Population In Shanghai Research Articles

Research on government regulation methods for the spatial layout of retail pharmacies: practice in Shanghai, China

BackgroundIn China, retail pharmacies are critical sources for obtaining medications and play a vital role in residents’ daily access to drugs and treatment of common illnesses. Effectively guiding the placement of these pharmacies in areas of need through government regulation is crucial for enhancing medication access. In this study, we used population and retail pharmacy spatial distribution data from Shanghai to design guidance and supplementary methods for optimizing the spatial layout of retail pharmacies and medical insurance designated pharmacies based on regional characteristics.MethodsPopulation distribution, road traffic network, administrative division and retail pharmacy data from Shanghai in 2018 were collected from relevant government departments. ArcGIS 10.3 was used to map the retail pharmacies and population distribution. Based on the spatial distribution of population and the service standards of pharmacies, service circles with insufficient pharmacies were identified, and supplementary methods for retail pharmacies and medical insurance designated pharmacies were developed.ResultsIn 2018, Shanghai had 3009 retail pharmacies, each serving an average of 6412 residents. The city was divided into 2188 basic pharmaceutical service circles, each within a 15-minute walking distance. The results indicated that there were 1387 service circles without any pharmacies, 151 of which had populations exceeding 5000. Additionally, 356 service circles had pharmacies but lacked medical insurance designated ones. After supplementation, 841 retail pharmacies were planned to be added in residential areas. Compared with before, the coverage area and population served of the pharmacies increased significantly.ConclusionsThis study mapped the spatial distribution of population and retail pharmacies in Shanghai, and designed government guidance and supplementary methods for optimizing the layout of retail pharmacies. The findings offer valuable insights for government agencies in low- and middle-income countries to improve the spatial distribution of retail pharmacies.

Newborn Screening for 6 Lysosomal Storage Disorders in China

Newborn screening (NBS) for lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) is becoming an increasing concern in public health. However, the birth prevalence of these disorders is rarely reported in the Chinese population, and subclinical forms of diseases among patients identified by NBS have not been evaluated. To evaluate the birth prevalence of the 6 LSDs in the Shanghai population and determine subclinical forms based on clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics. This cohort study included 50 108 newborns recruited from 41 hospitals in Shanghai between January and December 2021 who were screened for 6 LSDs using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Participants with screen-positive results underwent molecular and biochemical tests and clinical assessments. Data were analyzed from January 2021 through October 2022. All participants were screened for Gaucher, acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD), Krabbe, mucopolysaccharidosis type I, Fabry, and Pompe diseases using dried blood spots. Primary outcomes were the birth prevalence and subclinical forms of the 6 LSDs in the Shanghai population. Disease biomarker measurements, genetic testing, and clinical analysis were used to assess clinical forms of LSDs screened. Among 50 108 newborns (26 036 male [52.0%]; mean [SD] gestational age, 38.8 [1.6] weeks), the mean (SD) birth weight was 3257 (487) g. The MS/MS-based NBS identified 353 newborns who were positive. Of these, 27 newborns (7.7%) were diagnosed with 1 of 6 LSDs screened, including 2 newborns with Gaucher, 5 newborns with ASMD, 9 newborns with Krabbe, 8 newborns with Fabry, and 3 newborns with Pompe disease. The combined birth prevalence of LSDs in Shanghai was 1 diagnosis in 1856 live births, with Krabbe disease the most common (1 diagnosis/5568 live births), followed by Fabry disease (1 diagnosis/6264 live births), and ASMD (1 diagnosis/10 022 live births). Biochemical, molecular, and clinical analysis showed that early-onset clinical forms accounted for 3 newborns with positive results (11.1%), while later-onset forms represented nearly 90% of diagnoses (24 newborns [88.9%]). In this study, the combined birth prevalence of the 6 LSDs in Shanghai was remarkably high. MS/MS-based newborn screening, combined with biochemical and molecular genetic analysis, successfully identified and characterized newborns who were screen-positive, which may assist with parental counseling and management decisions.

Spatio-temporal patterns and population exposure risks of urban heat island in megacity Shanghai, China

Accompanied by global warming and rapid urbanization, the urban heat island (UHI) effect has been intensifying, which leads to an increased risk of population heat exposure, especially in mega-cities. However, there are fewer studies on the identification of UHI ranges and the associated population heat exposure risks, particularly on the fine scale. Therefore, this study took Shanghai as a case study and explored the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the UHI ranges and population heat exposure risks, based on five-period MODIS land surface temperature (LST) product, population density distribution data, and land use and cover change data from 2000 to 2020, combined with the temperature attenuation mutation (TAM) method, breakpoint regression model, population heat exposure relative risk assessment method, and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the UHI range in Shanghai was continuously expanding, and the intensity of the surface UHI was gradually increasing. The overall pattern was characterized by a stable large heat island in the central urban area and new small heat islands that continued to emerge in the peripheral suburbs. (2) The population heat exposure risks in Shanghai intensified from 2000 to 2020, with an increasing number of people exposed to high-intensity UHI ranges, doubling the population coverage in these areas. By the end of 2020, the population exposed to UHI ranges accounted for approximately 81 % of the total population of Shanghai. (3) The spatial pattern of population heat exposure risks from 2000 to 2020 was generally similar. Population heat exposure regions of high risk level were primarily concentrated in the central urban areas, showing typical spatial clustering characteristics, while population heat exposure regions of low risk level were mainly dispersed in the peripheral suburbs, and showed a gradual transformation trend into population heat exposure regions of high risk level. Our findings can provide scientific basis and decision support for precise and refined urban heat risk control and planning management.

Dynamic Analysis of the Growth of Building Area and the Immigrant Population in Shanghai based on the PVAR Model

Since the reform and opening up more than 30 years ago, Shanghai has witnessed rapid development of economic and continuous acceleration of urbanization and continuous growth of building area. However, the number of migrants has decreased over the same period, which is inconsistent with previous studies that show that population affects land demand and floor space. In this paper, panel data of each district of Shanghai from 2014 to 2018 are selected and the panel vector autoregression model (PVAR model) is constructed to analyze the dynamic relationship between the building area growth of each district of Shanghai, the immigrant population and the economic growth. The results show that : (a)There is no long‐term equilibrium relationship between the growth of Shanghai's floor area and the migration of foreign population. (b) The construction area growth in Shanghai can affect the regional GDP growth to a certain extent. (c) The migration of migrants into Shanghai has a certain effect on the economic growth of Shanghai.

Evaluating imaging repeatability of fully self-service fundus photography within a community-based eye disease screening setting

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the imaging repeatability of self-service fundus photography compared to traditional fundus photography performed by experienced operators.DesignProspective cross-sectional study.MethodsIn a community-based eye diseases screening site, we recruited 65 eyes (65 participants) from the resident population of Shanghai, China. All participants were devoid of cataract or any other conditions that could potentially compromise the quality of fundus imaging. Participants were categorized into fully self-service fundus photography or traditional fundus photography group. Image quantitative analysis software was used to extract clinically relevant indicators from the fundus images. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed to depict the imaging repeatability of fully self-service fundus photography.ResultsThere was no statistical difference in the absolute differences, or the extents of variation of the indicators between the two groups. The extents of variation of all the measurement indicators, with the exception of the optic cup area, were below 10% in both groups. The Bland–Altman plots and multivariate analysis results were consistent with results mentioned above.ConclusionsThe image repeatability of fully self-service fundus photography is comparable to that of traditional fundus photography performed by professionals, demonstrating promise in large-scale eye disease screening programs.

Spatial pattern of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis and its associated factors among a population with migrants in China: a retrospective population-based study.

Isoniazid-resistant, rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis (Hr-TB) globally exhibits a high prevalence and serves as a potential precursor to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Recognizing the spatial distribution of Hr-TB and identifying associated factors can provide strategic entry points for interventions aimed at early detection of Hr-TB and prevention of its progression to MDR-TB. This study aims to analyze spatial patterns and identify socioeconomic, demographic, and healthcare factors associated with Hr-TB in Shanghai at the county level. We conducted a retrospective study utilizing data from TB patients with available Drug Susceptible Test (DST) results in Shanghai from 2010 to 2016. Spatial autocorrelation was explored using Global Moran's I and Getis-Ord statistics. A Bayesian hierarchical model with spatial effects was developed using the INLA package in R software to identify potential factors associated with Hr-TB at the county level. A total of 8,865 TB patients with DST were included in this analysis. Among 758 Hr-TB patients, 622 (82.06%) were new cases without any previous treatment history. The drug-resistant rate of Hr-TB among new TB cases in Shanghai stood at 7.20% (622/8014), while for previously treated cases, the rate was 15.98% (136/851). Hotspot areas of Hr-TB were predominantly situated in southwestern Shanghai. Factors positively associated with Hr-TB included the percentage of older adult individuals (RR = 3.93, 95% Crl:1.93-8.03), the percentage of internal migrants (RR = 1.35, 95% Crl:1.15-1.35), and the number of healthcare institutions per 100 population (RR = 1.17, 95% Crl:1.02-1.34). We observed a spatial heterogeneity of Hr-TB in Shanghai, with hotspots in the Songjiang and Minhang districts. Based on the results of the models, the internal migrant population and older adult individuals in Shanghai may be contributing factors to the emergence of areas with high Hr-TB notification rates. Given these insights, we advocate for targeted interventions, especially in identified high-risk hotspots and high-risk areas.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated factors in sedentary occupational population from Shanghai: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundDyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but its prevalence and determinants among sedentary occupational population are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors for dyslipidemia among a sedentary occupational population in Shanghai, China.MethodsWe collected data from 35,950 sedentary occupational workers on their demographics, social, medical, and family history, lifestyle, anthropometry, and biochemistry. We used the 2016 Chinese guideline for the management of dyslipidemia in adults to define dyslipidemia and its subtypes. We performed multivariate logistic regression to examine the factors associated with dyslipidemia.ResultsThe prevalence of dyslipidemia was 29.10%, with 15.86% for high triglycerides (TG), 6.43% for high total cholesterol (TC), 5.37% for high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and 14.68% for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Men had a significantly higher prevalence of dyslipidemia than women (39.64% vs. 12.43%, P < 0.01). Factors associated with dyslipidemia included older age, being married, longer sedentary time while resting, frequent intake of animal viscera, current smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Current drinking was associated with a 1.24 times higher prevalence of high TG (P < 0.01). Current smokers were less likely to have low HDL-C than non-smokers.ConclusionsOur present study, in a population of 35,950 sedentary occupational workers from Shanghai, demonstrated a prevalence of dyslipidemia, but lower than in other previous studies without the limitation of occupational characteristics. Prevention and control measures for dyslipidemia should take into account the characteristics and related factors for this population group.

Association between maltreatment, hair cortisol concentration, positive parent-child interaction, and psychosocial outcomes in Chinese preschool children.

Children now are facing an increasing risk of early life stress (ELS), which leads to detrimental psychosocial outcomes. Behavior studies suggested that positive parental interactions might moderate the negative impact of ELS, but the related biological alteration remains unclear. This study aims to investigate whether positive parent-child interactions moderate the association between maltreatment (as a severe form of ELS) and hair cortisol concentration (HCC), as well as between HCC and psychosocial outcomes in young children. Participants were 6-year-old Chinese children (N = 257, Mage = 6.2, 121 were male) selected by stratified cluster random sampling from a Shanghai population representative cohort. Proximal 3cm hair strands were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for HCC. Children's psychosocial outcome was evaluated using the parental report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Parents also reported the frequency of positive parent-child interactions using the Chinese Parent-Child Interaction Scale (CPCIS) as well as the history of maltreatment. Multi-level logistic regression models adjusting for individual, kindergarten, and district confounders were used to evaluate the associations between maltreatment, HCC, and psychosocial outcomes. Interactions terms tested whether more frequent positive parent-child interactions moderates the association between maltreatment and HCC, as well as between HCC and psychosocial outcomes. Maltreated children exhibited higher levels of HCC (B = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.38,2.02; p = 0.004), and children with higher HCC exhibited poorer psychosocial outcomes (B = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.18,0.51; p < 0.001). Positive parent-child interactions did not have a moderating effect on the association between maltreatment and HCC, but they demonstrated a moderating effect on the association between increased HCC and psychosocial outcomes (interaction term: B = -0.42, 95% CI: -0.75,-0.10; p = 0.01). These findings provide evidence that positive parental interaction may serve as a moderator between chronic cortisol exposure and psychosocial problems. It highlights the importance of frequent parent-child interactions, especially among children under a high risk of ELS.

Research on the health status and influencing factors of the older adult floating population in Shanghai.

Over the past decade, against the dual background of population aging and mobility, the older adult/adults floating population has become a new type of mobile group in China, continually congregating in large cities, posing significant challenges to the socio-economic development, eldercare services, and public management of these metropolises. Shanghai, as a mega-city and the economic center of the China, is typically representative of the national population. Based on the dynamic monitoring data of Shanghai's floating population in 2018, this research uses mathematical statistics and binary Logistic regression models. This research analyzes the demographic characteristics and health status of the older adult/adults floating population in Shanghai in the new era and reveals its primary influencing factors. (1) A prominent contradiction in the scale and structure of the older adult/adults floating population, with widowed and low-educated mobile older adult/adults requiring attention. (2) There is a lack of health knowledge, and the proportion of local reimbursement is low. Over 90% of migrant older adult/adults self-assessed their health (with a very few unable to care for themselves), far higher than the proportion of older adult/adults who are not sick (injured) or uncomfortable (actually healthy), which exceeds 70%. The health status of migrant older adult/adults deteriorates with age, and those who have never attended school and live alone have the worst health status. (3) Older adult/adults people with advanced age and low educational levels are at risk of health issues, while a better living environment can reduce the risk of illness in the older adult/adults floating population. Low family income, poor housing affordability, and the medical burden brought about by illness can easily lead to older adult/adults floating populations falling into the trap of older adult/adults poverty, and older adult/adults people from central regions and those who migrate along have difficulty adapting to city life, leading to poor self-assessed health. Meanwhile, community/enterprise health education helps to enhance the health protection awareness of the older adult/adults floating population. Finally, based on the governance concept of "mobility publicness," several public management and service optimization strategies for social support for the older adult/adults floating population in Shanghai are proposed.

Assessing the spatial equity of the aged care institutions based on the improved potential model: a case study in Shanghai, China.

With the spread of an aging society, the demand for aged care institutions among older adults is increasing. The inadequate supply and distribution of aged care institutions have led to an increasing concern about spatial equity in aged care institutions. Most studies have utilized accessibility to assess spatial equity from the supply perspective, while the demand perspective has received little attention. In addition, few studies have evaluated the spatial equity of aged care institutions at grid resolution. Therefore, this study takes Shanghai as an example to analyze aged care institutions from both the supply and demand perspectives. By proposing an improved potential model, at a network resolution of 500 × 500, the spatial equity of aged care institutions is more refined. The results show that aged care institutions and the older population in Shanghai are predominantly concentrated in the downtown area and surrounding regions. However, the results obtained from the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient indicate the allocation of pension beds based on population size is proportional across different districts of Shanghai. When considering the quality indicators of aged care institutions and introducing the improved potential energy model to calculate spatial accessibility, an imbalance between regions in Shanghai still exists and needs further optimization.

Epidemiological and Molecular Characteristics of Hypermucoviscous and Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in Community Patients in Shanghai, China.

The occurrence and dissemination of hypermucoviscous and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hm-hvKp) isolates in clinical settings are a critical public health problem in the world. However, the data on these isolates in community populations are limited. This study aims to understand the prevalence and molecular characteristics of hm-hvKp isolates in community patients in Shanghai, China. In 2018, an active surveillance system focused on hm-hvKp in community diarrhoeal cases was implemented in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China, involving 12 sentinel hospitals. The antimicrobial susceptibility of hm-hvKp isolates from fecal samples was tested, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to predict the serotypes and sequence types and to identify antimicrobial resistance determinants, virulence determinants, and phylogenetic clusters. The overall prevalence of hm K. pneumoniae isolates was 2.48% (31/1252), with the proportions of 1.76% (22/1252) for hm-hvKp and 0.72% (9/1252) for hm not hv K. pneumoniae. The prevalence of hm-hvKp isolates among different age groups and different months was statistically significant. All the 22 hm-hvKp isolates were susceptible to 20 antimicrobial agents and only carried bla SHV gene, and KL1 and KL2 accounted for eight (36.36%) cases and seven (31.82%) cases, respectively. The eight ST23/KL1 isolates belonged to the predominant CG23-I clade, which typically possessed the virulence determinants profile of rmpA/rmpA2-iro-iuc-ybt-irp-clb. The five ST86/KL2 isolates were assigned to the global clusters ST86/KL2-1 (n=2), ST86/KL2-2 (n=2), ST86/KL2-3 (n=1), all lack of the clb gene. Shanghai ST23/KL1 and ST86/KL2 isolates were closely related to the global isolates from liver abscesses, blood, and urine. Hm-hvKp is carried by the community population of Shanghai, with ST23/KL1 and ST86/KL2 isolates predominant. Hm-hvKp isolates of different continents, different sources, and different virulence levels were closely related. Ongoing surveillance of hm-hvKp isolates in the community population is warranted.

Traceability of Geographic Origin Using Human Skin and Oral Microbiota.

To explore the possibility of using human skin and oral microorganisms to estimate the geographic origin of an individual through the sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Microbial DNA was extracted from the palm and oral microorganisms of the Han population in Shanghai and Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, and the composition and diversity of the microbiota were analyzed by full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Then, differential species were screened and a geographic location prediction model was constructed. The compositions of palm and oral microorganisms between Shanghai and Chifeng samples were both different. The abundance and uniformity of palm side skin microorganisms were higher in Chifeng samples than in Shanghai samples, while there was no significant difference in oral microorganisms. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) confirmed that the β-diversity between the samples from the two places were statistically significant, and the coefficients of determination (R2) for skin and oral samples were 0.129 and 0.102, respectively. Through principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA), the samples from the two places could be preliminarily distinguished. The predictive model had the accuracies of 0.90 and 0.83 for the geographic origin using the skin and oral samples, respectively. There are differences in the compositions of palm and oral microbiota between Han populations in Shanghai and Chifeng. The prediction model constructed by the random forest algorithm can trace the unknown individuals from the above two places.

Prevalence and associated risk factors for chronic kidney disease in the elderly physically disabled population in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population is relatively clear. Our previous study showed that elderly individuals who are physically disabled are more likely to experience kidney function impairment, and the main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with CKD in elderly patients with physical disabilities.MethodsA total of 2679 elderly individuals with physical disabilities from the 2018 Shanghai Disability Health Survey were screened to calculate the prevalence of CKD. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify the factors associated with CKD. Detailed subgroup analyses of disability level were also conducted.ResultsWe confirmed CKD in 287 of 2679 (10.7%) participants. Female sex, age, history of hypertension, red blood cell count, albumin, urea, and uric acid (UA) were independently correlated with CKD. Age and UA abnormalities were common risk factors for different levels of disabilities.ConclusionThe prevalence of CKD is higher in the mild level of older physically handicapped individuals. Age and the level of UA should also be considered in this population. The preventive strategies for patients with two levels of elderly disability should have different focuses.

Heterogeneous changes in mobility in response to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 outbreak in Shanghai

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the measures taken by authorities to control its spread have altered human behavior and mobility patterns in an unprecedented way. However, it remains unclear whether the population response to a COVID-19 outbreak varies within a city or among demographic groups. Here, we utilized passively recorded cellular signaling data at a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km for over 5 million users and epidemiological surveillance data collected during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron BA.2 outbreak from February to June 2022 in Shanghai, China, to investigate the heterogeneous response of different segments of the population at the within-city level and examine its relationship with the actual risk of infection. Changes in behavior were spatially heterogenous within the city and population groups and associated with both the infection incidence and adopted interventions. We also found that males and individuals aged 30 to 59 y old traveled more frequently, traveled longer distances, and their communities were more connected; the same groups were also associated with the highest SARS-CoV-2 incidence. Our results highlight the heterogeneous behavioral change of the Shanghai population to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 outbreak and the effect of heterogenous behavior on the spread of COVID-19, both spatially and demographically. These findings could be instrumental for the design of targeted interventions for the control and mitigation of future outbreaks of COVID-19, and, more broadly, of respiratory pathogens.

Predicting of elderly population structure and density by a novel grey fractional-order model with theta residual optimization: a case study of Shanghai City, China

Background Accurately predicting the future development trend of population aging is conducive to accelerating the development of the elderly care industry. This study constructed a combined optimization grey prediction model to predict the structure and density of elderly population.MethodsIn this paper, a GT-FGM model is proposed, which combines Theta residual optimization with fractional-order accumulation operator. Fractional-order accumulation can effectively weaken the randomness of the original data sequence. Meanwhile, Theta residual optimization can adjust parameter by minimizing the mean absolute error. And the population statistics of Shanghai city from 2006 to 2020 were selected for prediction analysis. By comparing with the other traditional grey prediction methods, three representative error indexes (MAE, MAPE, RMSE) were conducting for error analysis.ResultsCompared with the FGM model, GM (1,1) model, Verhulst model, Logistic model, SES and other classical prediction methods, the GT-FGM model shows significant forecasting advantages, and its multi-step rolling prediction accuracy is superior to other prediction methods. The results show that the elderly population density in nine districts in Shanghai will exceed 0.5 by 2030, among which Huangpu District has the highest elderly population density, reaching 0.6825. There has been a steady increase in the elderly population over the age of 60.ConclusionsThe GT-FGM model can improve the prediction accuracy effectively. The elderly population in Shanghai shows a steady growth trend on the whole, and the differences between districts are obvious. The government should build a modern pension industry system according to the aging degree of the population in each region, and promote the balanced development of each region.

Association of blood pressure trajectories with coronary heart disease among the disabled population in Shanghai, China: a cohort study of 7 years following up

BackgroundMuch less is known about the importance of blood pressure (BP) trajectories concerning the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in people with disabilities. Our aim was to evaluate this association.MethodsThis cohort study surveyed 5711 adults from the Shanghai Disability Health Survey from June 2012 to June 2019. The latent class growth mixture model was used to examine distinct BP trajectories. We evaluated the association of BP trajectories with the risk of CHD by Cox proportional hazard models. The model for CHD risk fitted to BP trajectories was compared with models fitted to other BP-related indicators by goodness-of-fit, discrimination, and calibration.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 71.74 months, 686 cases (median age was 49.03 (54.49, 58.55) years, 51.90% female) with CHD were identified, with a cumulative incidence of 12.01%. Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were categorized into three classes, respectively. A statistically significant association was only observed between SBP trajectories and CHD. Compared with the normotensive stable SBP group (n = 1956), the prehypertension-stable group (n = 3268) had a higher risk (adjust hazards ratio (aHR) = 1.266, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.014–1.581), and the stage 1 hypertension-decreasing group (n = 487) had the highest risk (aHR = 1.609, 95%CI 1.157–2.238). Among the BP-related indicators, the SBP trajectory was the strongest predictor of new-onset CHD. Findings were similar when sensitivity analyses were conducted.ConclusionsSBP trajectory was a more important risk factor for CHD than other BP-related indicators and stringent BP control strategies may be effective for primary CHD prevention in the disabled population.

Monitoring and characterization of field‐evolved resistance to diamide insecticides in Spodoptera litura collected from eastern China

AbstractSpodoptera litura is a notoriously destructive pest, which infests horticultural plants and economically important crops worldwide. Several generations of diamide insecticides have been used to combat S. litura throughout the world, causing various levels of resistance to this class of insecticides among wild S. litura populations. In this work, we monitored resistance to five diamide insecticides among 10 S. litura populations sampled from eastern China in 2022. In comparison with Lab‐S the susceptible strain, five of the tested populations displayed high susceptibility to three of the five diamide insecticides (cyantraniliprole, broflanilide and tetraniliprole). In contrast, there was significant resistance to the other two tested diamide insecticides, flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole, in seven of the field‐collected populations. The Shanghai (SH) population showed high resistance to chlorantraniliprole (77.0‐fold), flubendiamide (25.5‐fold) and cyantraniliprole (27.8‐fold), respectively, than the strain of Lab‐S. Results of synergism tests in the SH population revealed that diethyl maleate (DEM) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) greatly inhibited chlorantraniliprole resistance. The progeny of reciprocal crosses between the Lab‐S and SH populations presented dominance degrees of F1 progenies, suggesting that the chlorantraniliprole resistance was autosomal and incompletely recessive in SH. Above results of the current work offer useful knowledge for future formulation of field pest management strategies, allowing farmers to delay the development of resistance to diamide insecticides and thus promote sustainable management of S. litura.

High frequency of Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) suggest rapid insecticide resistance evolution in Shanghai, China.

Dengue fever is an infectious disease that is imported into Shanghai, China and requires prevention and control measures. Controlling the vector Aedes albopictus through insecticide use is a key approach to dengue control. However, the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance in Ae. albopictus has raised concerns about the failure of dengue control efforts. Knockdown resistance (kdr) caused by point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene is a primary mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. In this study, we investigated the kdr mutations of Ae. albopictus in Shanghai and evaluated the trend in its evolution. We collected 17 populations of Ae. albopictus from 15 districts in Shanghai in 2020, extracted genomic DNA from individual mosquitoes, and amplified Domain II, III, and IV in VGSC using PCR. Following sequencing, we obtained 658 VGSC sequences. We detected the nonsynonymous mutations V1016G, I1532T, and F1534S/C/I, among which V1016G and F1534C/I were reported in Shanghai for the first time and F1534I was a novel mutant allele in Ae. albopictus. The overall mutation frequency was 84.65%, with individual mutation frequencies ranging from 46.81% to 100%, excluding the Fengxian District population, which had a frequency of 0%. The V1016G and I1532T mutation types accounted for 7.14% and 3.42%, respectively. The mutant allele at codon 1534 accounted for 63.98% of all mutations, including TCC/S (62.77%), TGC/C (1.06%), and ATC/I (0.15%). We identified and classified five intron types in Domain III by length, including A (83 bp, 12.07%), B (68 bp, 87.30%), C (80 bp, 0.16%), D (72 bp, 0.16%), and E (70 bp, 0.31%). Individuals with intron B had a significant mutation tendency at codon 1534 relative to intron A (chi-square test, p < 0.0001). We found no correlation between mutation frequency and the amount of pyrethroid used (Pearson correlation, p = 0.4755). In recent years, kdr mutations in the Ae. albopictus population in Shanghai have rapidly evolved, as evidenced by an increase in mutation types and significantly increased mutation frequency. The F1534I/ATC mutant allele was found to be a novel mutation, F1534C/TGC was reported for the first time in Shanghai, and intron B in Domain III was significantly associated with mutation frequency at codon 1534. Continuous monitoring of resistance changes and strict regulation of insecticide use are required.

Associations between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and lung function in adults.

Evidence of the acute effects of high-level air pollution on small airway function and systemic inflammation in adults is scarce. To examined the associations of short-term (i.e., daily) exposure to multiple air pollutants with lung function and inflammatory markers. We assessed short-term (daily) effects of air pollutants, including particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), on lung function and peripheral immune cell counts over various lag times using generalized linear regression models. A total of 4764 adults were included from the general community-dwelling population in Shanghai, China. Exposure to air pollutants and lung function were negatively correlated. Decline in FEF between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75%) were found associated with PM2.5, SO2, and CO, and decline in forced expiratory volume in 3 s (FEV3) to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio were associated with all examined pollutants, indicating obstruction in small airways. Obstructed airflow in large and middle airways as indicated by decline in FEV1/FVC were also associated with all pollutants. In subgroup analysis, significant negative associations between the five pollutants and SAD parameters were found only in males but not in females. The difference in the associations of SO2 with FEF75% between males and females achieved statistical significance. Additionally, all examined pollutants were significantly associated with lower peripheral neutrophil count. Acute exposure to air pollutants were associated with airflow-limitation. Both small airways and proximal airways were affected. Acute exposure to air pollutants were accompanied with a lower neutrophil count.

Evaluating the Possibility of Intergenerational Home-Sharing in Shanghai and the Potential Benefits for both the Young and the Old Generation

This article explores the new housing model of intergenerational home-sharing, a concept first introduced in European countries to deal with the impending aging society. Empty-nest seniors lent their additional rooms to young people for lower rent in large cities, while young people offer companionship and doing the housework for the senior. The aging population in Shanghai is increasing, as estate prices soar during the recent years, bringing tremendous pressure to the opportunity – seeking young. This paper aims to discuss the likelihood of implementing such concept in Shanghai by interviewing with local seniors and community service workers and analyzing the willingness of young people and seniors using anonymous questionnaires.