Population Data Research Articles

Diurnal urban heat risk assessment using extreme air temperatures and real-time population data: A case study of Seoul, South Korea

Diurnal urban heat risk assessment using extreme air temperatures and real-time population data: A case study of Seoul, South Korea

Hang up your cleats and hope for the best? A cross-sectional study of five health domains in retired elite female rugby players

ObjectivesTo investigate retired elite female rugby players’ health outcomes (and their relationships) in five key areas (musculoskeletal, cognitive, mental, reproductive/endocrinological and cardiovascular) and how those compare with the general population.MethodsFemale...

Short-term effects of an unprecedented heatwave on intertidal bivalve populations: fisheries management surveys provide an incomplete picture

IntroductionCoastal marine ecosystems, are particularly susceptible to climate change. One such threat is atmospheric heatwaves, which are predicted to increase in frequency, duration, and intensity. Many intertidal organisms already live at the edge of their thermal tolerance limits and heatwaves can outstretch an organism’s ability to compensate in the short term. In June 2021 the Pacific Northwest region of North America, including the Salish Sea, experienced a significant atmospheric heatwave during some of the lowest tides of the year. This was followed by numerous reports of dead and dying intertidal marine organisms region-wide. A semi-quantitative rapid assessment found a range of both species- and location-specific effects but generally recorded widespread negative impacts to intertidal shellfish species across the Salish Sea. MethodsFollowing these results, we opportunistically analyzed data collected by intertidal bivalve resource managers from the region. These datasets allowed us to examine regional density and size data for clam and oyster populations before and after the heatwave to increase our quantitative understanding of heatwave effects. ResultsWe found a range of responses including positive and negative effects of the heatwave on clam and oyster density. While we generally found small changes in bivalve size, some site-species combinations displayed large shifts in size frequency. Many of our analyses did not indicate even moderate statistical support, even with large changes in the mean, driven in part by high variability in the data. Time intervals between surveys, ranging from 2 to over 25 months, had little effect on observed variability indicating that any heatwave-induced effects may be masked by variability inherent to the population ecology and/or survey methodology. DiscussionThis analysis has highlighted the need for intertidal resource managers, and the greater research community, to consider alternative survey approaches designed to constrain variability in order to detect the effects of acute or extreme events. With the effects of climate change predicted to become more intense, targeted survey approaches may be needed to detect the effects and implications of such events and to continue effective management of intertidal bivalves in the Salish Sea and worldwide.

Quality of Life Measures in Young Pre-Professional Dancers Compared to Non-Athletes and Non-Dancer Athletes.

Aim: To investigate quality of life (QoL) measures in a cohort of young female dancers. Methods: Cross-sectional survey study design was utilized to study dancers 8 to 17 years enrolled in two elite dance schools in the Boston area. The main outcome measure was the Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL 4.0) questionnaire, a validated QoL survey for children, with established normative values for comparison. Demographics and questions pertaining to training regimens and injury/illness history were also included. Sub-groups (8-11 years, 12-14 years, and 15-17 years) were created to analyze outcomes by age. Results: One hundred and forty emails were delivered, 72 were completed and included in the final data analysis (51.4%). The median scores for physical, psychosocial, emotional, social, and school PedsQL sub-scales were 87.5, 90.0, 80.0, 100.0, and 92.5, respectively. The median score of the total PedsQL scores was 88.8. No difference in QoL outcomes by age group was found (physical: P = .328; psychosocial: P = .918; emotional: P = .673; social: P = .573; school: P = 0.962; total: P = 0.766). 52.5% of the participants responded that they regularly perform in shows. Median hours/week of dance rehearsal was 10 hours (mean ± standard deviation: 10.3 ± 4.9; 95% CI: 9.0, 11.6; IQR: 7.0, 13.5; range: 2.0, 20.0) and 68.9% reported they practice and rehearse throughout the entire calendar year as opposed to solely during the school year; most dancers reported participating in dance 11 months (median value) per year (mean ± standard deviation: 10.7 ± 0.8; 95% CI: 10.5, 11.0; IQR: 10.0, 11.0; range: 9.0, 12.0). Conclusion: QoL measures for young female dancers were higher relative to existing data for the general population and lower compared to other sports participation. These results will support the social, emotional, and physical health of young dancers.

Microbeads in exfoliating products: occurrence, abundance, and potential for water contamination in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Microbeads in exfoliating products are a significant source of microplastics entering aquatic ecosystems. This study characterized microbeads in popular facial scrub and body scrub products from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, to quantify abundances and estimate emissions. A selection of facial scrub and body scrub cleansers were collected from local markets and analyzed to quantify microbead properties including the size, color, mass, and abundance of microbeads in the exfoliating cleansers. Results revealed a wide range of microbead sizes (66–1012 μm) and different shapes and colors within and between products. Most contained heterogenous particles of white, green, blue, red, brown, and black spherical microbeads. The range of microbead abundance was 236–942 particles per gram of product. Annual microbead emissions from the use of these products in Ho Chi Minh City were estimated based on population and usage data. The total annual emission of microbeads from facial and body scrubs in Ho Chi Minh City amounted to 1.3 billion microbeads. On a per capita basis, this equaled 880 microbeads per person annually discharged into the local water environment. According to the study, a preliminary calculation indicated that approximately 2640 microbeads were released per year per female student in Ho Chi Minh City. By providing an initial ssessment of microbead pollution arising specifically from personal care items in Vietnam, this study raises awareness of microplastics introduction into Asian coastal zones via cosmetic products. The baseline data establishes a foundation for further investigations. This represents an important step in quantifying and addressing an emerging microplastic source in the region.

Mortality due to falls by county, age group, race, and ethnicity in the USA, 2000–19: a systematic analysis of health disparities

Fall-related mortality has increased rapidly over the past two decades in the USA, but the extent to which mortality varies across racial and ethnic populations, counties, and age groups is not well understood. The aim of this study was to estimate age-standardised mortality rates due to falls by racial and ethnic population, county, and age group over a 20-year period. Redistribution methods for insufficient cause of death codes and validated small-area estimation methods were applied to death registration data from the US National Vital Statistics System and population data from the US National Center for Health Statistics to estimate annual fall-related mortality. Estimates from 2000 to 2019 were stratified by county (n=3110) and five mutually exclusive racial and ethnic populations: American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN), Asian or Pacific Islander (Asian), Black, Latino or Hispanic (Latino), and White. Estimates were corrected for misreporting of race and ethnicity on death certificates using published misclassification ratios. We masked (ie, did not display) estimates for county and racial and ethnic population combinations with a mean annual population of less than 1000. Age-standardised mortality is presented for all ages combined and for age groups 20-64 years (younger adults) and 65 years and older (older adults). Nationally, in 2019, the overall age-standardised fall-related mortality rate for the total population was 13·4 deaths per 100 000 population (95% uncertainty interval 13·3-13·6), an increase of 65·3% (61·9-68·8) from 8·1 deaths per 100 000 (8·0-8·3) in 2000, with the largest increases observed in older adults. Fall-related mortality at the national level was highest across all years in the AIAN population (in 2019, 15·9 deaths per 100 000 population [95% uncertainty interval 14·0-18·2]) and White population (14·8 deaths per 100 000 [14·6-15·0]), and was about half as high among the Latino (8·7 deaths per 100 000 [8·3-9·0]), Black (8·1 deaths per 100 000 [7·9-8·4]), and Asian (7·5 deaths per 100 000 [7·1-7·9]) populations. The disparities between racial and ethnic populations varied widely by age group, with mortality among younger adults highest for the AIAN population and mortality among older adults highest for the White population. The national-level patterns were observed broadly at the county level, although there was considerable spatial variation across ages and racial and ethnic populations. For younger adults, among almost all counties with unmasked estimates, there was higher mortality in the AIAN population than in all other racial and ethnic populations, while there were pockets of high mortality in the Latino population, particularly in the Mountain West region. For older adults, mortality was particularly high in the White population within clusters of counties across states including Florida, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Age-standardised mortality due to falls increased over the study period for each racial and ethnic population and almost every county. Wide variation in mortality across geography, age, and race and ethnicity highlights areas and populations that might benefit most from efficacious fall prevention interventions as well as additional prevention research. US National Institutes of Health (Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Intramural Research Program, National Cancer Institute; National Institute on Aging; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; Office of Disease Prevention; and Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research).

Prediction of resistance, virulence, and host-by-pathogen interactions using dual-genome prediction models

Key messageIntegrating disease screening data and genomic data for host and pathogen populations into prediction models provides breeders and pathologists with a unified framework to develop disease resistance.Developing disease resistance in crops typically consists of exposing breeding populations to a virulent strain of the pathogen that is causing disease. While including a diverse set of pathogens in the experiments would be desirable for developing broad and durable disease resistance, it is logistically complex and uncommon, and limits our capacity to implement dual (host-by-pathogen)-genome prediction models. Data from an alternative disease screening system that challenges a diverse sweet corn population with a diverse set of pathogen isolates are provided to demonstrate the changes in genetic parameter estimates that result from using genomic data to provide connectivity across sparsely tested experimental treatments. An inflation in genetic variance estimates was observed when among isolate relatedness estimates were included in prediction models, which was moderated when host-by-pathogen interaction effects were incorporated into models. The complete model that included genomic similarity matrices for host, pathogen, and interaction effects indicated that the proportion of phenotypic variation in lesion size that is attributable to host, pathogen, and interaction effects was similar. Estimates of the stability of lesion size predictions for host varieties inoculated with different isolates and the stability of isolates used to inoculate different hosts were also similar. In this pathosystem, genetic parameter estimates indicate that host, pathogen, and host-by-pathogen interaction predictions may be used to identify crop varieties that are resistant to specific virulence mechanisms and to guide the deployment of these sources of resistance into pathogen populations where they will be more effective.

Spatiotemporal and weather effects on the reproductive success of piping plovers on Prince Edward Island, Canada.

Piping plovers (Charadrius melodus sp.) rank among North America's most endangered shorebird species, facing compounding environmental challenges that reduce habitat availability and suppress recruitment and survival rates. Despite these challenges, research on the direct effects of climate variability and extremes on their breeding ecology remains limited. Here, we employ a spatiotemporal modelling approach to investigate how location, nest timing and weather conditions influence reproductive success rates in a small breeding population of C. m. melodus in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada from 2011 to 2023. Analysis of 40 years of monitoring records from a subset of nesting sites revealed that flooding and predation have been persistent sources of reproductive failures in this population, with unexplained losses increasing in recent years. Contrary to our hypotheses, our modelled results did not support a negative impact of extreme high temperatures and strong precipitation events on reproductive outcomes. Instead, we identified a positive effect of T MAX and no effect of strong precipitation, perhaps due to limited exposure to extreme high temperatures (>32°C) and context-specific risks associated with precipitation-induced flooding. However, trends in regional climate change are likely to increase exposure to-and the influence of-such factors in the near future. Our models also identified spatiotemporal variability in apparent hatch success over the study period, as well as worse hatch outcomes across popular beachgoing regions and for delayed nesting attempts. While our results offer preliminary insights into factors affecting breeding success in this population, further research will be imperative to enhance understanding of constraints on recruitment. To this end, we encourage the collection and analysis of additional time-series data of prey populations, human activities, fine-scale weather data and predator/flood risks associated with each nest on PEI.

Fleeing a failing state: Self-selection, earnings, and migration costs

Three-quarters of the global migrant population have fled fragile contexts, with 64 percent hosted by similarly vulnerable countries. These contexts account for about 75 percent of those living in extreme poverty. Despite the scale of this phenomenon, the extent to which the self-selection of South–South migrants differs from those migrating to more developed countries remains poorly understood. In this paper, I investigate the self-selection of Venezuelan migrants during the 2015–2021 crisis, which led to greater migration to less developed countries such as Colombia and Peru, compared to more developed ones like the United States and Chile. Using individual-level data representative of the Venezuelan population and similar data on Venezuelan migrants in these key destination countries, the study finds that migrants are generally positively selected in terms of education compared to those who remain in Venezuela, with migrants to developed countries being positively sorted with respect to those to developing countries. However, comparing the cumulative distribution functions of pre-migration predicted earnings reveals that migrants to developing countries are negatively selected relative to stayers, while migrants to developed countries are positively selected. This highlights the significant role of unobserved abilities in shaping South–South migration patterns. Furthermore, a discrete choice model shows that women and college graduates face lower migration costs, independent of expected earnings at the destination. Factors such as the distance to the destination country and pre-crisis networks also play a crucial role in shaping migration decisions.

Landscape, demographic, and dispersal parameters influence the spread and establishment of an aquatic biological invasion

AbstractHuman‐mediated species introductions are contributing to the biotic homogenization of global flora and fauna. Despite extensive research, we lack simple methods of predicting how and where an introduced species will spread and establish, particularly in species with complex life histories in aquatic ecosystems. We predict that spread can be modeled simply using the characteristics of the invading population, specifically species growth rate and dispersal capacity. In addition, we predict that the establishment of introduced species should be explained by the characteristics of the receiving ecosystem. Using the brown trout (Salmo trutta) invasion on the Island of Newfoundland as a case study, we fit and test a reaction–diffusion model with brown trout population data collected from the literature. Next, we use statistical models to assess the influence of a suite of abiotic (conductivity, pH, turbidity, calcium), biotic (Atlantic salmon occurrence), and landscape (watershed relief, watershed area, distance to original introduction) variables on brown trout establishment (i.e., presence–absence) patterns. We find that observed coastal spread in Newfoundland is slow (~4.4 km/year), and that it lies on the lower end of the range of predictions made by the reaction–diffusion model parameterized based on the estimates of growth rate and movement from the literature (predicted spread range 1.4 to 92 km/year). Also, we did not find evidence for a relationship between abiotic or biotic variables and brown trout establishment. However, we did observe that landscape variables of the distance to trout introduction point and estuary area may explain establishment patterns along the south coast of Newfoundland. Our results suggest the importance of using population‐specific parameterization and the need to integrate regional landscape factors that are generally applicable across biological invasions (e.g., distance to introduction), and those that are more specific to the ecology of the invader (e.g., estuary area). Our study contextualizes the mechanisms that contribute to a slow invasion by an aquatic species with a complex life history and reveals that future studies need to integrate a variety of methods to elucidate the processes governing invasions.

Proximal humeral fractures with vascular compromise.

Vascular compromise due to arterial injury is a rare but serious complication of a proximal humeral fracture. The aims of this study were to report its incidence in a large urban population, and to identify clinical and radiological factors which are associated with this complication. We also evaluated the results of the use of our protocol for the management of these injuries. A total of 3,497 adult patients with a proximal humeral fracture were managed between January 2015 and December 2022 in a single tertiary trauma centre. Their mean age was 66.7 years (18 to 103) and 2,510 (72%) were female. We compared the demographic data, clinical features, and configuration of those whose fracture was complicated by vascular compromise with those of the remaining patients. The incidence of vascular compromise was calculated from national population data, and predictive factors for its occurrence were investigated using univariate analysis. A total of 18 patients (0.5%) had a proximal humeral fracture and clinical evidence of vascular compromise, giving an annual incidence of 0.29 per 100,000 of the population. Their mean age was 68.7 years (45 to 92) and ten (56%) were female. Evidence of a mixed pattern neurological deficit (brachial plexus palsy) (odds ratio (OR) 380.6 (95% CI 85.9 to 1,685.8); p < 0.001), complete separation of the proximal shaft from the humeral head with medial displacement (OR 39.5 (95% CI 14.0 to 111.8); p < 0.001), and a fracture-dislocation (OR 5.0 (95% CI 1.6 to 15.3); p = 0.015) were all associated with an increased risk of associated vascular compromise. A policy of reduction and fixation of the fracture prior to vascular surgical intervention had favourable outcomes without vascular sequelae. The classic signs of distal ischaemia are often absent in patients with proximal injuries to major vessels. We were able to identify specific clinical and radiological 'red flags' which, particularly when present in combination, should increase the suspicion of a fracture with an associated vascular injury, and facilitate early diagnosis and appropriate combined orthopaedic and vascular intervention.

Early-Life Disease Exposure and Its Heterogeneous Effects on Mortality Throughout Life: Sweden, 1905-2016.

Exposure to infectious diseases in early life has been linked to increased mortality risk in later life in high-disease settings, such as eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe. Less is known about the long-term effects of early-life disease exposure in milder disease environments. This study estimates heterogeneous effects from disease exposure in infancy on later-life mortality in twentieth-century Sweden, by socioeconomic status at birth and sex. Using historical population data for southern Sweden, we study 11,515 individuals who were born in 1905-1929 from age 1 until age 85. We measure exposure to disease using the local post-early neonatal mortality rate in the first 12 months after birth and apply flexible parametric survival models. For females, we find a negative effect on life expectancy (scarring) at ages 1-85 following high disease exposure in infancy, particularly for those born to unskilled workers. For males, we find no negative effect on later-life survival, likely because stronger mortality selection in infancy outweighs scarring. Thus, even as the incidence of infectious diseases declined at the start of the twentieth century, early-life disease exposure generated long-lasting negative but heterogeneous population health effects.

A historical syndemic? The impact of synergistic epidemics of measles and scarlet fever on life expectancy in Victoria, Australia (1860s-1870s).

To explore whether synergistic epidemics of measles and scarlet fever in 1860s-1870s Victoria, Australia could be characterized as syndemics, we apply the methods of Sawchuk, Tripp, and Samakaroon (Social Science & Medicine 2022, 295, 112956) to quantify the impact of each of the two major co-occurring epidemic events (1867, 1875) in terms of life expectancy (LE) changes. Sawchuk et al. posit the presence of a harvesting effect, indicated by a statistically significant increase in LE in the immediate post-epidemic "fallow period", as a criterion for identification of a historical syndemic. We test an alternate hypothesis that the same methods can identify a short-term scarring effect. Using annual age- and cause-specific death statistics and census population data, we constructed abridged period life tables for baseline period, potential syndemic year, and "fallow" year for each of the two periods (1860s and 1870s). We compared LE at birth using Z-tests. We decomposed age-cause-specific mortality according to Arriaga's method to identify age-and cause-specific contributions to LE change. LE was significantly lower than baseline (1864-1865) in 1867 but not in the "fallow" year (1869). LE in 1875 and the 1878 "fallow" year were both significantly below baseline (1871-1873). Age-cause-specific decomposition showed similar patterns for 1867 and 1875 for measles and scarlet fever combined effects. Evidence of a scarring effect following the 1875 measles/scarlet fever combined peak supports the interpretation of this event as a syndemic. We suggest the short-term scarring effect can be a useful additional criterion for identifying historical syndemics.

Expression of Concern: “Population data of 17 Y-STR loci in Nanyang Han population from Henan Province, Central China” [Forensic Science International: Genetics, Volume 13, November 2014, Pages 145-146]

Expression of Concern: “Population data of 17 Y-STR loci in Nanyang Han population from Henan Province, Central China” [Forensic Science International: Genetics, Volume 13, November 2014, Pages 145-146]

Application of Fuzzy Logic to Classify Community Welfare Levels

Information regarding family welfare does not only affect family members, but also influences the success of government, including village government. Therefore, information regarding the level of family welfare is needed to monitor the progress of development programs that have been carried out. The fuzzy logic of the Tahani model is one method that can be applied to classify things. The aim of this research is to classify the level of welfare of families as potential recipients of assistance based on population data held by the Mentawai Social Service &amp; P3A. This research was processed using Fuzzy Tahani logic. Fuzzy Tahani is an optimization algorithm that can be used to support decisions by utilizing relational databases. Based on the research results obtained, fuzzy logic with the Tahani model can be used to process family data in accordance with indicators of family welfare levels by providing output in the form of family classification. It's just that the application of the Tahani model should be done on a single rule search function, not to process all the rules using a Tahani query to produce a family classification

The prevalence and determinants of diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorder comorbidity in Tabari cohort population

Studies have shown that the co-occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and thyroid dysfunction (TD) exacerbates diabetes complications and imposes a financial burden on the healthcare system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of TD-DM comorbidity and its associated risk factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted on enrollment phase data of the TABARI cohort population which consisted of 10,255 adults aged between 35 to 70 years old residing in Sari, Mazandaran, Iran from 2015 to 2017. A total of 9939 out of 10,255 individuals (96.92%) entered the study. The prevalence of TD among T2DM patients was 13.2%. The prevalence of T2DM among patients with TD was 9.2%. Furthermore, the prevalence of TD-DM comorbidity in the overall population was 2.2%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of TD-DM comorbidity was significantly higher in women (OR 2.85; 95% CI 1.58–5.11), in the age group of 60–70 years (OR 9.62; 95% CI 3.69–25.10), in smokers (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.19–4.52), in individuals with high waist circumference (WC) (OR 2.22; 95% CI 1.32–3.75), in individuals with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.20–2.14), in individuals with high total cholesterol (TC) (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.21–2.41), in individuals with high triglycerides (TG) (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.27–2.51), and significantly lower in individuals with higher physical activity (PA) (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.49–0.93). The present study demonstrated a prevalence of 2.2% in patients with both TD and T2DM. Additionally, female gender, older age, smoking, high WC, low HDL, high TC, high TG, and low PA were predictors of TD-DM comorbidity.

Landslide life-loss risk quantification based on historical fatalities

Life-loss risk estimates inform decisions that have dramatic impacts on individuals and communities in landslide hazard zones. Literature provides methods for making these estimates through multiplication of site-specific parameters. However, there is no method in the literature for calibrating those estimates, and regional context is needed to make efficient, fair, and affordable decisions. Therefore, we developed methods to quantify risk to individuals and groups based on regional historical fatality and hazard zone population data. The methods can be used to evaluate the accuracy of large sets of site-specific risk estimates, to assign quantitative risk values to buildings and hazard zones at a regional scale, to develop a long-term regional budget for landslide risk management, or to inform selection of a risk tolerance threshold that can inform where limited resources are invested in landslide mitigation. An example of the methods is provided for a case study of residential landslide risk in British Columbia, Canada. It estimates that there are between a few hundred and a few thousand people living with individual risk exceeding 100 micromorts (1 in 10,000) per year, and between 70 and 370 landslide hazard zones with annual probable life loss greater than 1E-3 (1 death in 1,000 years), based on a historical fatality rate of 0.4 to 1.4 deaths per year across the entire province.

Differentiation of five forensically relevant body fluids using a small set of microRNA markers.

In forensic investigations, identifying the type of body fluid allows for the interpretation of biological evidence at the activity level. Over the past two decades, significant research efforts have focused on developing molecular methods for this purpose. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) hold great promise due to their tissue-specific expression, abundance, lack of splice variants, and relative stability. Although initial findings are promising, achieving consistent results across studies is still challenging, underscoring the necessity for both original and replication studies. To address this, we selected 18 miRNA candidates and tested them on 6 body fluids commonly encountered in forensic cases: peripheral blood, menstrual blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, and skin. Using reverse transcription quantitative PCR analysis, we confirmed eight miRNA candidates (miR-144-3p, miR-451a, miR-205-5p, miR-214-3p, miR-888-5p, miR-891a-5p, miR-193b-3p, miR-1260b) with high tissue specificity and four (miR-203a-3p, miR-141-3p, miR-200b-3p, miR-4286) with lesser discrimination ability but still contributing to body fluid differentiation. Through principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, the set of 12 miRNAs successfully distinguished all body fluids, including the challenging discrimination of blood from menstrual blood and saliva from vaginal secretion. In conclusion, our results provide additional data supporting the use of a small set of miRNAs for predicting common body fluids in forensic contexts. Large population data need to be gathered to develop a body fluid prediction model and assess its accuracy.

Downscaling occupational employment data from the state to the Census tract level

The lack of detailed occupational employment data at more granular geographic levels presents significant challenges in forecasting and analyzing local and regional employment changes in the era of the new technological revolution. This study aims to develop detailed occupational employment data by downscaling state-level employment information to the Census tract level. We introduce two downscaling algorithms that leverage employment, population, and sociodemographic composition data sourced from the American Community Survey, the Current Population Survey, and the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics. This approach allows us to create a tract-level employment dataset covering 808 occupations. Such data are crucial for examining the effects of expected technological and demographic shifts on employment at this scale, which is critical for understanding tax base implications and job mobility opportunities. We demonstrate the value of these datasets by examining employment projections for two occupations anticipated to decline due to technological advancements in the near future.

Examining firearm-related deaths in Mexico, 2015–2022

BackgroundGlobally, Mexico is one of six countries with the highest level of firearm mortality. While previous studies have examined firearm mortality in Mexico before 2015, increases in violence since then highlight the need for an updated analysis. In this study, we examined changes in firearm-related deaths in Mexico from 2015 to 2022 and described these deaths by key demographic groups, incident location, and state of occurrence. Data came from Mexico’s Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia (INEGI), a federal agency that collects and reports national population data. We used descriptive statistics to analyze rates, proportions, and percentage changes in firearm mortality, and we displayed temporal trends using time plots and special trends using maps.ResultsFirearm deaths increased in Mexico from 2015 to 2018 but slightly decreased from 2018 to 2022. Homicides presented the highest increase and the highest proportion of firearm-related deaths from 2015 to 2022. Victims were primarily males but rates among women increased at a higher proportion (99.5% vs 53.5%). One third of victims were 20–29y but rates among children and adolescents (10–9y) increased at a higher proportion. Most firearm-related deaths occurred in streets or public spaces but the percentage of incidents occurring in households have increased. State-level rates and percentage changes varied significantly. States with higher rates of firearm mortality coincide with those involving conflict among organized criminal organizations.ConclusionFirearm mortality in Mexico is a major public health burden. The epidemiology of firearm-related deaths in Mexico varies by intent, demographics, location, and states. To mitigate this challenge, multiple solutions are required.