Polyvinyl Butyral Solution Research Articles

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ РЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ РАСТВОРОВ ПОЛИВИНИЛБУТИРАЛЯ В СМЕСИ МОНОМЕРОВ ТРИ(1-МЕТАКРИЛОКСИ-3-ХЛОРПРОПОКСИ-2-)ФОСФАТА И ГЛИЦИДИЛМЕТАКРИЛАТА

The method of rotation viscometry is used to study the rheological properties of various proportions of polyvinyl butyral solutions in tris(1-methacryloxy-3-chloropropoxy-2-) phosphate and glycidyl methacrylate. It is established that the dynamic viscosity of polymer solutions ranges from 101 to 3995 mPa∙s as a function of temperature and different proportions of the monomers.The polymer solution flow complies with a two-phase mechanical model comprising viscous as well as plastic and creep deformation. The analyzed polymers can be used as binders to produce polymer composites by vacuum and thermal vacuum infusion.

Immobilizing enoxacin on implant by polyvinyl butyral coating to promote osseointegration in osteoporosis with infection

Controlling infections and inhibiting osteoclasts are crucial for the prognosis of bone abnormalities by implants in osteoporosis patients. Here, using bio-inert polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as the representative and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as a coating medium, a repeated soaking-drying method was developed to decorate PEEK with porous treatment (SPEEK) in PVB solution containing enoxacin (ENX). PVB and ENX were painted on SPEEK to form SPEEK/PVB-ENX*3 according to the controlled preparation strategy. SPEEK/PVB-ENX*3 exhibited porous morphology with immobilized ENX, hydrophilicity, and kept mechanical properties. SPEEK/PVB-ENX*3 showed antibacterial activity of successive 6 days and cytocompatibility. Moreover, SPEEK/PVB-ENX*3 maintained antibacterial stability and cell activity for 4 months. SPEEK/PVB-ENX*3 inhibited osteoclasts but promoted osteogenesis in mineralization. The in vivo drug monitoring of implanted SPEEK/PVB-ENX*3 showed that ENX could be fully released and metabolized in 7 days, eliminating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) caused by residual antibiotics. The in vivo experiments of micro-CT, immunohistochemistry, and histological staining at 6 weeks after surgery on osteoporotic rats showed that SPEEK/PVB-ENX*3 had antibacterial activity, inhibition of osteoclast, promoted osteogenesis and safety. This study develops an effective method for the biofabrication of implants needed for the clinical treatment of osteoporosis from clinical considerations.

Soap-Free Emulsion Composed of Polymer Solutions and an Aqueous Clay Suspension

Novel emulsification was found in the system of aqueous suspension of a clay mineral (a synthetic hectorite) and a solution of polyvinyl butyral in 1-butanol without using surface-active agents. Droplets of the oil phase exhibited different sizes depending on the concentration of polyvinyl butyral solution and aqueous clay suspension. Shearing force produced from the high viscosity of the clay suspension was a factor to lead oil droplets to size smaller. The clay mineral was confirmed to be in the water phase, not at the oil and water interface. The emulsion showed useful thermal stability up to 80 °C. The present emulsion was successfully applied as a platform of the photochromic reaction of spiropyran.

Polyester/polyvinyl butyral/zirconium carbide multifunctional composite yarn with high photothermal conversion capacity

AbstractA novel composite yarn was prepared by simple sizing coating using polyester (PET) as core yarn and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and zirconium carbide (ZrC) suspension as slurry. The scanning electron microscope results revealed the core–shell structure of the composite yarn and ZrC particles deposited on surface coating successfully. The maximum near‐infrared absorption rate of the fabric made of PET/PVB/ZrC composite yarn reached 96.42%. The test showed that when exposed to infrared light (dominant wavelength 950 nm), the surface temperature of the composite yarn rose more quickly than that of pure PET yarn. The photothermal conversion property of the composite yarn reached the best when PET yarn was treated in 4 wt% PVB solution with 5 wt% ZrC content. The composite yarn also exhibited good light‐to‐heat performance in real environment. In addition, PVB/ZrC coating provided the composite yarn excellent ultraviolet (UV) protection (UPF 50+) and produced little effect on thermal stability. Durability tests of PET/5%PVB/4%ZrC composite yarn verified pretty good washing resistance of near‐infrared absorption and UV protection properties of the composite yarn. This work provides a simple and economical method for preparing multifunctional composite yarn.

Degradable collagen/sodium alginate/polyvinyl butyral high barrier coating with water/oil-resistant in a facile and effective approach

Degradable bio-based materials have been widely considered as functional coatings, however, it is a great challenge to fabricate biodegradable coatings with high barrier, water- and oil- resistance. In this work, such coatings were fabricated by using collagen fibers (CF), sodium alginate (SA), and polyvinyl butyral (PVB). CF and SA were mixed evenly and coated on Ca2+ pretreated filter paper. It was mainly due to the electrostatic adsorption between collagen fibers and sodium alginate, and the crosslinking between the adsorption products and Ca2+. By coating PVB solution, the barrier performance was further improved. Notably, the composite exhibited excellent water vapor resistance (48 g/m2·24 h), water resistance (31 g/m2), oil resistance (kit rating: 12/12) and good mechanical properties. This degradable, environmentally friendly, and simple composite paper method has excellent barrier properties, mechanical properties and fluorine-free properties, and will have many applications in the food and packaging fields.

A Detailed Examination of UV Radiation Effects on the Structural and Morphological Properties of Polyvinyl Butyral Films Containing Different Nanoparticles

Herein, polyvinyl butyral (PVB) films were synthesized using casting method and added to the PVB solution to make composites of PVB-nanoparticles were made via mixing 0.001 wt/wt % each time of each of the following metal nanoparticles (CuO, Cr2O3, NiO, TiO2 and Co3O4(NPs)) with PVB solution at room temperature. The PVB-NP composites as films were irradiated with UV light for prolonged period which demonstrated spectral, and weight-loss changes. Those changes were much more significant than that of the blank PVB films undergo under identical conditions. Incorporating surface morphology examination of the composites were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy x-ray dispersive (EDX) spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. Overall, findings revealed that PVB-(CuO, Cr2O3, NiO, TiO2 and Co3O4) NP composites showed a higher weight loss in compared to the PVB blank suggestive of higher photodegradation of the PVB-NP composites compared to the neat PVB film. A proposed photodegradation mechanism will be discussed.

Magnetically Modified Electrospun Nanofibers for Hyperthermia Treatment

Several methodologies for the preparation of nanofibrous materials exist. Electrospinning is currently the most popular technique due to its versatility and simplicity. Nanofibrous materials prepared in such a way are widely studied in medicine and material engineering. Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) nanofibers were generated by a rod-shaped spinning-electrode. Nanofibers were modified by a magnetic fluid (MF) added into the PVB solution. These magnetic nanofibers can be considered as a material for magnetic hyperthermia applications, either as implants or for the surface heating. The samples with various magnetic particle concentrations were tested in the alternating magnetic field. An immediate increase in the temperature after the field application was observed. The nature of the temperature rise is interesting: a non-linear increase could be seen, which is in contrast to the rising temperature for pure magnetic fluids.

An investigation on the effect of polyvinyl butyral interlayer forms on the fracture toughness of glass reinforced phenolic laminates

Abstract In the recent years, thermoplastic interlayers are employed to improve the fracture toughness of laminated composites. In this research, PolyvinylButyral (PVB) was utilized as a flexible thermoplastic interlayer in forms of electrospun nanoweb, solution, film and powder to evaluate the effect on interlayer shape on the fracture toughness of glass-phenolic laminates. DCB and ENF tests were conducted to study the fracture toughness under modes I and II conditions. Among all the specimens, those modified with 30 μm electrospun PVB, with 60% increase in the mode II fracture toughness, showed the highest performance. Those consist of PVB solution (3 phr), with an increase of 50% in mode I fracture toughness, ranked the second. In the mode II fracture toughness test, for the specimens modified with the nanoweb, solution and film interlayers, and the value of GIIc increased by 38%, 24% and 18%, respectively. Samples containing PVB powder showed a decrease of 22% in the property.

Pergascript orange-based polymeric solution as a dosimeter for radiotherapy dosimetric validation

A radiation colour former amino fluoran dye, Pergascript Orange (PGO), in a polyvinyl butyral solution containing a colour developer, hexachloroethane (HCE), was prepared and investigated for radiotherapy dosimetry of 60Co, 6 MV and 15 MV photons. PGO, a colourless dye, reacts with the acid produced upon radiation exposure of HCE, enabling the lactone ring to open and the orange colour of PGO to develop. The ring opening of PGO was confirmed by the appearance of a broad peak of OH− at 3360 cm−1, CO carboxylic peak at 1763 cm−1, and an iminium group peak at 1640 cm−1. The dose response of all prepared compositions was linear in the dose range of 1–20 Gy. Increasing HCE in the dosimeter matrix from 63 mM to 106 mM enhanced the radiation sensitivity by ≈58%. The radiation sensitivity of PGO-PVB (PGO-P) dosimeter is comparable with Fricke gel and higher than N-(Isobutoxymethyl) acrylamide polymer gel dosimeters. The experimental results reveal an energy-independent response (≈1.2% variation at 1σ) in the studied range of radiotherapy beam quality from 60Co beams to the beams from Linacs with a maximum energy of 15 MeV. Based on the theoretical study, this dosimeter is water equivalent from 80 keV to 10 MeV. The overall uncertainty was found to be 4.5% at the 95% confidence level, indicating the possibility of using PGO-P dosimeter in conventional radiotherapy dose verification.

Development of core-sheath structured smart nanofibers by coaxial electrospinning for thermo-regulated textiles.

It is of great significance to develop phase change materials (PCMs) with high performance. The reported PCMs usually possess serious defects like low heat capacity and poor thermal stability. Here, core–sheath structured nanofibers with polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as the sheath and octadecane as the core were fabricated by melt coaxial electrospinning. Pure octadecane without any solvents was used as the core solution, thus, the optimal sample possessed very high latent heat up to 118 J g−1. We studied the influence of core feed rate and PVB solution concentration on the encapsulation rate, and the highest encapsulation rate was found when the PVB concentration was 10% and core feed rate was 0.08 mL h−1. And hexagonal cesium tungsten bronze (CsxWO3, a near infrared absorber) was introduced into the optimal sample partly to improve its conversion efficiency of solar to thermal energy, and partly absorb uncomfortable infrared light; the composite phase change material also possessed high latent heat up to 96.9 J g−1. In addition, 100 thermal cycle test proved that with a minor latent heat decrease, the prepared core–sheath structured smart nanofibers had good thermal stability, which overcomes the leakage problem of pure octadecane. Additionally, the 9 wt% CsxWO3-loaded sample had an increase in tensile strength and elongation compared with the sample without CsxWO3, indicating the good compatibility between CsxWO3 and PVB.

An electrorheological investigation of PVB solutions in connection with their electrospinning qualities

During the process of electrostatic spinning, the rheological behaviour of polymer solutions is significantly influenced by the presence of an external electric field. The aim of this contribution is to find a correlation between the electrorheological characteristics of polyvinylbutyral (PVB) solutions and their electrostatic spinnability. When exposed to an external electric field, PVB solutions with either poor or good solvents respond in different ways. It was shown that the complex viscosity ratio ηE*/η0* (where ηE* and η0* represent complex viscosities of a solution in the presence and absence of an external electric field, respectively) can serve as an indicator as to whether a chosen material is a potential candidate for acceptable electrospinning. This occurs when the ratio ηE*/η0* increases with increasing electric field strength, i.e., when poor solvents are applied. The possible changes to the physical and chemical properties of PVB solutions were investigated using SEM, FTIR, DSC, 13C- and 1H-NMR techniques.

Gelation of polyvinylbutyral solutions by the addition of tetrabutyl orthotitanate

This paper discusses the gelation of polyvinylbutyral (PVB) solutions by the addition of tetrabutyl orthotitanate. The addition of around 0.10 vol.% tetrabutyl orthotitanate to an ethanol-based PVB solution already causes a pronounced gelation. For the characterization of this gelation reaction, different rheological measurements are used. The characterization is mainly performed in the linear viscoelastic regime. Time sweeps prove the stability of the samples during the measuring time. Frequency sweeps are used to investigate the state of gelation after different reaction times as well as the dependence of the degree of the gelation on the tetrabutyl orthotitanate concentration. Furthermore, the gelation point is determined by measuring the loss factor tan δ as a function of frequency. A strong influence of water on the degree of gelation is shown; by the addition of different amounts of water, the gelation can be controlled or even avoided. Amplitude sweeps reveal the breakdown of certain network structures at high amplitudes which recover after the strain is lowered.

The storage stability of polyvinylbutyral solutions from an electrospinnability standpoint

The quality of electrospun fibres is subject to many factors ranging from the characteristics of the materials used to processing conditions. Although an important parameter for applicability, less attention has been paid to the storage stability of applied polymer solutions and its impact on the quality of electrospun webs. The aim of this study is to analyse the storage stability of polyvinylbutyral solutions in methanol and ethanol for the formation of undisturbed nanofibres. The quality of nanofibrous mats produced over a period of 197 days, during which the solutions were stored under constant conditions, was investigated. Using rheological measurements, SEM, FTIR, and DSC techniques, it was shown that the storage period for the solutions used had almost no influence on the quality of electrospun fibres, which is a positive result for practical use.

A polyaniline based intrinsically conducting coating for corrosion protection of structural steels

Among the various corrosion protection strategies for structural steels, coating techniques provide the most cost-effective protection and have been used as the primary mode of corrosion protection. Existing coating techniques however have been used mainly for their barrier capability and therefore all have a limited service life due to oxidation aging, electrolytic degradation, or various inadvertent defects and flaws occurred in and after coating applications. This work investigated the anti-corrosion potential of a π-conjugated polymer-polyaniline (PANi), which was doped into an intrinsically conducting polymer and then included in a two-layer coating system as a primer layer. To achieve a long service life, the primer layer was made by mixing the conductive PANi in a waterborne poly-vinyl butyral solution to provide strong adhesion to steel surface, and then topcoated with a layer of elastomer-modified polyethylene to obtain extra mechanical and barrier protections. Two ASTM standard tests were conducted to evaluate the corrosion durability and tensile adhesion of the two-layer system, in which the system demonstrated superior performance. The Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM) was used to provide the microscopic evidences for the outstanding performance.

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: Electrospinning and calcination of hydroxyapatite/polyvinyl butyral nanofibers and growth kinetics

Electrospinning of hydroxyapatite (HA)/polyvinyl butyral solution resulted in the formation of fibers with average diameter of 937-1440 nm. These fibers were converted into HA nanoparticles with size <100 nm after undergoing calcination treatment at 600°C. The diameter of the fiber was found to be influenced by applied voltage and spinning distance. The injection flowrate did not affect the diameter significantly. The electrospinning method successfully reduced the commercial HA particle size in the range of 400-1100 nm into <100 nm. The dispersion of the finally calcined HA nanoparticles was improved significantly after anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant was introduced. The experimental data of HA growth kinetics were subjected to the integral method of analysis, and the rate law of the reaction was found to follow the first order reaction.

Using A Range of PVB Spinning Solution to Acquire Diverse Morphology for Electrospun Nanofibres

Morphological changes in Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) electrospun nanofibres can be acquired by preparation of PVB spinning solution in different solvents. Accordingly, three solvents, including ethyl alcohol, n-butanol and isopropanol, with diverse physical properties (e.g. boiling point, density, dipole moment and dielectric constant) were used to prepare PolyVinyl Butyral (PVB) spinning solution. The PVB polymer was used in two ranges of molecular weight. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to determine the morphological aspects. Results demonstrated a very high increase in the nanofibre diameter, with decreasing dipole moment and increasing boiling point and density of solvents. The smallest nanofibre diameter and bead structure was revealed for the PVB solution prepared by n-butanol. With regard to morphological aspects, isopropnol was selected as the most suitable solvent for a range of PVB molecular weights

Comparison bewteen the Needle and Roller Electrospinning of Polyvinylbutyral

The effect of the concentration of polyvinylbutyral solution on the process throughput and fibre properties was studied in needle and roller electrospinning. Whereas the polymer throughput is an optional independent parameter in needle electrospinning, it is a dependent parameter that is affected by both the material and process parameters in roller electrospinning. Polymer throughput increases considerably with an increasing concentration of polymer solutions in roller electrospinning. The properties of the nanofibers and the quality of the nanofiber layers were also studied. Fibre diameters increase with an increasing concentration in both techniques. Fibre diameters produced by needle electrospinning are smaller than those produced by roller electrospinning. The distribution of fibre diameters is rather narrow and not significantly dependent on the concentration of solutions in either technique.

Femtosecond laser micromachining of fibre Bragg gratings for simultaneous measurement of temperature and concentration of liquids

This paper is concerned with micromachining of optical fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) using a femtosecond pulsed laser. The purpose of this work is to increase the sensitivity of FBGs for simultaneous monitoring of the concentration of chemicals and biological liquids and their temperature. A Ti : sapphire regenerative amplifier was utilized to inscribe micro-grooves with widths of 16 and 22 µm in the cladding of the optical fibres. Due to the core-confined light propagation characteristics of FBGs, their sensitivity to the changes in the index of refraction of the surrounding medium is minimal. However, by creating micro-grooves in the cladding layer, the index of refraction of the surrounding medium becomes effective in the coupling of the propagating core modes. As the index of refraction of liquids depends on the composition and concentration, the FBG with micromachined cladding can provide enough sensitivity to be used in chemical sensing. The performance of the micromachined FBGs was investigated by immersing them in different liquid solutions of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) in ethanol and obtaining their thermal responses. Results showed that the optical response of the micromachined FBGs (i.e. red shift in Bragg wavelength) is different by up to 10% in PVB solutions in ethanol than in ethanol alone. The micromachined FBGs can be used to monitor the concentration as well as the temperature of a solution.

Rheological properties of iron oxide particle suspensions

Viscosities of γ-Fe2O3 dispersions in epoxy resin, phenol resin, and polyvinyl butyral solutions are measured at shear rate D from 19.2 to 384 sec−1. Volume fraction of γ-Fe2O3 in these dispersions ranges from about 0.002 to 0.03. The concentration dependence of relative viscosity η/ηs is closely represented by the Mooney equation. From this equation, intrinsic viscosity [η] of suspensions is found to decrease from 46.1 at D = 19.2sec−1 to 14 at D = 384 sec−1 for epoxy resin solution. The high [η] value indicates the existence of flocs containing immobilized liquid. By increasing the shear rate, the average floc size is reduced to point where at an infinite shear rate, only small clusters or possibly particles remain. Of the three polymers, the lowest [η] value is obtained in the dispersion of the phenol resin solution.

Thermally stimulated discharge currents in solution-grown thin polyvinyl butyral films

Thermally stimulated discharge (TSD) currents of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) thin films grown on glass substrates by isothermal immersion technique have been studied as a function of the polarization field, (750 to 25000 V/cm) and iodine doping concentration (0.5 to 0.9 g/100 ml of PVB solution). Polarized PVB films exhibit two glow discharge peaks, β - at 350 °K and α - at 430 °K corresponding to activation energies of 0.19 and 0.53 eV, respectively. It has been observed that the β-peak disappears at low polarizing fields (≈750 V/cm). The α-peak is attributed to the depolarization of the aligned dipoles connected to the main chain whereas the β-peak arises due to the local motion or twisting of the side groups connected to main chain. On doping with iodine, both unpolarized and polarized films exhibit TSD currents. This is attributed to the formation of charge transfer complexes between iodine and PVB chains where the dipoles may be aligned due to electrostatic interaction between the charge complexes. The disappearance of the β-peak at high field (≈10 kV/cm) in sharp contrast to the increasing and shifting to lower temperatures of the α-peak show that the complexes are formed with the side groups of the main chain. These conclusions regarding the charge complex formation have been further confirmed by UV and infrared optical absorption data on pure and doped PVB films.