Polyvalent Forms Research Articles

Roles of the structural units, glycotopes / mammalian N-glycans for Con A-glycan interactions, their codes, and their recognition factors.

The binding property of Con A has been studied intensively and applied widely to glycoconjugates / glycobiology for over 80years. However, its role and functional relationship of Con A with these mammalian structural units, glycotopes, N-glycan chains, as well as their polyvalent forms in N-glycoproteins involved in the Con A-glycan interactions have not been well defined and organized. In this study, the recognition factors involved in these interactions were analyzed by our well developed method- the enzyme linked lectinosorbent (ELLSA) and inhibition assay. Based on allthe data obtained, it is concluded that Con A, as previously reported, has a relatively broad and wide recognition ability of the Manα1 → and Glcα1 → related glycans. It reacted not only strongly with yeast mannan and glycogens, but also bound well with a large number of mammalian N-glycans, including the N-glycans of rat sublingual gp (RSL), human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THGP), thyroglobulin and lactoferrin. The recognition specificity of Con A towards ligands, expressed by Molar Relative Potency (Molar R.P.), in a decreasing order is as follows: α1 → 3, α1 → 6 Mannopentaose (M5) and Biantennary N-linked core pentasaccharide (MDi) ≥ α1 → 3, α1 → 6 Mannotriose (M3) > Manα1 → 3Man (α1 → 3Mannobiose), Manα1 → 2Man (α1 → 2Mannobiose), Manα1 → 6Man (α1 → 6Mannobiose), Manα1 → 4Man (α1 → 4Mannobiose) > GlcNAcβ1 → 2Man (β1 → 2 N-Acetyl glucosamine-mannose) > Manα1 → /Glcα1 → > Man > Glc, while Gal / GalNAc were inactive. Furthermore, the Man related code system, in this study, is proposed to express by both numbers of Man and GlcNAcβ1 → branches (M3 to M9 / MMono to Penta etc.) and a table of three Manα1 → and Glcα1 → related biomasses of six recognition factors involved in the Con A-glycan interactions has also been demonstrated. These themes should be one of the most valuable advances since 1980s.

Understanding Spatial Autocorrelation: An Everyday Metaphor and Additional New Interpretations

An enumeration of spatial autocorrelation’s (SA’s) polyvalent forms occurred nearly three decades ago. Attempts to conceive and disseminate a clearer explanation of it employ metaphors seeking to better relate SA to a student’s or spatial scientist’s personal knowledge databank. However, not one of these uses the jigsaw puzzle metaphor appearing in this paper, which exploits an analogy between concrete visual content organization and abstract map patterns of attributes. It not only makes SA easier to understand, which furnishes a useful pedagogic tool for teaching novices and others about it, but also discloses that many georeferenced data should contain a positive–negative SA mixture. Empirical examples corroborate this mixture’s existence, as well as the tendency for marked positive SA to characterize remotely sensed and moderate (net) positive SA to characterize socio-economic/demographic, georeferenced data.

Ancient Greek Nomos and Modern Legal Theory: A Reappraisal

Recently, two books have appeared that venture to re-investigate modern legal theory's ancient Greek underpinnings. In both books, the notion of nomos plays a central role. Firstly, Thanos Zartaloudis has published a remarkable study in which he delves into the manifold meanings of that ancient Greek word. Zartaloudis offers us an extraordinarily rich analysis of the polyvalent forms and uses of nomos from the age of Homer up to the days of Socrates – the classical period in which nomos would finally come to acquire its sense of an enacted legal norm (‘law’) or binding social convention (‘custom’). Secondly, nomos is of central importance in Johan van der Walt’s recent book on the intertwined modern notions of liberal democracy and the rule of law – referred to by Van der Walt as the concept of liberal democratic law. For Van der Walt, the analysis of ancient Greek nomos and its long and tortuous reception history in western thought is crucial for a proper understanding of what the modern concept of liberal democratic law entails and how it could be saved for the future.

Ancient Greek Nomos and Modern Legal Theory: A Reappraisal

Recently, two books have appeared that venture to re-investigate modern legal theory's ancient Greek underpinnings. In both books, the notion of nomos plays a central role. Firstly, Thanos Zartaloudis has published a remarkable study in which he delves into the manifold meanings of that ancient Greek word. Zartaloudis offers us an extraordinarily rich analysis of the polyvalent forms and uses of nomos from the age of Homer up to the days of Socrates – the classical period in which nomos would finally come to acquire its sense of an enacted legal norm (‘law’) or binding social convention (‘custom’). Secondly, nomos is of central importance in Johan van der Walt’s recent book on the intertwined modern notions of liberal democracy and the rule of law – referred to by Van der Walt as the concept of liberal democratic law. For Van der Walt, the analysis of ancient Greek nomos and its long and tortuous reception history in western thought is crucial for a proper understanding of what the modern concept of liberal democratic law entails and how it could be saved for the future.

Representando el tiempo: polivalencia espacial en las viviendas Diagoon y Centraal Beheer

<p>A finales de la década de los sesenta, Herman Hertzberger trabaja en dos proyectos que, si bien poseen naturalezas distintas, se guían por el mismo principio estructurante: la polivalencia espacial. Este concepto, característico del imaginario de Hertzberger, se nutre a nivel teórico y gráfico de las investigaciones publicadas en Forum años antes. Tanto en las viviendas experimentales tipo Diagoon en Delft, como en el edificio de oficinas Centraal Beheer en Apeldoorn, Hertzberger presenta la polivalencia como la solución arquitectónica que permite soportar el cambio y el crecimiento característicos de sociedad de masas. A través de un análisis de distintos croquis inéditos, que datan de finales de los sesenta, y se refieren a las primeras fases del diseño de ambos proyectos, se pretende desvelar el mecanismo gráfico empleado por Hertzberger en el diseño de formas polivalentes, prestando especial atención al factor tiempo, por su papel fundamental en su definición y representación.</p>

Politics of Postmodern Multiculturalism in Shaun Tan’s The Arrival: Reconfiguring the Subject as a Nomad


 
 
 In Shaun Tan’s The Arrival (2006), an intriguing 128-page wordless sequence of sepia-toned images marketed to audiences ranging from middle school-age children to adults,1 readers become visually engaged in the main character’s struggle to navigate a nameless constructed geographic space—an imaginary New World. Fleeing his serpent-infested Old World homeland and leaving behind two females usually interpreted as his wife and daughter,2 the migrant protagonist settles in a New World multi-ethnic community that seamlessly meshes elements of the real with the fantastic. Strange creatures jump out of familiar domestic objects, invented alphabets adorn the walls of a typical cityscape, and peculiar foods are served on the dining tables of an everyday household. As Tan suggests on his website in ‘Comments on The Arrival,’ such blending of the ordinary and the imaginary, together with the book’s genre merging, ‘plants the readers...in the shoes of an immigrant character’ (Tan 2009). Something like migrants, readers are positioned to leave behind common understandings in attempts to decipher the new society. I argue that the narrative strategies of defamiliarisation and genre blurring, in juxtaposition with the text’s deployment of further postmodern techniques (such as conflicting or mutually-exclusive symbolic referents), challenge constructions of the subject as a stable, coherent entity with a clear cultural and geographic affiliation, representing the empowerment of the ex-centric. Specifically, I show that The Arrival, as an example of a postmodern text engaged in the ontological enterprise of decentralisation, promotes the nomadic subject as defined by Rosi Braidotti —a fractured, polyvalent form of self not tied to a specific nation, place or ideology (Braidotti 1994). As such, the narrative encourages its readers to celebrate a consciousness that resists discriminatory normative practices, thus opening a space for traditionally disadvantaged subjects, such as immigrants.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

On Flexibility in Architecture Focused on the Contradiction in Designing Flexible Space and Its Design Proposition

Since Modern Movement flexibility has been one of the most attractive words in architecture. However, "overprovision first, division later" has been the most prevailing design method for spatial flexibility, and many of buildings designed for flexible use are practically quite inflexible due to insufficient building systems or/and irresponsible planning. There have been two dominant strategies to achieve architectural flexibility: multi-functionality and polyvalence. These two approaches, which point contradictory directions, actually reflect the difficulty in providing a proper form of architectural flexibility. Multi-functionality can afford changeable environments with satisfying spatial conditions; however it lacks tolerance to accommodate other uses but intended functions by architects. Meanwhile, flexibility by a polyvalent form relies on the vague anticipation of user's various interpretations. In this study by looking up these two different standpoints and historical precedents flexibility in architecture is carefully scrutinized focused on the contradiction, and as an alternative for architectural flexibility contextual relations is proposed. Unlike both multi-functionality and polyvalence, which produce flexibility by changing its own properties, manipulating contextual relations infuses flexibility into space by changing the properties of a building, not of its individual room. By using this contextual relations method, a community-centered school in Manhattan, NY, which was in danger of being closed because of its academic failure, is represented as a flexible space.

Performing national consensus: populism in the work of Marcel Pagnol, 1929-38

—Though often remembered simply as entertaining, well-crafted melodramas seasoned with Provençal local colour, Marcel Pagnol’s hit plays and films from the 1930s also contain strong elements of social realism and an exceptionally broad, coherent depiction of the fracture lines running through French society as a whole. Beyond addressing class and racial tensions in large cities such as his beloved Marseille, Pagnol highlighted ideological rivalries among local notables in small rural towns, as well as farmers’ struggle to maintain a traditional lifestyle at at a time of unprecedented material hardship and rapidly accelerating migration to large urban centres. Pagnol consistently dramatized the healing of these rifts, and in so doing performed a restoration of consensus among both his on-screen characters and otherwise highly adversarial cinema critics from the Marxist Left to the pro-fascist Right. By examining the socio-political content and reception of Marius (1929–31), Fanny (1931–32), César (1936), Regain (1937) and La Femme du boulanger (1938), the following article argues that Pagnol articulated an ideologically polyvalent form of populism that, in the volatile context of the Popular Front, became not only a highly valuable form of pan-ideological capital, but an enduring part of the French social imagination.

Morphological Abnormalities and Dwarfism in Maastrichtian Foraminifera from the Cárdenas Formation, Valles–San Luis Potosí Platform, Mexico: evidence of paleoenvironmental stress

During the early Maastrichtian an assemblage rich in large foraminifera, mostly composed of orbitoidal foraminifera, developed in the shallow-water deposits of the Cardenas Formation (Valles–San Luis Potosi Platform, Mexico). Among them, the most abundant is Lepidorbitoides minima, some of which display a morphologically abnormal test consisting of polyvalent forms, conical tests and budding, which could be induced by abrupt changes in environmental factors. The occurrence of the abnormalities preceded the demise of this species and of all the larger foraminiferal association in the upper part of the Gansserina gansseri Zone (early Maastrichtian). The abnormalities could be induced by environmental stress, probably related to interplay of different events such as increased terrigenous input and the transition to deeper facies due to Laramide tectonic instability before the K/P boundary. A late Maastrichtian community of dwarfed planktic foraminifera composed of Trinitella scotti Bronnimann, Plummerita reicheli Bronnimann, Rugoglobigerina cf. macrocephala Bronnimann, Rugoglobigerina hexacamerata Bronnimann, Heterohelix punctulata (Cushman), Pseudoguembelina costulata (Cushman), Pseudotextularia intermedia de Klasz, Globigerinelloides asperus Bolli, Guembelitria cretacea Cushman, Rugoglobigerina rugosa (Plummer), Rugotruncana sp., Globotruncanita stuarti (de Lapparent), and Globotruncana arca (Cushman) developed in the upper part of the sequence. This uncommon morphology could also be related to the highly stressed paleoenvironmental conditions related to global climatic change and local tectonic activity. Associated with this planktic assemblage is a deeper-water dwarfed benthic foraminiferal community composed of Gyroidinoides nitidus (Reuss), Coryphostoma incrassata (Reuss), Pseudouvigerina plummerae Cushman, P. cretacea Cushman, Bolivina cretosa Cushman, Planulina texana Cushman and Cibicides harperi (Sandidge).

Differential contributions of recognition factors of two plant lectins – Amaranthus caudatus lectin and Arachis hypogea agglutinin, reacting with Thomsen-Friedenreich disaccharide (Galβ1–3GalNAcα1–Ser/Thr)

Previous reports on the carbohydrate specificities of Amaranthus caudatus lectin (ACL) and peanut agglutinin (PNA, Arachis hypogea) indicated that they share the same specificity for the Thomsen-Friedenreich ( T α, Galβ1–3GalNAcα1–Ser/Thr) glycotope, but differ in monosaccharide binding – GalNAc ≫ Gal (inactive) for ACL; Gal ≫ GalNAc (weak) with respect to PNA. However, knowledge of the recognition factors of these lectins was based on studies with a small number monosaccharides and T-related oligosaccharides. In this study, a wider range of interacting factors of ACL and PNA toward known mammalian structural units, natural polyvalent glycotopes and glycans were examined by enzyme-linked lectinosorbent and inhibition assays. The results indicate that the main recognition factors of ACL, GalNAc was the only monosaccharide recognized by ACL as such, its polyvalent forms (poly GalNAcα1–Ser/Thr, Tn in asialo OSM) were not recognized much better. Human blood group precursor disaccharides Galβ1–3/4GlcNAcβ ( I β/ II β) were weak ligands, while their clusters (multiantennary II β) and polyvalent forms were active. The major recognition factors of PNA were a combination of α or β anomers of T disaccharide and their polyvalent complexes. Although I β/ II β were weak haptens, their polyvalent forms played a significant role in binding. From the 50% molar inhibition profile, the shape of the ACL combining site appears to be a cavity type and most complementary to a disaccharide of Galβ1–3GalNAc ( T), while the PNA binding domain is proposed to be Galβ1–3GalNAcα or β1- as the major combining site with an adjoining subsite (partial cavity type) for a disaccharide, and most complementary to the linear tetrasaccharide, Galβ1–3GalNAcβ1–4Galβ1–4Glc ( T β1-4 L, asialo GM 1 sequence). These results should help us understand the differential contributions of polyvalent ligands, glycotopes and subtopes for the interaction with these lectins to binding, and make them useful tools to study glycosciences, glycomarkers and their biological functions.

Interaction profile of galectin-5 with free saccharides and mammalian glycoproteins: probing its fine specificity and the effect of naturally clustered ligand presentation

Cell-surface glycans are functional docking sites for tissue lectins such as the members of the galectin family. This interaction triggers a wide variety of responses; hence, there is a keen interest in defining its structural features. Toward this aim, we have used enzyme-linked lectinosorbent (ELLSA) and inhibition assays with the prototype rat galectin-5 and panels of free saccharides and glycoconjugates. Among 45 natural glycans tested for lectin binding, galectin-5 reacted best with glycoproteins (gps) presenting a high density of Galbeta1-3/4GlcNAc (I/II) and multiantennary N-glycans with II termini. Their reactivities, on a nanogram basis, were up to 4.3 x 10(2), 3.2 x 10(2), 2.5 x 10(2), and 1.7 x 10(4) times higher than monomeric Galbeta1-3/4GlcNAc (I/II), triantennary-II (Tri-II), and Gal, respectively. Galectin-5 also bound well to several blood group type B (Galalpha1-3Gal)- and A (GalNAcalpha1-3Gal)-containing gps. It reacted weakly or not at all with tumor-associated Tn (GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr) and sialylated gps. Among the mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides and mammalian glycoconjugates tested, blood group B-active II (Galalpha1-3Gal beta1-4GlcNAc), B-active IIbeta1-3L (Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc beta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc), and Tri-II were the best. It is concluded that (1) Galbeta1-3/4GlcNAc and other Galbeta1-related oligosaccharides with alpha1-3 extensions are essential for binding, their polyvalent form in cellular glycoconjugates being a key recognition force for galectin-5; (2) the combining site of galectin-5 appears to be of a shallow-groove type sufficiently large to accommodate a substituted beta-galactoside, especially with alpha-anomeric extension at the non-reducing end (e.g., human blood group B-active II and B-active IIbeta1-3L); (3) the preference within beta-anomeric positioning is Galbeta1-4 > or = Galbeta1-3 > Galbeta1-6; and (4) hydrophobic interactions in the vicinity of the core galactose unit can enhance binding. These results are important for the systematic comparison of ligand selection in this family of adhesion/growth-regulatory effectors with potential for medical applications.

Carbohydrate recognition factors of the lectin domains present in the Ricinus communis toxic protein (ricin)

Ricin (RCA 60) is a potent cytotoxic protein with lectin domains, contained in the seeds of the castor bean Ricinus communis. It is a potential biohazard. To corroborate the biological properties of ricin, it is essential to understand the recognition factors involved in the ricin–glycotope interaction. In previous reports, knowledge of the binding properties of ricin was limited to oligosugars and glycopeptides with different specificities. Here, recognition factors of the lectin domains in ricin were examined by enzyme-linked lectinosorbent (ELLSA) and inhibition assays, using mammalian Gal/GalNAc structural units and corresponding polyvalent forms. Except for blood group GalNAcα1-3Gal ( A) active and Forssman (GalNAcα1-3GalNAc, F) disaccharides, ricin has a broad range of affinity for mammalian disaccharide structural units—Galβ1-4Glcβ1-( L β), Galβ1-4GlcNAc ( II), Galβ1-3GlcNAc ( I), Galβ1-3GalNAcα1-( T α), Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-( T β), Galα1-3Gal ( B), Galα1-4Gal ( E), GalNAcβ1-3Gal ( P), GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr ( Tn) and GalNAcβ1-4Gal ( S). Among the polyvalent glycotopes tested, ricin reacted best with type II-containing glycoproteins (gps). It also reacted well with several T (Thomsen–Friedenreich), tumor-associated Tn and blood group Sd. (a +)-containing gps. Except for bird nest and Tamm–Horsfall gps (THGP), this lectin reacted weakly or not at all with ABH-blood type and sialylated gps. From the present and previous results, it can be concluded that: (i) the combining sites of these lectin domains should be a shallow-groove type, recognizing Galβ1-4Glcβ1- and Galβ1-3(4)GlcNAcβ- as the major binding site; (ii) its size may be as large as a tetrasaccharide and most complementary to lacto- N-tetraose (Galβ1-3GlcNAc β1-3Galβ1-4Glc) and lacto- N-neotetraose (Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc); (iii) the polyvalency of glycotopes, in general, enhances binding; (iv) a hydrophobic interaction in the vicinity of the binding site for sugar accommodation, increases the affinity for Galβ-. This study should assist in understanding the glyco-recognition factors involved in carbohydrate–toxin interactions in biological processes. The effect of the polyvalent P/ S glycotopes on ricin binding should be examined. However, this is hampered by the lack of availability of suitable reagents.

Observation of the Intracellular Behavior of Recombinant Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Invasin Protein

In this study, we observed the intracellular behavior of recombinant invasin, a 103-kDa outer membrane protein of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. To mimic the in vivo behavior of bacterial invasin, a polyvalent form of invasin was generated by incubation of biotinylated GST-fused invasin C-terminal portion protein (GST-INVS) with avidin. Several experiments confirmed that the recombinant invasin could consistently reproduce the invasin-mediated entry to mammalian epithelial cells. We analyzed the molecular kinetics of polyvalent INVS by western blotting, (125) I-uptake, and immunofluorescent microscopy. The internalized polyvalent INVS was rapidly translocated to the RIPA-insoluble (polymerized-actin enriched) fraction and formed cytoplasmic vesicles, while monovalent invasin did not show such kinetics. From these observations, we concluded that our bacterial-free system is able to analyze the action of invasin for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis entry.

Inhibition of antibody-dependent stimulation of lipoteichoic acid-treated human monocytes and macrophages by polyglycerolphosphate-reactive peptides

By itself, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) obtained from S. pyogenes, S. aureus, or E. hirae poorly stimulated cytokine production by macrophages, whereas in the presence of anti-polyglycerol phosphate (PGP), the cells secreted significant amounts of IL-6. Two peptides constructed from the deduced sequence of the selected anti-PGP phage-antibody's complementary-determining region 3 of the variable heavy chain (V(H)-CDR3) reacted specifically with PGP. The monomeric form of the peptides markedly inhibited cytokine production by macrophages pretreated with LTA and anti-LTA. In contrast, the polyvalent form of biotinylated peptides complex with streptavidin-induced cytokine production by the LTA-treated macrophages. The data taken together support the concept that cross-linking of macrophage-bound LTA by anti-PGP is required for cytokine release by these cells. Importantly, these studies identified small, PGP-reactive peptides as potential tools in reducing this proinflammatory process.

Detection of low-affinity adhesion ligands by linking recombinant cell adhesion molecules in uniform orientation to a fluorescently labelled dextran molecule by means of hexahistidine tagging: the case of multimeric CD40

Cell–cell interactions involve highly polyvalent associations between receptors on adjacent cells. In order to mimic this process, we have prepared a highly polyvalent form of CD40 attached to a dextran backbone. This was accomplished by engineering a hexahistidine tag on the C-terminus of the CD40 and binding, in a uniform orientation, up to 100 molecules of hexahistidine CD40 by metal chelation to a single fluorescently tagged dextran molecule. The advantage of this `multimeric' CD40 is that it would be expected to bind to any counterstructure with a significantly higher avidity compared to monomeric CD40. The multimeric CD40 bound with high affinity to stably transfected mouse fibroblasts expressing CD40L. The multimeric ligand also bound to the activated T cell clone, D10, but did not bind to resting cells, showing that it bound to the physiological ligand. Using this system, we found no evidence to support the claim [Heath et al., 1993. Cell. Immunol. 152, 468.] that the A20 cells have a counterstructure for CD40, and propose that the high binding of CD40 observed in this study may have been due to an exposed hexahistidine tag on the molecule. This multimeric technology has considerable potential for detecting low-affinity interactions between cell adhesion receptors and ligands. The uniform orientation of the molecules on the dextran is an advantage over previous systems and permits the preparation of heterogeneous, multimeric ligands which more closely mimic the conditions at the cell surface.

Mouse LFA‐3 studied with chimeric soluble CD2 shows preferential expression on lymphoid cells

Here we have used a soluble, polyvalent form of mouse CD2, i.e. CD2-hC mu, to detect its ligand LFA-3. Mouse LFA-3 is preferentially expressed on lymphoid cells unlike human LFA-3 which shows a wide tissue distribution. Mouse LFA-3 is one of the early surface molecules expressed on developing thymocytes appearing on the surface of fetal thymocytes on day 13 of gestation. Like human LFA-3, the mouse homolog could be shown to be a phosphatidyl inositol-linked membrane protein. Since mouse LFA-3 is preferentially expressed on lymphoid cells and since CD2 is expressed by both T and B lymphocytes, we would favor the view that the CD2/LFA-3 adhesion system in the mouse may play a role in interactions between lymphocytes (T-T and/or T-B) rather than in cell interactions between lymphocytes and non-lymphoid cells in the thymic, bone marrow or spleen microenvironments.

The cascading, interrelated roles of interleukin-1, interleukin-2, and interleukin-6 in murine anti-CD3-driven T cell proliferation

T cell stimulation occurs following interaction of T cell receptor (TcR) with processed antigen presented by autologous accessory cells (AC). The effects of antigen stimulation on T cells are mimicked by monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) defining proteins of the TcR-CD3 complex. In this study, we examine the roles of T cell density, AC density, divalent and polyvalent forms of anti-CD3 Mab, and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, and IL-6 in T cell activation and proliferation. Stringently AC-depleted T cells do not proliferate in response to con A or divalent anti-CD3; however, polyvalent anti-CD3 provides a powerful signal for isolated resting T cell proliferation. Recombinant (r)IL-2 strongly amplifies T cell proliferation in response to anti-CD3, whereas rIL-1 exerts no direct effects on anti-CD3-stimulated T cells. In the presence of AC, however, rIL-1 augments T cell proliferation to anti-CD3. Recombinant IL-6 promotes T cell proliferation among T cells stimulated with polyvalent but not divalent anti-CD3. As deduced by Northern blot analysis, rIL-1 increases cytoplasmic levels of IL-6 mRNA in AC. Recombinant IL-6, in turn, amplifies the accumulation of stable IL-2 transcripts in purified T cells stimulated with polyvalent anti-CD3. Hence, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-2 support T cell proliferation through cascading effects at the level of gene transcription. The cytokines evaluated in this study, however, do not fully reconstitute AC functions in promoting anti-CD3 Mab T cell proliferation.

Aspects de Baubô. Textes et contextes antiques

Visions of Baubô : Classical Texts and Contexts Recognizing Baubô in all the complexity of her documentation implies analyzing the constructions of modern historiography, and bringing to light the polyvalent forms elaborated by the Ancients. The connections indicated by the Greek and Latin texts between Iambè's utterance and Baubô's incongruous gesture are thus explored with no a priori acceptance of the assumptions and intuitions of modern Psychology of Religions. Rather than filling in the lacunae of our comprehension and the silence of our sources with subtle philological constructions, an attempt is made to restore some of the visions of Baubô as they appear in their specific contexts, following the narrative, visual and verbal associations of the classical texts themselves.

Transformations of cyclic hydrocarbons on cationic forms of zeolite Y

1. A study was made of the reaction of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and 1,4-cyclohexadiene with zeolites LiY, NaY, KY, RbY, CsY, BeY, MgY, CaY, LaY, and NdY. The dehydrogenation of cyclohexane and cyclohexene on the polyvalent forms of zeolite Y is possible with a simultaneous cracking of a portion of the starting hydrocarbon, while benzene is formed to different degree from 1,4-cyclohexadiene by the direct dehydrogenation and disproportionation reactions of 1,4-cyclohexadiene. 2. The ability of hydrocarbons to undergo various transformations, including dehydrogenation, increases when going from cyclohexane to cyclohexene, and then to 1,4-cyclohexadiene. 3. The activity of zeolite Y in the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and 1,4-cyclohexadiene increases when the univalent cations are replaced by di- and trivalent cations, which is explained by a corresponding enhancement in the acidity of the cation-substituted zeolites.

THE TREATMENT OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA WITH CONCENTRATED ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM

During the past two years we have continued our studies on the specific treatment of lobar pneumonia at Bellevue Hospital. This work has been both clinical and experimental. Since the fall of 1926, our interest has been largely confined to investigation of the immunologic properties and the therapeutic value of concentrated antipneumococcus serum. The serum that has particularly engaged our attention is a derivative of antipneumococcus serum prepared according to the method of Felton. 1 PREPARATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF SERUM The actual technic of the preparation of this serum has been thoroughly described by Felton in a series of articles which he has published in various periodicals. The original antipneumococcus horse serum is concentrated in both the monovalent and the polyvalent forms. Felton's method of concentration may be briefly described as follows. 2 One liter of serum is slowly poured into 15 liters of agitated, cooled distilled water, and the