Poor Hygiene Practices Research Articles

Poor sleep hygiene practice and associated factors among adults with epilepsy attending follow up care at Mettu Karl comprehensive specialized hospitals in Illu Ababora Zone and general hospital in Buno Bedele zone, Southwest Ethiopia’

BackgroundGlobally, sleep disorders are an important global public health problem. Poor sleep hygiene is at the core of chronic insomnia and other sleep disorders. Sleep hygiene practices are effective, practical, and affordable, and have no side effects other than other therapies benefiting patients with epilepsy. However, there is no research regarding sleep hygiene practice and its awareness among people with epilepsy in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess sleep hygiene practice and its factors in patients with epilepsy.MethodsAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted. The study included 424 participants selected through systematic random sampling. An interviewer-administered Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) questionnaire was used to collect data.The collected data was analyzed using SPSS Version 25.0. Bi-variable and multi-variable analyses were conducted to identify factors related to poor sleep hygiene.ResultsThe frequency of poor sleep hygiene practice among people with epilepsy was 59.5%. Non-adherence to AED (AOR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.13, 3.23), depression (AOR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.42, 4.21), poor sleep quality (AOR = 5.7, 95% CI: 3.12, 10.01), anxiety (AOR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.67, 4.82), and current alcohol drinkers (AOR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.27, 3.13) were associated with poor sleep hygiene practice.Conclusion and recommendationThe perception of sleep hygiene practice among patients with epilepsy was poor. Non-adherence to AED, depression, poor sleep quality, anxiety, and current use of alcohol were associated with poor sleep hygiene practices. Therefore, regular screening, sleep issue management, and expanded mental health support are crucial. Training programs and awareness strategies to improve sleep hygiene are highly recommended. Professionals should incorporate sleep hygiene in epilepsy care.

Implementation and Effectiveness of a Nurse-Led Oral Hygiene Program for Schoolchildren: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Good oral hygiene is essential for schoolchildren's well-being. However, lack of knowledge, negative attitudes, and poor oral hygiene practices may predispose to oral-related diseases. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a nurse-led oral hygiene program on schoolchildren's knowledge, attitudes, and practices. A quasi-experimental design with pre-and-post-test was used. Using the convenience sampling technique, we recruited 400 schoolchildren, aged 11-12 and in grades 5-6, from two primary schools in Egypt. The study was conducted from September 2022 to May 2023. The Oral Hygiene Program served as the primary intervention. This program contains health education topics (e.g., the importance of oral hygiene, techniques for effective tooth brushing, and dietary choices that promote dental health). Three visits were conducted (Visit 1: introduction of the program purpose and objectives and pre-test scores collection, Visit 2: implementation of oral hygiene topics, and Visit 3: post-test scores collection). We used three self-report instruments (Oral Health Knowledge Questionnaire, Hiroshima University's Dental Behavioral Inventory, and Oral Health Practice Questionnaire) for pre- and post-test. Paired T test and Pearson correlation analysis were used for data analysis. After the intervention program, the oral hygiene program effectively enhanced schoolchildren's knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The post-intervention mean scores were 7.83±0.488 (knowledge), 6.63±1.7 (practices), and 9.33±1.1 (attitudes). High statistically significant differences were noted between schoolchildren's oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices before and after implementing the program (p=0.000). There were enhancements in the level of knowledge, with improved positive attitudes and satisfactory practices among schoolchildren after the implementation of the oral hygiene program. Integrating oral hygiene programs into the general curriculum in primary schools and training school nurses, caregivers, and teachers in implementing oral hygiene programs could improve oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices for preventing oral problems.

Prevalence, Cross Contamination, Virulence, and Multidrug Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Four Middle-Scale Dairy Farms in Bareilly, Northern India.

Milk, a nutritious global important food commodity, serves as an excellent medium for microbial growth as well. The foodborne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal member of human microflora that enters the food chain through poor hygienic practices and cross contamination and causes various clinical manifestations in humans. During this study, raw milk and swab samples (milker's hand, udder, towel, milking bucket, and farm floor) were collected from four middle-scale buffalo dairy farms. The results revealed S. aureus presence in 11.6% (n = 56/448) bucket raw milk samples and 2.6% (n = 12/448) udder raw milk samples. Contrarily, S. aureus prevalence was significantly higher in farm floors (100%, n = 84/84), towel (35.7%, n = 10/28), milking bucket (11.6%, n = 56/448), milker's hand (10.7%, n = 3/28), and udder swab samples (4.0%, n = 18/448). The chi-square test yielded p values of 0.000, 0.005, and 0.0011 for udder raw milk, udder swab, and milker's hand swab, respectively. The p values of the milking bucket (p = 0.048) and farm floors (p = 0.0183) confirmed their possible role in S. aureus cross contamination. Gene amplifications of nuclease and enterotoxin A indicate potential virulence of S. aureus isolates in collected samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed multidrug resistance in 44% (n = 239) of S. aureus isolates with the highest resistance of 61% against penicillin. Resistance against ampicillin, streptomycin, and lincomycin was observed. Fewer S. aureus isolates were resistant to kanamycin and erythromycin, whereas the lowest number of resistant isolates was observed against chloramphenicol. A high prevalence of S. aureus in the farm environment and milking equipment suggested the cross contamination of potentially enterotoxin-producing and multidrug-resistant S. aureus to raw milk. Therefore, good hygiene practices should be enforced to avoid foodborne and zoonotic infections.

Sociodemographic Factors and Antenatal Service Utilization among Severe Acute Malnutrition Children under 2 Years of Age, Western India (Rajkot, Gujarat) – A Hospital-based Case-Control Study

Abstract Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) is multifactorial including poor maternal health, sociodemographic factors, and poor quality of diet of both the mother and child. Present study was carried out to determine sociodemographic factors and antenatal service utilization for SAM occurrence. This hospital-based case-control study was carried out from April 2021 to April 2022. Cases (77) and controls (77) were matched for age and sex with 1:1 ratio. Cases were selected from Nutritional Rehabilitation Centre and controls from an immunization clinic using WHO’s Multicentric Growth Reference Study Criteria 2006. Mothers of study participants were interviewed by using semistructured questionnaires. The weight and height of study participants were measured. The odds of children having SAM increased significantly with illiterate parents, working mothers, and labor work of fathers. The absence of toilet facility at home and poor hygienic practices of mothers were significant risk factors. Mother’s <4 antenatal visits, home deliveries, and participants with low birth weight were associated with SAM. Logistic regression stated laborer fathers, poor hand washing practices of mothers, absence of toilet facility at home, and low birth weight of study participants were found independent determinants for SAM. Risk factors identified in the present study are modifiable and can be addressed through health system interventions.

Seroprevalence and risk factors for Lassa virus infection in South-West and North-Central Nigeria: a community-based cross-sectional study.

Understanding the level of exposure to Lassa virus (LASV) in at-risk communities allows for the administration of effective preventive interventions to mitigate epidemics of Lassa fever. We assessed the seroprevalence of LASV antibodies in rural and semiurban communities of two cosmopolitan cities in Nigeria with poorly understood Lassa epidemiology. A cross-sectional study was conducted in ten communities located in the Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), Abuja, and Ikorodu Local Government Area (LGA), Lagos, from February 2nd to July 5th, 2022. Serum samples collected from participants were analyzed for IgG and IgM antibodies using a ReLASV® Pan-Lassa NP IgG/IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. A questionnaire administered to participants collected self-reported sociodemographic and LASV exposure information. Seroprevalence of LASV IgG/IgM was estimated overall, and by study site. Univariate and multivariate log-binomial models estimated unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for site-specific risk factors for LASV seropositivity. Grouped Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) was used for variable selection for multivariate analysis. A total of 628 participants with serum samples were included in the study. Most participants were female (434, 69%), married (459, 73%), and had a median age of 38 years (interquartile range 28-50). The overall seroprevalence was 27% (171/628), with a prevalence of 33% (126/376) in Abuja and 18% (45/252) in Lagos. Based on site-specific grouped LASSO selection, enrollment in the dry season (vs. wet; aPR, 95% CI: 1.73, 1.33-2.24), reported inconsistent washing of fruits and vegetables (aPR, 95% CI: 1.45, 1.10-1.92), and a positive malaria rapid test (aPR, 95% CI: 1.48, 1.09-2.00) were independently associated with LASV seropositivity in Abuja, whereas, only a self-reported history of rhinorrhea (PR, 95% CI: 2.21, 1.31-3.72) was independently associated with Lassa seropositivity in Lagos. The LASV seroprevalence was comparable to that in other areas in Nigeria. Our findings corroborate those from other studies on the importance of limiting human exposure to rodents and focusing on behavioral factors such as poor hygiene practices to reduce exposure to LASV.

Hygienic practice during complementary feeding and associated factors among mothers of children aged 6-24 months in Borecha Woreda, southwestern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study.

Complementary feeding is a critical transitional phase in the life of an infant, and complementary foods should be prepared, stored, and fed hygienically, with clean hands, dishes, and utensils to prevent diseases. However, the prevalence and risk factors associated with hygienic complementary feeding practice have not been well addressed in Ethiopia, especially in the study area. This study aimed to assess hygienic practices and associated factors during complementary feeding among mothers with children aged 6-24 months in Borecha Woreda, Buno Bedele Zone, southwestern Ethiopia, in 2022. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a multistage sampling technique. The study was conducted on 536 mothers of children aged 6-24 months in Borecha Woreda from 1 March to 1 April 2022. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data were coded, cleaned, edited, and entered into Epi-Data version 4.6 and then exported to SPSS version 20.0 for further analysis. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted. Moreover, crude (for bivariate) and adjusted (multivariable) odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to assess the association between independent factors and outcome variables. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out of 536 respondents, 350 (65.3%) exhibited poor hygienic practices during complementary feeding. The risk of poor hygienic practices was about two times higher among women over 30 than those under 25 (AOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.11-2.90). Mothers whose husbands had primary education or higher had a 50% reduced risk (AOR: 0.50; 95% CI 0.31-0.83) of poor hygienic care practices during complementary feeding compared to their counterparts. The odds of poor hygiene practice among mothers with poor knowledge of hygienic care were 2.71 times higher than those with good knowledge (AOR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.60-4.61). The prevalence of poor hygienic practices during the preparation and handling of complementary foods among mothers in Borecha Woreda is high compared to other studies. Therefore, improving hygiene practices during complementary food preparation requires the involvement and responsibility of policymakers, the community, and families.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING MENSTRUAL HYGIENE AMONG FEMALE NURSING STUDENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Objectives: Menstruation, though a normal physiological process in the females of reproductive age group, is surrounded by various misconceptions and social taboos. Inadequate knowledge and unhygienic menstrual practices can adversely affect female health. Poor menstrual hygiene practice has been negatively associated with infection of the reproductive and genitor-urinary tract, cervical cancer, absenteeism from school, or drop-out, poor academic performance, lower self-esteem, and poor quality of life. We conducted this study to evaluate the knowledge and practices regarding menstruation in female nursing students in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted over for three months on female B.Sc nursing students in the first year to the fourth year through face-to-face interview at the department of Pharmacology in a tertiary care hospital. Data regarding socio-demographic profile, knowledge of obstetric and gynaecological factors, perception of menstruation, and hygienic practice of the participants during their menstruation were collected. Results: Responses from 165 participants were analyzed. The mean (± SD) age of the students was 19.64 (± 1.09) years. Most of their parents had education up to a diploma and above (47.27% among mothers and 70.9% among fathers). The majority of the participants used to experience dysmenorrhea (52.72%) and had pre-menarcheal ideas about menstruation (78.18%). Mother was the most common source of information (54.54%) followed by teachers (16.96%) and media (13.33%). The majority knew the source (89.09%) and cause (100%) of menstrual bleeding. A considerable portion (45.45%) thought menstruation as the sign of conception. The majority (96.36%) used commercially made sanitary pads, and used to dispose of the used sanitary pads in the dustbin (98.19%) by wrapping them with paper (98.19%). Conclusion: Present study found an encouraging picture regarding knowledge and hygienic practices during menstruation among the participants. Education about menstrual hygiene needs to be imparted at the grass root level. In this regard Anganwadi and health care workers, teachers and media can play a major role. All mothers need to be taught about the importance of hygienic practices during menstruation, convey correct information to their daughters, and should be encouraged to break the age-old myths and taboos associated with menstruation.

Assessment of bacterial diversity in hand rinse, stored and drinking water in low-income neighbourhoods of Ibule-Soro, Nigeria

ABSTRACT The microbiological quality of hand rinse, stored and drinking water in selected households in Ibule-Soro, Nigeria was assessed for six months. Culture-based, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and molecular methods were used to identify culturable and non-culturable bacterial species in the water samples. The results revealed that bacteria in the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were predominant in the water samples. The order Sphingomonadales had the highest read count of 5,065 with 30.60%. The highest mean bacterial loads include Klebsiella (3.60 log10 cfu/100 mL) in hand rinse water, E. coli (3.62 log10 cfu/100 mL) in stored water and Enterobacter (2.60 log10 cfu/100 mL) in the drinking water. While E. coli had the highest percentage frequency of occurrence of 19.9% in drinking water, Klebsiella had the highest percentage frequency of occurrence of 29 and 23.6% in hand rinse and stored water, respectively. The findings of this study provided a more comprehensive understanding of the microbiome of household hand rinse, stored and drinking water. The high load of enteric bacteria in the hand rinse water suggests poor hand hygiene practices. Stored and drinking water must be treated before consumption to protect residents from potential risks of gastrointestinal illnesses.

Genetic relatedness of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from children under five years of age and food animals in Kisumu County, Kenya

Background: Diarrheal disease remains one of the leading causes of deaths in children below five years of age. The risk factors associated with diarrhea include poor hygiene practices such as open defecation and consumption of contaminated water and food. However, exposure of domestic animal is equally a potential risk factor for diarrhea disease in children. Methodology: We characterized animal-related exposures in a subset of households (n=73) by collecting faecal samples from 150 children with diarrhoea and 100 food animals (30 cattle, 30 chicken, 25 goats and 15 pigs). Escherichia coli was isolated from the faecal samples and biochemically confirmed using conventional microbiological techniques. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of each E. coli isolate was extracted and amplified by multiplex PCR to identify three diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes. The amplified products were sequenced, and genetic relatedness of the isolates was determined through phylogenetic analysis. Results: We isolated and identified a total of 32 (12.8%) diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) from the 250 faecal samples, 26 (17.3%) of which were from the 150 children with diarrhea while 6 (6.0%) were from the 100 food animals (OR=3.285, 95% CI=1.299-8.305, p=0.011). Three DEC pathotypes were confirmed by PCR in 16 DEC strains, with 9 enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), 2 enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), 2 enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), 1 EAEC/ETEC, 1 EAEC/EPEC and 1 ETEC/EPEC mixed strains. The phylogenetic analysis showed that 6 DEC isolates had genetic similarity ranging between 31% to 90%. Isolates S04 originating from animal and S02 from a child with diarrhoea of the same household were closely related, with 55% similarity. Moreover, isolate S05 from animal origin and S06 of diarrheic child origin were closely related, with similarity degree as high as 82% even though they were not paired. Twenty four of the 26 (92.3%) DEC isolates from diarrhoeic children showed multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern to antibiotics but none of the 6 isolates from food animals was multi-drug resistant. Conclusion: The high degree of genetic relationship between DEC isolate S04 and S02 from animal and human origin indicated the high potency of zoonotic transmission. Further studies investigating animal husbandry practices and zoonotic transmission of DEC are needed.

Epidemiology and Clinical Challenges in Early Diagnosis of Penis Cancer in Developing Countries

Penile cancer, though rare globally, has a higher incidence in several developing countries due to factors such as human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, poor hygiene, and certain cultural practices. This study aimed to improve early detection and treatment of penile cancer in developing countries, reduce the burden of disease, and develop strategies for raising education and awareness in these regions. The research method used was descriptive with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out using documentation techniques, and analysis was conducted using triangulation. The research has significant implications for public health policy and medical education in developing countries. The findings emphasize the importance of creating culturally sensitive health campaigns and improving access to early diagnostic tools, which could ultimately lead to earlier detection and improved patient outcomes.

The Relationship of Individual Characteristics and Farm Biosecurity Implementation with The Incident of Contact Dermatitis

Poultry workers risk contracting diseases due to physical or biological exposure. One such disease is contact dermatitis. This study aims to analyze the individual and the application of livestock biosecurity that can be associated with cases of contact dermatitis in cage workers. This study a descriptive-quantitative that uses a cross-sectional approach. The research was conducted at PT. X in June 2022. The sample of this study was 43 people who were taken through simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The results were then tested using Chi-Square and Odds Ratio (OR) with a Confidence Level of 95%. The study showed that two variables were associated with contact dermatitis, namely cage ventilation (OR= 5.45; 95% CI: 1.21 - 24.43; P=0,020) and frequency of hand washing (OR= 2.70; 95% CI: 2.57 - 282.99; P=0,001). Meanwhile, variables that were not significantly related were age (P=0.306), gender (P=0.206), length of work (p=0.698), floor (P=1.000), and PPE usage (P=0.245). Poor environmental quality and personal hygiene practices could affect contact dermatitis in workers. Therefore, efforts are needed, such as occupational safety and health education for workers, routine health checks, and environmental inspections at PT. X.

Connecting the dots: Exploring the relationship between menstrual hygiene and bacterial vaginosis in eastern India

ABSTRACT Introduction: Menstruation is a normal physiological event that takes place in a rhythmic fashion during the reproductive period of a woman. Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices differ and depend on the individual’s socioeconomic status, local traditions and beliefs, and access to water and sanitation resources. Insufficient and incorrect information regarding menstruation and lack of knowledge and awareness leads to poor personal hygienic practices, which further leads to many infections. Bacterial vaginosis, the most common RTI, is characterized by an alteration in the vaginal micro biome with a decline in hydrogen peroxide producing Lactobacillus colonization and an overgrowth of facultative anaerobic bacteria like Gardnerella spp., Mobiluncus spp., etc. Aims: The primary objective of the study was to find out the association of bacterial vaginosis with menstrual hygiene practices. The secondary objective was to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among patients presenting with vaginal discharge to the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: Women in the reproductive age group 18-45 years having regular menstrual cycles were included in the study. Participants were enquired for sociodemographic data, menstrual hygiene practices and symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge. High vaginal swab was collected for the symptomatic patients and sent to investigate for presence of bacterial vaginosis. Results and observation: The prevalence of BV was found to be 13% among symptomatic patients presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge. Apart from abnormal discharge, itching and burning sensation was also seen to have a positive association with bacterial vaginosis (p &lt; 0.001). The women who used clothes as absorbent were more prone to develop BV than women using sanitary pad. The other parameters to have positive association with BV were decreased frequency of taking body bath. Unsatisfactory sanitation of latrine was found to be strongly associated with BV after adjusting for confounders. Conclusion: In conclusion, the result of this study provided a strong association between poor MHM practices with BV.

Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella species from slaughtered cattle carcasses and abattoir personnel at Dessie, municipality Abattoir, Northeast Ethiopia

BackgroundAntibiotic-resistant Salmonella is one of the main public health concerns in the world. Isolation of Salmonella in abattoirs has been considered the core source of infection in the community from meat. Still, there is limited information on the contamination rate of cattle carcasses.ObjectiveThis study aimed to document the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella species recovered from cattle carcass and abattoir personnel at Dessie, municipality abattoir, Northeast Ethiopia:MethodsA total of 336 carcass swabs of abdomen, neck, and hind limb from cattle carcasses and 24 stool samples were collected from abattoir personnel using a systematic sampling method from February to April 2019. The collected samples were transported using Cary-Blair transport media and cultivated on Selenite cysteine F-broth, Brilliant green agar, and Xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar plates to isolate Salmonella species. Gram stain, colony morphology, and biochemical tests were performed to identify the isolated bacteria. An antimicrobial susceptibility test for Salmonella was performed using the Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method. Descriptive statistics; both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 software. P-value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe prevalence of salmonella species was 8%(27/336) from all samples.‘The prevalence of Salmonella isolates in cattle carcass and abattoir personnel was 8%(25/312) and 8.3%(2/24) respectively. The antimicrobial test showed that Salmonella species were 100% resistant to ampicillin, 59.3% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 59.3% to tetracycline, and 55.6% to amoxicillin/clavulanate. From the total antimicrobial tested bacteria, 81.5%(22/27) were resistant to three and above classes of antibiotics (drug classes). Unwashed knives, carcasses, and hands of butchers during slaughtering were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with Salmonella found in carcasses.ConclusionsSalmonella isolation rates from cattle carcasses were high, with the bacteria showing notable resistance to most tested antibiotics. Poor hygiene practices, unsanitized equipment, and unhygienic beef processing were contributing factors.

Effects of health education intervention on menstrual hygiene knowledge and practices among the adolescent girls of Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal.

Poor menstrual hygiene practices are one of the major public health problems in Nepal. Due to persistent taboos and socio-cultural constraints, adolescent girls are often unaware of scientific facts, knowledge, and practices related to menstrual hygiene. This paper aims to assess the effects of health education intervention on menstrual hygiene knowledge and practices among adolescent girls in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal. A true experimental study was conducted in two government basic schools in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal. The study population was adolescent girls who had attended the menarche. Firstly, a pretest with the help of a self-administered questionnaire was done to find out the socio-demographic information, knowledge and practices of menstrual hygiene. Next, health education sessions were conducted among the intervention group. Finally, after one month of intervention, a post-test was conducted among the intervention and non-intervention group. Data analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed significant improvement in the knowledge and practice level of adolescent girls on menstrual hygiene after health education intervention. Participants in the intervention group showed a significant increase in knowledge scores from 10.0% to 67.0%, while the non-intervention group remained unchanged at 7.5%. Good menstrual hygiene practices scores in the intervention group increased significantly from 22.5% to 67.0%, whereas the non-intervention group saw a slight rise from 20.0% to 22.5%. Regarding observed practice scores in menstrual hygiene, significant improvement was observed in the intervention group (45.0% to 100.0%) in contrast to the non-intervention group (25.0% to 27.5%). This study highlights the crucial role of school health education interventions in promoting menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. It emphasizes the importance of comprehensive educational programs tailored to early teenage girls, addressing timing, content, and delivery methods alongside ensuring the availability of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) facilities.

Oral health in obese children common findings, prevention, treatment and outcome

Childhood obesity is a significant global public health issue, closely linked to various oral health challenges, including dental caries, periodontal disease, and malocclusion. Obese children are more prone to these dental problems due to dietary habits that include high sugar and carbohydrate intake, poor oral hygiene practices, and systemic inflammation. This review explores the common oral health issues faced by obese children and emphasizes the importance of preventive strategies and tailored treatment approaches. Preventive measures include promoting healthy dietary habits, improving oral hygiene practices, and ensuring regular dental check-ups. Dietary modifications, such as reducing the intake of sugary snacks and beverages, play a crucial role in preventing tooth decay and other dental problems. Educating children and caregivers about proper brushing and flossing techniques and the use of fluoride toothpaste and dental sealants further supports oral health. Regular dental visits allow for early detection and management of dental issues, with professional cleanings, fluoride treatments, and appropriate restorative and periodontal therapies being integral components of care. The outcomes of these comprehensive treatment strategies are generally positive, leading to improved oral health and overall quality of life for obese children. Multidisciplinary collaboration among healthcare providers, including dentists, pediatricians, and nutritionists, is essential to develop effective care plans that address both obesity and oral health. This integrated approach ensures that obese children receive holistic care that promotes lifelong healthy habits, reducing the risk of future dental and systemic health problems. The review underscores the necessity of a concerted effort to address the intertwined issues of obesity and oral health in children, highlighting the potential for significant health improvements through targeted prevention and treatment strategies.

Food safety profile of university food handlers in Bangladesh: A multicenter cross-sectional study

The current study aimed to explore the food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices of university food handlers in Bangladesh. To achieve this goal, a cross-sectional study was formulated to be carried out among food handlers at different public universities. Data collection was conducted through face-to-face interviews utilizing a structured questionnaire. A total of 788 food handlers participated in the study and were considered for performing all the statistical analyses (descriptive statistics, MannWhitney U test, KruskalWallis H test, multiple logistic regression, and Spearman rankorder correlation). According to the study findings, almost 20.7 % of food handlers lacked formal education, and only 22.8 % had participated in food safety training. Approximately 31.5 % and 28.4 % of the food handlers had good knowledge and good practices, respectively. The majority of the food handlers had poor knowledge about foodborne diseases and foodborne pathogens. Most food handlers had poor hand hygiene practices. Almost all food handlers did not wear caps, gloves, aprons, or masks while handling food. However, despite of having poor knowledge and practices, food handlers (69.8 %) had comparatively good attitudes toward food safety practices, which indicates that adequate support and motivation from food safety authorities can significantly improve preventive practices among them. Therefore, it is recommended that food safety authorities accelerate their activities and arrange hand-based training and educational programs for food handlers to enhance food safety knowledge and practices.

Socioeconomic Risk Factors in Neurocysticercosis.

NCC is responsible for around 30% of active epilepsy in endemic countries such as India. Knowing socioeconomic factors associated with NCC can help in decreasing the incidence of this disease. We intend to study socioeconomic risk factors in NCC patients and how these factors are different from patients without NCC. Consecutive 100 adult patients of NCC presenting to neurology services with probable NCC (symptomatic or asymptomatic) along with age- and sex-matched controls were interviewed with preset proforma and then data was compiled and analyzed statistically. The NCC group had significantly more people with lesser education level (53%) as compared to control group (42%) (P = 0.002), lower socioeconomic status, poor hand hygiene practices, and use of contaminated vegetables (40% NCC group, 1% control group, P < 0.0001). Open defecation practice was also more among NCC cases. Lower education and socioeconomic status, poor hand hygiene, and eating undercooked contaminated vegetables are modifiable factors that are more prevalent in patients of NCC compared to controls. Social interventions aiming at these will help to reduce NCC patients in our country.

Understanding period product use among young women in rural and urban India from a geospatial perspective

Ensuring proper menstrual hygiene management remains a significant challenge for young women in India. The term "exclusive use of hygienic period products during menstruation" refers to relying solely on period products like sanitary pads, tampons, or menstrual cups. Poor menstrual hygiene practices not only increase the risk of reproductive tract infections but also lead to various negative health outcomes, including discomfort and potential complications. This study explores factors associated with the exclusive use of period products during menstruation aged 15–24, investigates geographic disparities, examines rural–urban gaps, and assesses inequality in India. Utilizing data from the fifth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), responses from 2,41,180 women aged 15 to 24 were analysed using logistic regression and multivariate decomposition analyses to explore socioeconomic predictors. Moran's I statistics also assessed spatial dependency, while Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients measured inequality. Quintile and LISA maps visualized regional disparities. The study found that 76.15% of women in India reported exclusive use of hygienic period products during menstruation. Rural areas reported a lower percentage of exclusive use of hygienic period products (72.32%) during menstruation compared to urban areas (89.37%). Key factors associated with the exclusive use of hygienic period products among 15–24-year-old women in India include age, education, place of residence, wealth, access to media, and healthcare discussions. Geographically, central districts exhibited the lowest coverage (< 65%), while the Southern region reported the highest (> 85). The GINI coefficient of 0.39 highlighted moderate inequality in distribution. Decomposition analysis revealed that household wealth contributed 49.25% to rural–urban differences, followed by education (13.41%), media access (7.97%), and region (4.97%). This study highlights significant regional disparities and low utilization of hygienic period products among young women in India, particularly in central districts. Policymakers should prioritize interventions targeting these regions, addressing socio-economic disparities. Strategies to promote education, improve media access, and enhance household wealth can facilitate menstrual hygiene adoption. Initiatives to reduce sanitary napkin costs and increase accessibility, particularly in rural areas, are crucial to mitigating geographical disparities nationwide.

A Comprehensive Review on Acanthamoeba Keratitis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Strategies.

Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare but severe corneal infection caused by the free-living amoeba, Acanthamoeba, which is ubiquitously present in the environment. This condition predominantly affects contact lens wearers but can also occur in non-lens users, particularly those exposed to contaminated water or with compromised immune systems. AK is characterized by progressive corneal inflammation, epithelial defects, and ulceration, which can lead to significant visual impairment or blindness if not promptly diagnosed and treated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of AK by synthesizing current knowledge on its epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies. The review also highlights preventive measures and public health strategies to reduce the incidence of this debilitating condition. A detailed examination of existing literature was conducted, focusing on the global incidence of AK, demographic trends, and various risk factors such as contact lens use, environmental exposures, and immunity status. The review also delves into the pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba infection, the host immune response, and the challenges in distinguishing AK from other forms of infectious keratitis. Therapeutic strategies, including medical and surgical interventions, are analyzed, along with emerging treatments. The global incidence of AK has increased, particularly among contact lens users, due to poor hygiene practices and environmental exposures. Early diagnosis remains challenging, often leading to delayed treatment and poorer outcomes. Biguanides and diamidines are the mainstays of medical therapy, with surgical options considered in advanced cases. Emerging therapies, such as photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial peptides, show promise in enhancing treatment outcomes.AK poses a significant threat to ocular health due to its potential for severe visual impairment and the complexities associated with its diagnosis and treatment. Early recognition, appropriate management, and public health initiatives focused on prevention are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Ongoing research and a collaborative approach among healthcare providers are essential to advancing the understanding and management of AK.

Epidemiology of eye diseases in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is densely populated country in South Asia, faces significant challenges in eye health due to various socioeconomic, environmental, and healthcare access factors. Limited access to quality eye care services, poor hygiene practices, prevalence of infectious diseases, and a high burden of non-communicable diseases contribute to the prevalence of eye disorders in the region. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors associated with various eye diseases among the population of Bangladesh. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to gather data on the epidemiology of eye diseases in Bangladesh. Published studies, national surveys, and reports from relevant health organizations were reviewed to compile data on the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors of common eye conditions, including cataracts, refractive errors, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. The prevalence of eye diseases in Bangladesh is relatively high, with conditions such as refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal diseases being major concerns. Refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, affect a substantial portion of the population, particularly among children and young adults. Cataracts, a leading cause of blindness worldwide, also pose a significant burden in Bangladesh, with prevalence increasing with age. While the prevalence of glaucoma in Bangladesh is lower compared to some other countries, the condition remains a cause of concern due to its impact on quality of life and the healthcare system. Diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes mellitus, affects the retina and is a leading cause of vision loss and blindness globally in the elderly. In Bangladesh, the rising prevalence of diabetes, fueled by changing lifestyles and an aging population, has contributed to an increasing burden of diabetic retinopathy. Conjunctivitis is prevalent, particularly in densely populated urban areas and rural communities with limited access to clean water and sanitation facilities.Collaborative efforts involving government agencies, healthcare providers, non-governmental organizations, and the community are essential to effectively address the burden of eye diseases in Bangladesh. By implementing preventive measures and improving access to quality eye care services, it is possible to mitigate the impact of these eye diseases and improve visual health outcomes for the population.