Polyvinyl Butyral Research Articles

Polyvinyl Butyral Solid Electrolyte Film and Its Electrochromic Laminated Safety Glass.

In recent years, the application of electrochromic laminated safety glass has attracted more and more attention, relying on polyvinyl butyral (PVB) solid electrolyte film. Herein, the ionic conductivity (σ) of the PVB film has been improved by a cross-linked structure and blended with LiClO4, which can reach as high as 1.78 × 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature. In addition, their excellent comprehensive characteristics have been confirmed, such as mechanical strength, high visible light transmittance (>90%), high bond strength (4.2 MPa), and excellent thermal stability. Based on the PVB film above, WO3-laminated electrochromic devices with 5 × 5 cm2 and 10 × 10 cm2 areas are constructed. They can remain stable after 20 000 cycles monitored by cyclic voltammetry curves, indicating the PVB solid polymer electrolyte (PSPE) with a cross-linked structure has the potential commercial viability of large-area electrochromic devices (ECDs).

Mechanical and Antibacterial Performances of Polyvinyl Butyral/ Polypropylene Glycol -decorated Nano-Zinc Oxide Treated Polyester Nonwoven

Mechanical and Antibacterial Performances of Polyvinyl Butyral/ Polypropylene Glycol -decorated Nano-Zinc Oxide Treated Polyester Nonwoven

Stable heterometallic metal-organic frameworks and pellet composites for low-temperature natural gas storage

Liquefied natural gas coupled with adsorbed natural gas charging (LNG-ANG) offers an efficient solution for recycling boil-off gas, providing a promising strategy for the competent storage and transportation of natural gas. The key challenge in LNG-ANG coupling systems is identifying adsorbents that exhibit superior methane adsorption performance and excellent stability under cryogenic conditions (∼159 K). In this work, we systematically investigated the methane adsorption performance of a stable metal–organic framework, PCN-250-Fe2Ni, under LNG-ANG related conditions. The results demonstrated that PCN-250-Fe2Ni exhibited a high methane capacity of 286 cm3 (standard temperature and pressure, STP) cm−3 (0.227 g g−1) at 6 bar/159 K. Furthermore, the pellet composite of PCN-250-Fe2Ni and polyvinyl butyral also displayed a high methane adsorption capacity with excellent cycling stability. Combined with grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, our findings revealed that the cage-type pores serve as initial methane adsorption sites, followed by the channel-type pores, both of which contribute to the framework’s high low-temperature methane storage performance at saturation.

The Influence of Selected Parameters of Recycled Polyvinyl Butyral on the Sustainable Filament Extrusion Process

In recent years, sustainability has permeated nearly every aspect of our lives, and the manufacturing sector is no exception. The terms “sustainable manufacturing” and “zero-waste manufacturing” are now part of our everyday vocabulary. This study, which explores the influence of key parameters on the filament extrusion process using recycled polyvinyl butyral (PVB), which is an amorphous polymer commonly obtained from the glass recycling industry, has significant practical implications. By determining the optimal conditions for the extrusion process, we can enhance the mechanical properties of the produced PVB filament yarns and their printability. As a result of identifying errors, optimizing the process, and eliminating the resulting shortcomings, a fiber made of PVB material with a diameter of 1.75 mm (±0.06 mm) was created that can be used in most FDM devices. The length of the created fiber was approx. 20 m, and in the presentation of the results, it will be used for printing samples, adhesion tests to the printing mat, shrinkage tests, and tensile tests of the fiber. After removing all the shortcomings, the ideal extrusion temperature was at 155 °C. This temperature was verified using microscopic cross-sections, and deformations or changes were observed in their cross-sections. The deviation of the material currently undergoing testing for the adhesion of PVB to various types of print beds, which was found suitable for use in FFF devices, was 1.75 −0.25/+0.25. This, in turn, can significantly expand the application of these materials in additive manufacturing, thereby making a substantial contribution to the advancement of sustainable manufacturing.

Construction of all-solid-state ion-selective sensors using electrolyte-containing polymers.

All-solid-state NO3-, K+, NH4+, Na+, and Ca2+ ion-selective sensors (ISEs) were prepared using polyvinyl butyral (S-LEC®K KX-5). In the present case, polyvinyl butyral was used as a porous material to keep the internal solution of the respective ISE. All sensors exhibited near-Nernst responses in the concentration region between approximately 10-5 and 0.1moldm-3. To avoid the influence of KCl as interfering ions, MgSO4 was used as an electrolyte within the salt bridge. Although the liquid junction potential was generated, the potential difference was stabilized within about few minutes. The NO3--ISE showed high stability with no potential drift during 12h of continuous measurements and maintained high sensitivity even after 3weeks of storage in ultrapure water. Solidification of the internal solution is expected to make the sensor smaller and increase its mechanical strength. As an actual measurement, the sodium concentration in plasma samples using the Na+-ISE was measured to confirm agreement with literature values.

Methods for increasing productivity of AC-electrospinning using weir-electrode

The presented work brings new knowledge in the field of spinning electrodes for AC‑electrospinning technology, which is used for producing nanofibrous structures using a solution of polyvinyl butyral. It presents new types of spinning weir‑electrodes and describes research on the influence of electrode design parameters on the stability of the spinning process and the productivity of nanofiber production. The multistage spinning electrode is presented in the ratio of stages one to five. Research is also focused on the effect of the parameters of the electric signal used as a source for the spinning electrode on spinning stability and productivity. Observed parameters were voltage level, frequency and shape such as sine wave, rectangle wave and modified sine wave. An analysis of the influence of the spinning conditions on the resulting nanofibrous structure was also performed by analyzing results gained by SEM; the defects were investigated mainly. The results of the research presented in the thesis open up new possibilities for follow-up research in the field of AC-electrospinning.

On the Use of Recycled PVB to Develop Sustainable Separators for Greener Li‐Ion Batteries

AbstractIn this work, sustainable Li‐based battery separators are prepared starting from a waste material from the glass industry, viz. polyvinyl butyral (PVB) widely used as a sacrificial interlayer in high impact‐resistant windows. First, polymeric membranes are prepared via the phase‐inversion method using commercial PVB as the backbone and 4,4′‐methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate) as a crosslinking agent. They are characterized from a physicochemical viewpoint by thermomechanical analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, and are successfully tested as separators in Li‐metal cells with LP30 electrolyte. Electrical and electrochemical properties are evaluated by impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic cycling, providing comparable results with commercial Celgard 25 µm monolayer microporous polypropylene separator. As a proof‐of‐concept, for the first time, recycled PVB‐based polymer membranes from wasted car glasses are prepared, adjusting the synthesis protocol to account for the presence of plasticizers and contaminants. They show a dense elastomeric appearance and proved to be compatible with Li metal and stable upon 600 h of Li plating/stripping. The electrochemical window is compatible with the LiFePO4 cathode, as demonstrated by prolonged galvanostatic cycling (250 cycles) in laboratory‐scale cells. Preliminary results are highly encouraging and pave the way to developing novel separators for safe, low‐cost, and sustainable energy storage devices.

Exploring alternatives for detecting microplastics in the human body: questionnaire survey

Microplastics (MPs) can enter the body via plastic products. Given modern plastic exposure, we seek to assess MP exposure in large populations through epidemiological tools. In this quasi-experimental study, every participant filled out a questionnaire, and those who satisfied any of the following requirements were not allowed to continue in the study: Diabetes, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, infectious diseases. Participants in the exposure and control groups were provided three hot meals in disposable plastic tableware (DPT) (n = 30) or non-DPT (n = 30), respectively. After a month of observation, individuals in the exposure group discontinued the three meals provided in DPT (n = 27) for 1 month as the post-exposure group. Each Participant in the three groups received a questionnaire survey and fecal sample collection. We compared the differences in MP levels between different groups and used the Bland–Altman analysis method to evaluate the consistency of the results obtained by different measurement methods. Statistically significant differences in the total quantity (P (0.80 matching degree) = 0.020; P (0.65 matching degree) < 0.001) and types (Polyethylene Terephthalate (EVA) (P = 0.039), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) (P = 0.022), Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) (P = 0.013), Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) (P = 0.039), phenolic epoxy resin (P = 0.012)) of MPs were observed between the exposure and post-exposure groups. The Bland–Altman analysis results indicate that the two methods exhibit good consistency in the three groups (control group: mean difference = 0.54, agreement limits (95% CI) = − 0.44 ~ 1.54; exposure group: mean difference = 0.41, agreement limits (95% CI) = − 0.19 ~ 1.01; post-exposure group: mean difference = 0.19, agreement limits (95% CI) = − 0.63 ~ 1.02). The method based on questionnaire surveys can substitute the method of fecal sample detection to evaluate the exposure of MP particles.

Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of a material based in recycled polyvinyl butyral PVB and high-density polyethylene HDPE determined in human peripheral leukocytes

Abstract Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is a polymer resin byproduct of the automotive industry. Separation and recycling of PVB from automotive windshield production lines solve waste management issues and might be used in biomedicine implants, particularly when blended with high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Materials designed for biological applications must undergo pre-clinical safety evaluation, including in vitro biocompatibility and cytotoxicity testing. This study evaluated in vitro the biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of thick composite films made of recycled PVB (rPVB), HDPE, and composites made of concentrations of both polymers using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors. The microstructure and elemental analysis revealed no potential concerns regarding mechanical damage to the cell cultures. After culturing the PBMCs in the presence of the polymers and their blends, we observed no acute release of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL1-β, nor evidence of cell death, measured by the release of nucleosomes to the extracellular medium at 24 h nor at 7 days of culture. We also found no damage to the cell monolayer. The stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), used here as proinflammatory control, induced the significant release of both cytokines and caused damage to the cell monolayer. In conclusion, the pure recycled PVB, pure HDPE, and their composites are safe and biocompatible.

Preparation and characterization of low loss polyvinyl butyral/barium titanate nanocomposite films for energy storage applications

For energy storage applications, attaining high dielectric permittivity as well as low loss factor is the foremost target. This could be accomplished via filling polymer matrices with inorganic filler which is characterized by relatively high dielectric permittivity. In the present study, polyvinyl butyral (PVB) was used as a matrix material for preparing nanocomposite films filled with different weight fractions (2, 5, 10, and 15%) of barium titanate (BaTiO3) using the casting approach. The results show that BaTiO3 (BT) is well incorporated inside the PVB matrix. Although the dielectric permittivity has been decreased from 3.61 to 2.41 at 1 kHz upon filling the PVB matrix with 5 wt. % of BT, the PVB-BT-NPs-5 nanocomposite film shows the lowest loss factor ~ 0.0049, nearly half that for PVB, 0.0092, which implies the increased film ability to keep its stored energy. The PVB-BT-NPs-5 has been irradiated with gamma radiation to investigate its impact on the structure beside its dielectric and thermal properties. The crystallite size of BT has been decreased from 20.64 to 17.77 nm as PVB-BT-NPs-5 nanocomposite film has been irradiated at a dose of 0.5 kGy. The dielectric permittivity has been decreased from 2.41 to 2.37 at 1 kHz, whereas an increase from 0.0049 to 0.0073 in the loss factor is observed. Furthermore, the thermal stability has been decreased due to the deformation induced by gamma rays inside the nanocomposite films. Therefore, these nanocomposite films could be better exploited in energy storage applications in its un-irradiated form.

Hybrid organic - inorganic filter system for cadmium ions adsorption from aqueous solutions

The study reflects on the problem of heavy metals, namely cadmium, polluting the natural environment. The goal was to select the most efficient adsorber enabling ion exchange between calcium and cadmium in an aqueous environment and subsequently design a material hybrid organic-inorganic, particle-fiber system that adsorbs cadmium from aqueous environments and will be easily included in the technological process. The novelty of this study lies in the use of waste food material – eggshells as a source of biogenic nanoparticles. These are applied to a nanofibrous structure made of polyvinyl butyral in amounts of 8 to 10 %wt by weight by the AC electrospinning. (The experiment was performed with these boundary conditions: temperature was 23°C, and humidity was 42%. The high-electrical voltage amplifier generated a sinusoidal waveform with a frequency of 50 Hz and an amplitude of 32 kV) and were used for ion exchange. In ion exchange, cadmium ions are exchanged with calcium ions based on the principle of chemical similarity of the two elements expressed by the z/r ratio (charge/ radius ratio), the z/r ratio is 2.02 for calcium ions Ca2+ and 2.06 for cadmium Cd2. Separateted nanoparticles of calcium carbonate obtained by burning eggshells (727°C) with dimensions from 100 to 200 nm and a specific surface area of 3.9 m2/g showed the highest adsorption capacity of 99.8%, synthetic calcium carbonate at 71.8%, and ground eggshells the lowest at 25.0%. Designed and laboratory-tested filter system of nanoparticles - nanofibers captures 95.6% and 96.8% of cadmium ions from an aqueous solution within 10 minutes and 90 minutes, respectively, at a concentration of cadmium ions of 10 mg/l, and at several nanoparticles of 0.3 g. The ion exchange is carried out only on the filter surface, and after a specific time, the calcium carbonate nanoparticles are released from the filter probably due to absence of chemical bond between nanoparticles and nanostructures or the low density of the nanofibrous structure. SEM, EDX, FTIR, BET and TGA analysis were used for material evaluation. The adsorption capacity of used nanoparticles and filter adsorbers was evaluated according to residual amounts of cadmium ions in aqueous solutions using ICP-IOS.

Advanced superhydrophobic polylactic acid fibers with high porosity and biodegradability for efficient solvent recovery

The conventional oil-absorbing materials utilized for addressing oil and organic solvent pollution are plagued by the issue of secondary pollution. In this study, biodegradable porous polylactic acid (PLA) fiber materials were prepared using centrifugal spinning technology, with PLA and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as raw materials. PVB was utilized as a pore-forming agent to fabricate multi-layered porous PLA fiber materials. When the content of PVB in the spinning solution was 14 %, the porous PLA fibers exhibited the maximum specific surface area of 60.7 m2/g and a porosity of up to 85.4 %, interior of the fiber contained numerous mesopores. Additionally, the porous PLA fibers demonstrated excellent superhydrophobic oil absorption properties, with a water static contact angle of 137.8° and oil or organic solvent absorption capacities ranging from 10 to 17.7 g/g. Furthermore, porous PLA fiber materials exhibited outstanding biodegradability, with a degradation mass loss rate of 42.3–45.1 %. Therefore, superhydrophobic and oleophilic biomass-based PLA fiber materials prepared in centrifugal spinning show promising applications in the recovery of organic solvents and oily substances.

Study on the Rheological Behaviors, Thixotropy, and Printing Characteristics of Screen Printing Slurry for Nd-Fe-B.

The rheological behavior and printing characteristics of the screen-printing slurry for Nd-Fe-B grain boundary diffusion are key factors that determine the quality of printing and magnetic performance. However, few studies have focused on the organic medium, a crucial material for slurry. In this paper, the rheology, thixotropy, and thermal decomposition behavior of the organic vehicle in Nd-Fe-B screen printing slurry were studied. The results show that the organic vehicle formed by terpineol and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) exhibits typical non-Newtonian fluid characteristics, with excellent rheology and thixotropy, ensuring that the slurry prepared from it has excellent static stability and printing consistency. Additionally, the carbon residue of the organic vehicle formed by terpineol and PVB is less than 0.1% at 900 °C, avoiding excessive carbon entering the magnet during the diffusion process. Moreover, studying the rheology and thixotropy of the organic vehicle through a rheometer can quickly screen the slurry system. This work provides valuable guidance for designing an organic vehicle for screen-printing slurry for Nd-Fe-B grain boundary diffusion in future research.

Investigations on the finite strain behavior of standard PVB: experiment and modeling

AbstractThe numerical simulation of the residual load-bearing capacity of laminated glass is one of the most relevant topics of current research in structural glass engineering. The mechanical description of the behavior of the interlayer plays a crucial role. Several approaches and models already exist in automotive engineering and structural protection. Structural glass design assuming quasi-static loads misses a detailed model so far. The aim of this work is the mechanical description of the time-dependent behavior of Polyvinylbutyral (PVB) under large deformations considering quasi-static loading. The results of experiments on single-layer Standard PVB are presented, and a model of finite nonlinear viscoelasticity is derived. In particular, the formulation of phenomenologically motivated viscosity functions is described. Subsequently, the model parameters are calibrated on the experimental results, and the uniaxial stress state is simulated.

Structural, electrical, and transport properties of a PVB: NH4Br complexed solid polymer electrolyte films for electrochemical cell applications

ABSTRACT Polymer electrolytes are a key development in advancing battery technology, enabling more efficient energy storage. This study focused on developing a solid-state polymer electrolyte film by doping NH4Br with Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) using a solution-cast method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to evaluate the amorphousness and crystallinity of the films, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed complex formation between the salt and polymer. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the electrolyte film was estimated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Ionic conductivity was measured through AC impedance spectroscopy, revealing that the PVB-NH4Br electrolyte doped with 30 wt% NH4Br at 30 °C had an ionic conductivity of 1.47 × 10−7 S cm−1. This conductivity followed an Arrhenius relationship, where conductivity increased with temperature. Dielectric studies showed that at low frequencies, the dielectric constant and loss were higher, while both decreased at higher frequencies. DC Wagner’s polarization technique verified that ion transport was the dominant conduction mechanism. Discharge testing of the electrolyte film using a Swagelok cell showed an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.2 V and a short-circuit current (SCC) of 0.42 mA, indicating promising performance for battery applications.

Dynamic response and safety performance of composite-laminated heliostat under hail impact

ABSTRACT Areas rich in solar energy are prone to strong convective weather, leading to severe hail disasters, which makes heliostats under the threaten of hail impacts. An evaluation model of composite laminated heliostat under hail impacting is established and validated. Subsequently, the effect of interlayer type and thickness ratio on the dynamic response and safety assessment of composite laminated heliostats impacted by hail are investigated. Additionally, the velocity thresholds for hail terminal velocity of composite laminated heliostats with a thickness range of 2–4 mm, based on the optimal thickness ratio, are studied. The results indicate that the maximum principal stress value of the composite laminated heliostat remains similar to that of the single-layer heliostat when the interlayer types are SentryGlas Plus (SGP) and Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB). The maximum principal stresses of single-layer heliostats with thicknesses of 2-4 mm are 2.92, 1.50, and 1.35 times, compared to the first-layer glass of composite laminated heliostat with the same thickness under the optimal thickness ratio, which indicates that the hail resistance of the composite laminated heliostat is superior to that of the single-layer heliostat. The findings offer the guidance for the hail resistance of composite laminated heliostat under hail impact.

Tailoring the properties of carbon molecular sieves membranes for the separation of propionic acid from aqueous solutions

In the fermentative production of propionic acid (PA), the major problem with batch fermentation systems is the strong inhibitory effect of PA on the production yield; one way to increase the yield is the in-situ removal of PA by using pervaporation. Acetic acid (AA) is the most important by-product in the fermentation; therefore, the membrane should be able to remove selectively PA from an aqueous solution containing AA. Considering that PA is more hydrophobic than AA and their kinetic diameter are 0.480 and 0.436 nm respectively, hydrophobic membranes with main pores in the range of around 0.5–0.6 nm with high permeation are required.Supported thin Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes (CMSM) were prepared by the dip coating a porous alumina support into a solution containing resorcinol phenolic resin as carbon source. The hydrophobicity was obtained by carbonizing the polymer at temperatures higher than 750 °C and adding polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as pore forming agent and carbon contributor. PA with 88 % of purity was obtained by pervaporation of an aqueous solution containing 5 % of PA and 5 % of AA using a CMSM carbonized at 850 °C containing 1 % of PVB in the dipping solution.

An organic-inorganic composite coating with excellent protection and ion regulation effects for highly stable zinc anodes

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have received a number of attention because of their high safety, low cost, environmental friendliness, and favorable specific volume capacity. However, the cycle stability of AZIBs is hindered mainly by the undesired dendrite growth and side reactions of zinc anode. Herein, aiming at the issues we prepared an organic-inorganic coating composed of polyvinyl butyral and modified zeolite (Mzeolite). The composite coating combines the barrier effect of polymer and the ion migration regulation effect of zeolite, thus protecting the Zn anode and develop a uniform Zn2+ deposition simultaneously. With the modification of the composite coating on the Zn anode, the symmetric cell displays an outstanding lifespan of more than 2500 h, and the asymmetric cell also provides 974 reversible Zn plating/stripping cycles (1 mA cm−2, 1 mAh cm−2) with an average coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.4 %. Moreover, the assembled full cell with modified Zn anode also shows an extremely long lifespan over 8000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The exceptional electrochemical performances indicate that the design of the composite coating holds great potential in the protection of Zn anode.

Sound absorption properties and mechanism of multi‐layer micro‐perforated nanofiber membrane

AbstractAiming at achieving low‐frequency and broadband sound absorption under the premise of light and thin layers, in this paper, polyvinyl butyral (PVB) nanofiber membranes were micro‐perforated and then combined sequentially to prepare multi‐layer micro‐perforated nanofiber membrane (MPNM) for acoustic noise reduction. It was demonstrated that the multi‐layer MPNM exhibited a high absorption (constantly over 50%) in the frequency of 480–2500 Hz. In addition, the established theoretical model of the sound absorbing coefficient can accurately predict the sound absorption performance of the structure with different layers, which can provide a theoretical foundation for the design of the structure of the nanofibrous membrane acoustic absorber. Based on the proposed acoustic model, the relationships between the absorption properties and the parameters were investigated, and it was found that the effective acoustic absorption frequency range and acoustic absorption coefficient curve of the multi‐layer MPNM were closely related to the size and arrangement of hole diameter, perforation rate, fiber membrane thickness, and cavity depth. Optimization of the structural parameters utilizing algorithms can achieve superior sound absorption performance, with an average absorption coefficient of 0.81 in the frequency of 100–2500 Hz. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the development of low‐frequency sound‐absorbing materials and is of great significance for optimizing the acoustic performance of nanofiber membranes and expanding their applications in various acoustic engineering applications.

Relaxor-like behavior of the dielectric response of dense ferroelectric composites

We study experimentally and theoretically the influence of size effects and structural factors on the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the dense ferroelectric composites. The composites have the form of the tape-casted films with 28 vol% of nanosized or submicron BaTiO3 particles dispersed in the polyvinyl butyral. We measured and analyzed the temperature dependences of the capacitance and dielectric losses in the temperature range (−200 – +200)oC and frequency range (102–105) Hz. The nonmonotonic temperature dependences of dielectric permittivity of the studied composite films have a wide plateau-like maxima located between 80oС and 160oС, in contrast to the relatively sharp maximum near the Curie temperature (∼124oC) observed in the fine-grained and coarse-grained ceramics, sintered from the same nanosized or submicron BaTiO3 particles at 1250oC. The shift of the dielectric permittivity and losses maxima (in more than 40oC) and their strong frequency dispersion do not agree with the behavior expected for the systems with a weak interaction between ferroelectric particles and a polymeric matrix. In contrast, we reveal the relaxor-like behavior of the composite dielectric response. To explain the observed results, we propose the analytical model, which considers the strong dipole-dipole cross-interaction of the BaTiO3 particles in the dense nanocomposite. The analytical model is corroborated by the structural studies of the BaTiO3 nanosized and submicron particles by X-ray phase analysis and static 137Ba NMR spectra, as well as by the finite element modelling of the composite polar properties, which confirms the strong cross-interactions between the dipole moments of single-domain nanoparticles and/or between the domain walls of different submicron polydomain particles.The obtained results may be useful for development of cheap and flexible lead-free dense ferroelectric nanocomposites with relaxor-like behavior of the dielectric response, which are promising for non-volatile memory and energy-saving elements, modulators, electrical converters and piezoresistive elements.