Poor Medication Adherence In Patients Research Articles

How can we explain the poor medication adherence in patients with overactive bladder syndrome?

How can we explain the poor medication adherence in patients with overactive bladder syndrome?

Factors associated with poor adherence to medication in patients with diabetes and hypertension in Peru: findings from a pooled analysis of six years of population-based surveys

ObjectiveTo evaluate the factors associated with poor medication adherence in patients with DM and HTN in Peru. Study designA cross-sectional study. MethodsWe analyzed data from the Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey from 2014 to 2019. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated to determine the factors associated with poor medication adherence. ResultsWe included 15,184 participants with a known diagnosis of DM and HTN. The frequency of poor medication adherence was 37.1%, with 36.7% among individuals with HTN and 29.2% among individuals with DM. Those belonging to age groups above 30 years (aPR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.74–0.80, for the group ≥ 60 years) had a lower frequency of poor medication adherence. Meanwhile, being male (aPR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01–1.05), lacking health insurance (aPR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.05–1.10), belonging to lower wealth quintiles (aPR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.08–1.17, for the first quintile), and living in the mountain region (aPR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.06–1.12) were associated with a higher frequency of poor medication adherence. These findings were consistent when stratifying by the type of disease. ConclusionThis study showed that poor medication adherence is common in patients with HTN and DM in Peru and is associated with sociodemographic factors, highlighting the importance of public health approaches to improve adherence.

Socioeconomic factors associated with poor medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes

PurposeThis study aims to determine initiation and persistence for patients with type 2 diabetes receiving their first prescription of an antidiabetic agent and the associations with socioeconomic factors.MethodsA cohort study including 8515 patients with type 2 diabetes who were prescribed their first antidiabetic medication between 2012 and 2019 in Uppsala, Sweden, was followed during 2 years. Medical records were linked to national registers on dispensed drugs and socioeconomic data. Adherence was assessed based on patients’ medication claims within 30 days of prescription (initiation) and continued claims after 24 months (persistence). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the associations with the socioeconomic factors age, sex, living status, country of birth, education, occupation, and income.ResultsWithin 30 days, 92.4% of the patients claimed their first prescription, and 64.0% were still being dispensed the initially prescribed medication after 24 months. Unemployed patients had lower initiation rates, and women had lower persistence rates. Factors associated with both low initiation and persistence were low income, young or old age, birth outside Europe, and being prescribed other diabetes drugs than metformin monotherapy.ConclusionSocioeconomic factors have different impact on the initiation of a new medication and the persistence to treatment in type 2 diabetes. It is important to acknowledge these differences to develop appropriate interventions to improve medication nonadherence.

Are anxiety and depression risk factors for poor medication adherence in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator?

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): TrygFonden The Lundbeck Foundation Patient@Home Background The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is the preferred treatment for prevention of sudden cardiac death. Most patients with an ICD receive adjunctive medication to manage their heart disease. Poor medication adherence is a prognostic risk factor for cardiac patients and is linked to psychological factors, such as anxiety and depression. To our knowledge, no studies have examined if anxiety and/or depression at the time of ICD implantation is associated with medication adherence during the first year post-implantation. This information is important as it could help health care professionals identify and prevent poor medication adherence in ICD patients. Purpose To examine if anxiety and/or depression at ICD implantation are associated with medication adherence one-year post-implantation in ICD patients. Methods Secondary outcome analysis of the ACQUIRE-ICD, multisite, randomised controlled trial. Out of 478 patients with a first-time ICD or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) included in the trial, 433 patients (90.6%) took heart medication. Of these 433 patients, 322 patients (74.4%) were included in the analyses as they completed assessments at both baseline (implantation) and at 12 months post-implantation. Medication adherence was measured with the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS), anxiety with Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and depression with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Results The mean age of the participants was 60.2 ± 11.2, mainly male (83.9%). Medication adherence was generally medium to high at baseline [6.8% low adherence, 40.1% medium adherence, 53.1% high adherence, mean MMAS score: 7.31 ± 0.94), and at 12-months follow-up (8.1% low adherence, 37.3% medium adherence, 54.6% high adherence, mean MMAS score: 7.33 ± 0.93). In univariate analyses, depression scores at baseline were significantly negatively associated with medication adherence at 12-months post-implantation while adjusting for baseline MMAS scores (B = -0.02, 95% CI [- 0.04, -0.00], p = .04). This association remained statistically significant in the multivariate analysis also adjusting for gender, intervention group, heart failure severity (NYHA class I-II versus III-IV), and implantation center (B = -0.03, 95% CI [- 0.05, -0.00], p = .02). Anxiety scores at baseline were not significantly associated with medication adherence at 12-months post-implantation in neither the univariate (B = -0.02, 95% CI [- 0.04, 0.01], p = .14) nor adjusted analyses (B = -0.02, 95% CI [- 0.04, 0.00], p = .09). Conclusion Depression symptoms at the time of ICD implantation were associated with medication adherence at 12 months post-implantation with higher depression symptoms being associated with lower medication adherence. Anxiety symptoms were not predictive of medication adherence. Patients presenting with depressive symptoms at ICD implantation might be at risk for poor medication adherence.

Factors associated with poor medication adherence in patients with Bipolar Disorders

IntroductionTreatment adherence in patients living with Bipolar Disorders can influence prognosis and quality of life. It is associated with an increased morbidity and healthcare costs.ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to evaluate treatment adherence in a sample of patients living with Bipolar disorders and to determine factors associated with poor adherence.MethodsWe conducted a cross sectional study where we included bipolar patients being treated in psychiatry department A. We developed a survey containing sociodemographic and clinical features. We used the medical adherence rating scale to evaluate treatment adherence.ResultsOur sample consisted of 100 patients with a mean age of 47,5 years old. Sixty seven patients were being treated for bipolar disorder type 1. Medication adherence rate was 64%.Factors associated with poor medication adherence were being single, an early age of onset, comorbid substance abuse disorder, severe treatment side effects and poor insight.ConclusionsPoor medication adherence is a major issue for people living with Bipolar Disorders. Clinicians should pay more attention to sociodemographic and clinical factors to predict and enhance treatment adherence.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Discovery of Novel PTP1B Inhibitors with Once-Weekly Therapeutic Potential for Type 2 Diabetes: Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations of BimBH3 Peptide Analogues.

Poor medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has become one of the main causes of suboptimal glycemic control. Once-weekly drugs can markedly improve the convenience, adherence, and quality of life of T2DM patients; thus, they are clinically needed and preferred. PTP1B plays a negative role in both insulin and leptin signaling pathways, which makes it an important target for diabetes. Herein, we design and synthesize 35 analogues of core BimBH3 peptide via lipidation/acylation strategy based on our previous work and evaluate their PTP1B inhibitory activity, obtaining the primary structure-activity relationship. Five compounds with good PPT1B inhibitory activity, target selectivity, and significantly improved stability were selected for molecular docking study and searching candidate molecules with long-acting antidiabetic potential. The in vivo anti-T2DM evaluation validated the once-weekly therapeutic potential of analogues 19, 26, 27, 31, and 33, which were comparable with semaglutide and therefore presented as promising drug candidates.

Cyclothymic Temperament, Physical Neglect, and Earlier Age of Onset Predict Poor Medication Adherence in Patients With Bipolar Disorder.

Individual-level risk factors may predict poor medication adherence (PMA) in bipolar disorder (BD). This study aimed to evaluate the association between affective temperament, childhood trauma, age of first onset, and PMA in patients with BD in China. A total of 168 patients completed the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale; the Short Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire; and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores were then compared between PMA and non-PMA groups. Binary logistic regression showed that age of first onset was negatively correlated with PMA ( β = -0.106, p = 0.002), whereas physical neglect and cyclothymic temperament were positively correlated with PMA ( β = 0.143, p = 0.029; β = 0.19, p = 0.001, respectively). These findings indicate that cyclothymic temperament, physical neglect, and earlier onset are predictors of PMA in patients with BD and that such patients may require further attention to improve medical compliance.

Cyclothymic Temperament is Associated with Poor Medication Adherence and Disordered Eating in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Case-Control Study.

IntroductionPoor medication adherence and disordered eating are major self-care problems in patients with type 2 diabetes that worsen glycemic control and increase the risk of developing severe diabetes complications. Affective temperament, which remains mostly unchanged throughout life, is speculated to predict poor treatment response and high comorbidity. The aim of this study was to explore the link between affective temperament and poor glycemic control due to insufficient self-care.MethodsThis single-center case–control study involved 77 outpatients divided into the ‘poor glycemic control’ group (n = 52) and the ‘better glycemic control’ group (n = 25) based on their mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels over the past 12 months. All participants underwent one-on-one interviews during which they completed the following psychometric questionnaires: (1) the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0.0; (2) the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire; (3) a researcher-designed single question for assessing subclinical stress-induced overeating; and (4) the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. The difference between two continuous independent variables was determined using Student’s t test. Discrete variables were compared using the Chi-square (χ2) or Fisher’s exact test. Multiple testing corrections were performed using the false discovery rate.ResultsThose outpatients in the poor glycemic control group exhibited significantly more stress-induced overeating (χ2 = 1.14, q statistic = 0.040) and poor medication adherence (t = 3.70, q = 0.034) than those in the better glycemic control group. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of affective temperaments, clinical eating disorders, or diabetes-specific distress. Patients with stress-induced overeating (t = − 2.99, p = 0.004) and poor medication adherence (t = − 4.34, p = 0.000) exhibited significantly higher scores for cyclothymic temperament than their counterparts.ConclusionCyclothymic temperament is significantly associated with disordered eating and/or poor medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes and is possibly linked to poor glycemic control.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13300-021-01121-y.

Self-Reported Antidepressant Drug Side Effects, Medication Adherence, and Its Associated Factors among Patients Diagnosed with Depression at the Psychiatric Hospital of Nepal.

Objective The present study is aimed at evaluating the side effects of antidepressant drugs, medication adherence (MA), and associated factors among patients diagnosed with depression at a psychiatric hospital in western Nepal. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 174 patients visiting the outpatient clinic of a psychiatric hospital. The antidepressant side effect checklist (ASEC) was used to classify the reported antidepressant drug side effects into mild, moderate, and severe types. The Naranjo adverse drug reaction (ADR) probability scale was employed to assess the ADRs, and the Morisky Green Levine Adherence (MGLA) score was employed to determine the rate of medication adherence. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were used, and a P value < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant in the multivariate analysis. Results The patients were mostly female (55.74%), with a median (IQR) age of 32 (20) years. Approximately 74.13% of the patients experienced antidepressant side effects, where insomnia (17.05%) and anxiety (17.05%) were the most common. More than half of the patients (52.29%) had a low level of adherence. Females were 1.01 times more likely to be nonadherent to their antidepressant medications compared to males, adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.001 (0.31-1.63). Similarly, illiterate patients tended to be more nonadherent compared to literates, AOR: 1.342 (0. 93-2.82), and unemployed individuals were 1.5 times more likely to be nonadherent to their medications compared to employed individuals, AOR: 1.46 (1.16-4.13). Likewise, patients with severe side effects were more prone to develop nonadherence than those with moderate side effects, AOR: 1.173 (0.42-3.25). A significant association was found between the Naranjo score and medication adherence. Conclusions This study suggests that antidepressant drug side effects were more prevalent and medication adherence was extremely poor among depressive patients in psychiatric hospitals. Factors such as gender, occupation, education, side effects, and ADRs attributed to poor medication adherence in patients.

EP24 A comparison of the effect of written leaflets, online information and real-time Doppler images: a qualitative study in South Asians

Abstract Background There is poor medication adherence in patients of South Asian origin with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There are limited interventions to improve patient engagement. The objective of this study was to explore how patients of South Asian origin make sense of their disease after receiving written leaflets compared to online information or visualising real-time Doppler Ultrasound (DUS) images of their inflamed joints. Methods Patients of South Asian origin with RA were recruited from two NHS hospitals in the West Midlands, UK. In-depth semi-structured interviews were undertaken following exposure to vignettes designed to elicit patients’ perspectives on: (1) written leaflets, (2) online information to complement face-to-face interaction with healthcare professionals, and (3) DUS during the early stages of the disease journey. Data were analysed thematically until data saturation was reached in twenty individuals. Results The responses to vignette scenarios were described by patients: [1] perspectives on written leaflets at the early stages of the disease journey, [2] perspectives of online information to compliment face-to-face interaction with healthcare professionals, [3] perspective of DUS during the early stages of the disease journey. Overall, patients found real-time DUS more valuable in understanding RA and RA medications compared to other methods. Patients reported DUS reduced anxiety and helped address misconceptions about long-term disease and its ability to be controlled. Conclusion We have developed new understanding regarding the educational utility of a DUS session in patients of South Asian origin and how these sessions can be optimised to increase patient engagement and medication adherence. Disclosures K. Kumar None. C. Bradbury-Jones None. C. Armitage None. S. Peters None. S. Raizada None. P. Wong None.

PDB100 EXAMINING THE TEMPORAL TRENDS IN HYPOGLYCEMIA EVENTS, TREATMENT ADHERENCE AND A1C IN PATIENTS WITH T2D IN THE US

Hypoglycemia and poor medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been shown to cause high glycemic variability leading to increased disease burden. This retrospective study aimed to examine the temporal trends in hypoglycemia events and medication adherence in patients with T2D initiating first-generation basal insulins who show different long-term A1C profiles. Adults (≥18 years) with a T2D diagnosis were identified from the Clinformatics Data Mart between 01/01/2010-30/06/2018. The date of the first basal insulin prescription was the index date. Inclusion criteria: continuous health plan enrolment 12 months pre- (baseline) and 18 months post-index (follow-up), ≥1 OAD/GLP-1 RA prescription during the baseline period, ≥1 baseline A1C record and no missing A1C in two consecutive quarters during follow-up. Quarterly hypoglycemia events and proportion of days covered (PDC) were examined for patients in different A1C cohorts: consistently below target (<7%), consistently above target (⩾7%), and fluctuating. There were 5,785 patients included in the analysis. During follow-up, the below target cohort had more hypoglycemia events in Q1 (0.14 vs. 0.08) and Q2 (0.12 vs. 0.06) than the above target (p<0.05), and lower PDC for basal insulin after Q1 than above target or fluctuating cohort (all p<0.05). Decreasing number of hypoglycemia events (0.10-0.05) and PDC (0.74-0.49) were observed between Q1-Q6 for the overall population. Among patients with basal insulin on hand in each quarter, below target cohort also had more hypoglycemia events in Q1 (0.14 vs. 0.08, p<0.05). A decreasing trend from Q1-Q6 (0.10-0.04) was also observed among all patients with basal insulin use for hypoglycemia events. This analysis showed that patients with consistently below target A1C with first-generation basal insulin had more hypoglycemia events than patients with consistently above target A1C and had lower PDC for basal insulin compared with those with above target or fluctuating A1C.

Practical approaches on the long-acting injections

Over the last several decades, long-acting injections have been studied in order to overcome such problems as low bioavailability in the oral route, the short durations of action in conventional injection, and the poor medication adherence in patients. The authors classified long-acting injections into three categories, namely, molecular modification, nanovehicle carriers, and stimuli-responsive hydrogels. The mechanisms and practical cases of these long acting injectable formulations, including conventional and recent technologies, were described and discussed in this review. Long-acting injection formulations has been proven to be useful from a number of preclinical and clinical studies. Therefore, the long-acting injection technologies can be promising strategy for precision and personalized medicine if the characteristics of formulation such as extended release and the drug-targeting are used appropriately.

1311-P: Machine Learning (ML) Application to Predict Patient Risk of Nonadherence in Type 2 Diabetes Management Using U.S. Claims Databases

Medication non-adherence is one of the common leading public health challenges facing the U.S. Poor medication adherence in patients with diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), may be associated with inadequate glycemic control, increased morbidity and mortality and lead to increased health services utilization and hospital admissions. The use of predictive models based on ML using “big” healthcare data can help identify and predict a subpopulation with high risk of nonadherence, thus providing a scope for improving value in health care and reducing the cost burden. In this study, we extracted 111,180 T2DM patients initiating metformin monotherapy (index date) from the Truven database to train the ML models and predict patients’ level of adherence to metformin monotherapy. Patients must have had at least 6 months of pre-index (baseline) and at least 2 years of post-index (follow-up) data available. Adherence was measured as proportion of days covered (PDC) for metformin in the second year after the index date with PDC &amp;gt;= 0.8 labeled as high-adherence and &amp;lt; 0.8 labeled as low-adherence. A total of 120 variables were extracted including patients’ demographic information, T2DM-related medication and procedure use, comorbidities, and metformin usage information. In the preliminary analysis, random forest classifiers with 80% random split training set and validated with the 20% test set has reached 0.73 accuracy and 0.73 sensitivity. Due to the high dimensionality and sparsity of the features, we will apply further feature engineering and additional non-linear ML models such as XGboosting, BART and super learner to compare with logistic regression model and to optimize the accuracy and sensitivity. A T2DM cohort from Optum claims database will be used for cross-validation to ensure the generalization of the model. This ML model could also be adapted for other therapeutic areas. Disclosure X. Chen: Employee; Self; Merck &amp; Co., Inc. G. Fernandes: None. J. Chen: None. Z. Liu: Employee; Self; Merck &amp; Co., Inc. R. Baumgartner: None.

Poor medication adherence in patients with psoriasis and a successful intervention

Background: The medication adherence of psoriasis patients may be influenced by a series combined internal and external factors. Effective methods for improving adherence could improve treatment outcomes.Objective: To characterize medication adherence in psoriasis patients in China and to test an intervention to improve psoriasis patients’ adherence.Methods: We investigated 200 patients with psoriasis using questionnaires to determine their medication adherence and the factors that influence adherence. In 117 patients, low medication adherence was identified; we randomized 96 of these patients into intervention group and control groups. The intervention group received health education during 6-month therapy. One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was used to analyze the influence factors of medication adherence to further obtain the variables. Logistic regression was used to analyze these data.Results: Adherence of psoriasis patients was poor (41.5%). Factors associated with adherence included sociological characteristics, disease characteristics, medicine type, the cognitive level toward psoriasis, care indicators, and social environment. Patients in the intervention group exhibited greater adherence improvement (83.7%) compared with the control group (6.4%).Conclusions: Medication adherence of the psoriasis patients is poor but can be improved by a health education intervention.

Reasons for Poor Medication Adherence in Patients with Depression

Background: Depression is one among the disorders that have always been targeted by researchers in India. In South India the prevalence is 15.1%. Large number of studies has been published from India revealing various aspects of this commonly prevalent disorder, but there is limited evidence for the non-adherence to anti depressants in India. Aim: To assess the reasons contributing for non adherence in patients with depression. Method: This is a prospective, observational study, conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Guntur. Medication adherence was assessed using the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and a self administered questionnaire during the period of 1st February 2015 to 31st July 2015(i.e. 6months). Results: A total of 60 patients met the inclusion criteria; 68.3% are females and 31.6% are males. Among those, 3 (5%) are highly adherent, 17 (28.33%) are moderately adherent and 40 (66.67%) are poorly adherent. Conclusion: The overall Non adherence rate is found to be high in the study. The results presented suggest that pharmacist instructions may improve adherence in depression. Clinical pharmacist in this regard has a major role to play in uplifting and improving the quality of life of the patient.

Type D Personality Predicts Poor Medication Adherence in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Six-Month Follow-Up Study.

BackgroundType D personality and medication nonadherence have been shown to be associated with poor health outcomes. Type D personality is associated with poor medication adherence in patients with coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. However, the relationship between type D personality and medication adherence in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) remains unknown. This study aims to examine whether type D personality was associated with medication adherence in patients with T2DM.Design and SettingsA follow-up study was conducted in general hospital of the People's Liberation Army in Beijing.Methods412 T2DM patients (205 females), who were recruited by circular systematic random sampling, provided demographic and baseline data about medical information and completed measures of Type D personality. Then, 330 patients went on to complete a self-report measure of medication adherence at the sixth month after baseline data collection. Chi-square test, t tests, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted, as needed.ResultsPatients with type D personality were significantly more likely to have poor medication adherence (p<0.001). Type D personality predicts poor medication adherence before and after controlling for covariates when it was analyzed as a categorical variable. However, the dimensional construct of type D personality was not associated with medication adherence when analyzed as a continuous variable.ConclusionAlthough, as a dimensional construct, type D personality may not reflect the components of the personality associated with poor medication adherence in patients with T2DM, screening for type D personality may help to identify those who are at higher risk of poor medication adherence. Interventions, aiming to improve medication adherence, should be launched for these high-risk patients.

Improving medication adherence in hypercholesterolemia: challenges and solutions.

Medication nonadherence is a prevalent public health issue that contributes to significant medical costs and detrimental health outcomes. This is especially true in patients with hypercholesterolemia, a condition affecting millions of American adults and one that is associated with increased risk for coronary and cerebrovascular events. Considering the magnitude of outcomes related to this disease, the medical community has placed significant emphasis on addressing the treatment for high cholesterol, and progress has been made in recent years. However, poor adherence to therapy continues to plague health outcomes and more must be understood and done to address suboptimal medication taking. Here we provide an overview of the reasons for poor medication adherence in patients with hypercholesterolemia and describe recent efforts to curb nonadherence. Suggested approaches for improving medication taking in patients with high cholesterol are also provided to guide practitioners, patients, and payers.

Type D Personality Predicts Poor Medication Adherence in Patients with Heart Failure in the USA

Type D Personality Predicts Poor Medication Adherence in Patients with Heart Failure in the USA

Type D Personality Predicts Poor Medication Adherence in Patients with Heart Failure in the USA

Type D (distressed) personality and medication nonadherence have been associated with poor health outcomes. Type D personality is associated with poor medication adherence in patients with coronary artery disease. However, the relationship between type D personality and medication adherence in patients with heart failure (HF) remains unknown. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the association between type D personality and medication adherence in patients with HF. This was a sub-analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial with 84 patients with HF in the USA. Demographic, clinical, and psychological data were collected at baseline by interview, questionnaires, and medical record review. Type D personality was assessed using the Type D Personality Scale (DS14). Medication adherence was measured using both objective (Medication Event Monitoring System, MEMS) and self-reported (Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, MMAS-4) measures. Patients started medication adherence monitoring with the MEMS bottle at baseline and is used continuously for a month. Multiple regressions were used to explore the relationships between type D personality and medication adherence while adjusting for demographic, clinical, and psychological factors. Patients with type D personality were more likely to have poor medication adherence. Type D personality was associated with medication adherence before and after adjusting for covariates when it was analyzed as a categorical variable. However, type D personality was not associated with medication adherence when analyzed as a dimensional construct. Negative affectivity, a component of type D personality, was associated with medication adherence. As a dimensional construct, type D personality may not reflect the components of the personality associated with poor outcomes. Negative affectivity was associated with medication adherence in patients with HF. Interventions aiming to improving/enhancing medication adherence need to take into account patients with the negative affectivity component of type D personality who are at higher risk for poor medication adherence, which may lead to adverse health outcomes.

Financial incentives for patients in the treatment of psychosis

Poor medication adherence in patients with a psychosis is associated with relapse. It has been proposed that outcomes might be improved by using financial incentives for treatment adherence (FITA). However,...