men who have sex with men in Indonesia

The current study aimed to explore cultural and social network influence on HIV vulnerability among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) population in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A qualitative inquiry employing in-depth one-on-one interviews was carried out with 24 MSM participants in July 2015. Data were analysed using a framework analysis and guided by the Social Networks Theory (SNT) as a conceptual framework. Findings indicated that prohibitive cultural perspectives and norms against same-sex marriage made them to conceal their sexual orientation and thus secretively engaging in unprotected sex that increased their predisposition to HIV transmission. The prohibitive cultures were also instrumental in the formation of MSM sexual networks that provided supportive environment for HIV-risky sexual practices among network partners. These findings provide information that can be used to improve HIV/AIDS service practices and policies. However, further studies with large numbers of MSM would be needed to improve the understanding of other HIV vulnerability determinants, the unique needs of MSM, and what and how programs could be conducted to reduce HIV vulnerability among MSM population.

Expression of circulating microRNA-141 and mRNA of PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog) in blood plasma of ovarian tumor and epithelial ovarian cancer patient

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancies among woman. The majority of this disease is diagnosed at the advanced stage due to lack of specific symptoms and effective screening methods. Therefore, an adequate biomarker for early detection is needed and may improve patient survival. microRNA is a small non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression in post-transcriptional level. Several studies have shown the ability to detect microRNA in blood circulation so microRNA may be used as a minimally invasive biomarker for EOC. microRNA-141 (miR-141) plays a major role in EOC by regulating expression of several tumor suppressor gene. Previous study have confirmed that miR-141 regulated PTEN gene directly by interacting with 3’UTR sequence of PTEN mRNA, and upregulation of miR-141 caused downregulation of PTEN expression in vivo. PTEN is important tumor suppressor gene that its inactivation found in various human cancer. PTEN is protein with lipid phosphatase activity that negatively regulate PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, thus playing a important role in various cellular process such as proliferation, growth, cell survival, EMT, cell motility, and angiogenesis. When various studies found that PTEN mRNA and protein expression is significantly downregulated in EOC tissue, little is known about the expression of PTEN mRNA in blood circulation of EOC patient, especially in Yogyakarta population. The aims of this study is to measure and to investigate the correlation of miR-141 and mRNA PTEN expression in plasma of ovarian tumor patient and EOC patient. This study used cross-sectional design. 25 blood plasma of ovarian tumor and 25 blood plasma of EOC were collected. Total RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed to obtain cDNA. The expression of miR-141 and mRNA PTEN were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (qPCR). The 2^(-∆∆cq) method was used to calculate relative quantification of miR-141 and mRNA PTEN using miR-16 as reference gene for microRNA and beta-actin mRNA as reference genes for PTEN mRNA. Expression of miR-141 is significantly elevated in blood plasma of epithelial ovarian cancer patient compared to the ovarian tumor (p=0,001, fold change=7,59). Expression of PTEN mRNA significantly downregulated in blood plasma of epithelial ovarian cancer patient compared to the ovarian tumor (p=0,001, fold change=11,63). There was a significant negative correlation between miR-141 expression and mRNA PTEN expression in blood plasma of epithelial ovarian cancer patient (p=0,033; r=-0,428). miR-141 and mRNA PTEN differentially expressed in blood plasma of ovarian tumor and epithelial ovarian cancer patient. There was a negative correlation between miR-141 and mRNA PTEN expression in blood plasma of epithelial ovarian cancer patient. Keywords: Epithelial ovarian cancer, circulating microRNA, miR-141, PTEN mRNA

Analysis of Enzyme Activity of Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) Gene Polymorphism of Alcoholics and Non-Alcoholics in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Alcohol is an addictive substance that is often misused worldwide, including in Indonesia. Ninety percent of the alcohol that enters the body will be metabolized in the liver using the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme. It is important to determine the activity of ADH enzyme and ADH3 gene polymorphism on alcoholics and non-alcoholics in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The aim of the study is to determine ADH activity and identify ADH3 gene polymorphism of alcoholics and non-alcoholics in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design method. Blood samples were taken from 71 Javanese alcoholics and 71 non-alcoholics of Javanese descent in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The participants were initially requested to sign an informed consent form. Examination of ADH enzyme activity used the spectrophotometry method and ADH3 gene polymorphism was assessed with PCR-RFLP using Ssp I restriction enzyme. The activity of ADH enzyme in all individuals appeared to be a slower type. The average of the ethanol value of alcoholics and non-alcoholics were 0.05554 mM and 0.0758 mM respectively. Gene type of alcoholics were ADH3*2(75.4%), ADH3*1/3*2(21.5%), and ADH3*1(3.1%), and non-alcoholics were ADH3*2(88.6%), ADH3*1/3*2(10.0%), and ADH3*1(1.4%). There were no significant differences between the activity of ADH with polymorphism of ADH3 gene in either alcoholics and non-alcoholics (p>0,05). Conclusion: The activity of ADH enzyme in all participants appeared to be a slower type. Most of the ADH3 gene polymorphism of alcoholics and non-alcoholics were both ADH3*2 (75.4% and 88.6%). There was no differences of ADH enzyme activity with ADH3 gene polymorphism between alcoholics and non-alcoholics of Javanese population in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Polymorphism in leptin receptor gene was associated with obesity in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

BackgroundLeptin is a hormone that regulates homeostasis energy through the central–peripheral mechanism as well as regulates hunger and satiety. Leptin receptor is important in leptin signal transduction that is located mainly in the hypothalamus. The mutation in leptin receptor (LEPR) gene causes splicing abnormality that resulted in truncated receptor, aberrant signal transduction, leptin resistance, and obesity.This study aims to determine the association of LEPR gene polymorphisms, rs1137100 and rs1137101, on phenotype and leptin level between obese and control groups in Yogyakarta population. MethodsWe examined two polymorphisms of LEPR gene, rs1137100 (K109R) and rs1137101 (Q223R) in 110 subjects consisting of 55 obese and 55 healthy adult subjects as controls from Yogyakarta. A correlation study was done between body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist to hip ratio (WHR), and leptin level with their genotypes. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test to show the significant difference between the groups. SNPs of LEPR gene for obese and control groups were compared using chi-square analysis. ResultsBody mass index, waist circumference and leptin level in obese group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The frequency of R103R homozygote in obese group was higher than in the control group, whereas Q223Q homozygote in obese group was lower than in the control group. Polymorphism of rs1137100 (K109R) and rs1137101 (Q223R) were associated with obesity and leptin level. ConclusionIn Yogyakarta population, polymorphisms of rs1137100 (K109R) and rs1137101 (Q223R) LEPR gene are associated with obesity. Thus further study on another Indonesian ethnic population is required to investigate the variation in LEPR gene.

Proportion and Factors Predicted Self- Medication in Elderly Population in Yogyakarta

Pharmacists should give more attention in giving pharmaceutical care services to the elderly patients, because the decrease of physiological function could result more drug related problems. Currently, elderly patients are interesting to do self- medication before visiting the physician. Thus, our study was aimed to understand the proportion of elderly patients who are interesting to do the self-medication and to explore the factors predicted self-medication behavior. This study was carried out by cross-sectional design. Data was collected by doing interview and giving questionnaire to the 544 elderly patients in the pharmacies of Yogyakarta Province which were chosen by proportional area sampling method. Data was analyzed descriptively and using the chi square test to understand factors which could be influenced self medication behavior. Most of the patients choose to do the self medication (63.6%) rather than directly went to the physician (36.4%). There were 3 predictors of self medication behavior in our study, which were occupation, income and type of disease with the RR were; 0.823 (95% CI:0.7010.965), 1.433 (95% CI:1.173-1.751) and 1.027 (95% CI: 1.059-1.376), respectively. The occupation, income and chronic disease could predict of self medication behavior in elderly patients. Keywords: self medication, elderly, predictor

Sebaran dan Kemelimpahan Burung Layang-Layang Asia (Hirundo rustica Linn.) di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Asian Swallow Bird (Hirundo rustica Linn.) representing one of the type of bird migran which is spread over in almost entire all earth. This Bird type in Java and Bali represent the common winter visitor met in all height. Information of concerning this animal existence in Yogyakarta very minim, last data about existence and amount of Asian swallow bird population in Yogyakarta in reporting in the year 1996 and till now there is no researcher reporting the species existence in Yogyakarta. This Research study about abundance population and distribution Asian swallow bird at season of migration of September 2003 - March 2004 in all region Yogyakarta. Research conducted in all region of Province of Special Region of Yogyakarta consisted by 5 sub-province, that is Sub-Province Sleman, Sub-Province Bantul, Sub-Province Kulonprogo, Sub-Province of Gunung Kidul and Municipality D.I. Yogyakarta. Parameter measured in this research is estimating an abudan of population and location of distribution population. Data intake of is amount of population conducted by direct enumeration, whereas intake of distribution data conducted by noting the name of location and geographical position. Data of result of research obtained in compiling in tables, is later then made by graph of population fluctuation and ploted in map of pursuant to co-ordinate finding of Asian swallow bird individual. To know diffraction resulted by a population enumeration, will be counted with the standard deviation formula. Result of perception indicate that full scale of Asian swallow bird population during a period to migration reach the maximum value equal to 32.579 that happened at third week of November 2003 and amount of biggest population is concentration in jl. K.H. Ahmad Dahlan and jl. Senopati, area Malioboro, Municipality Yogyakarta, that is equal to 28877 36,91. Sub-Province Bantul represent the area which is at most met by the Asian swallow bird location.