Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Rich Fish Research Articles

Twelve Weeks of Additional Fish Intake Improves the Cognition of Cognitively Intact, Resource-Limited Elderly People: A Randomized Control Trial.

Dietary omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may reduce the risk of dementia. Many studies have investigated PUFA supplementation in high-income countries, yet food-based randomized control trials using omega 3 PUFA rich fish in lower to middle income countries, are lacking. To determine the effect on cognition of adding either fish or non-fish foods for twelve weeks to an enhanced diet of cognitively intact, independently living, resource-limited elderly people. Randomized control trial (National Health Trial register: DOH-27-061-6026). Retirement center in urban South Africa. Fifty-seven (74% female, mean age: 72±7 years) elderly participants with cognitive function exceeding 22 on the Mini Mental State Examination were randomized into an intervention (n=31) and control (n=26) group. The usual diets of both groups were enhanced with context-appropriate foods to mimic elements of the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet. The intervention group additionally received canned pilchards and fish spread every week amounting to an additional (theoretical) intake of 2.2g omega 3 PUFA daily. The control group received canned meatballs and texturized soya every week. Cognition was measured twice before and once after the intervention phase using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI). Adherence was assessed by a study-specific food frequency questionnaire and red blood cell (RBC) PUFA biomarkers. Data were analyzed using a non-parametric analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with, and without, bootstrap imputation. Participants in the intervention group had a significantly higher post intervention (P=0.036) CASI score than the control group, when the model was fitted with imputation and controlled for baseline scores. Participants in the intervention group also had a significantly higher intake of calculated dietary omega 3 PUFA and higher levels of RBC eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid content than the control group (P < 0.05). Twelve weeks of fish intake in the context of a modified MIND diet may improve the cognition of cognitively intact, resource-limited elderly people.

Effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on the expression of genes involved in progesterone biosynthesis in the corpus luteum of goat (Capra hircus).

Emerging evidence indicates that dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) alter the fatty acid composition of corpus luteum (CL) and directly affect the luteal function in the cow, which is independent of the inhibitory effect on the endometrial PGF2α production. The present study, thus, investigated the effects of n-3 PUFA rich fish oil (FO) supplementation on the transcriptional modulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of progesterone (P4 ) in the CL collected during the luteolytic phase of oestrous cycle in the goat. On the day of synchronized oestrus, goats (n=6/group) were fed an isocaloric diet supplemented with either FO or palm oil (PO). The dose of oil supplementation was 0.6mlkg-1 body weight, and the duration was 55-57days. The FO provided 156mgkg-1 body weight of n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The CL was collected by laparotomy on day 16 post-oestrus, and the relative abundance of P450 side-chain cleaving enzyme, steroid acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) genes was quantitated by real-time PCR. The results indicated that the dietary FO significantly upregulated the expression of 3β-HSD by 1.13-fold and downregulated StAR by ~2-fold as compared to PO group (p<.05). It is concluded that dietary FO differently affected the expression of genes involved in P4 synthesis in the CL during the luteolytic window of the oestrous cycle in the goat.

Effects of nano-sizing on lipid bioaccessibility and ex vivo bioavailability from EPA-DHA rich oil in water nanoemulsion

The physiological efficacy of nutraceuticals is dependent on their physicochemical nature and bioavailability across biological barriers. In the present work, effects of nano-sizing of emulsion-based delivery vehicle on the bioavailability of polyunsaturated fatty acids rich fish oil have been investigated via three-step experimental design; ex vivo rat everted intestinal sac model, cellular lipid uptake and the bioactivity in rat PBMCs. Nanoemulsion in comparison to the conventional emulsion has shown significant higher rate of uptake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in three segments of small intestine. The time-kinetics of such uptake was correlated with appearance of short-chain fatty acids in basal side of the everted sac. The bioavailability of the formulated fish oil and its inhibitory response against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in rat PBMCs were positively correlated. This formulation with nano-sized droplets can be utilized as smart delivery vehicles for designing oral therapies in future.

Effect of different levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids rich fish oil supplementation on the ovarian and endometrial functions in the goat (Capra hircus)

Decreasing the ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) through dietary manipulation improves the reproductive functions in the dairy cow. This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFA rich fish oil that provided different levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to determine the optimum dose with respect to endometrial and ovarian functions in the doe. Normal cyclic goats (n = 20) were divided into four groups (n = 5/group) and the fish oil was supplemented for 55 days such that EPA and DHA content were 0, 72, 156 and 312 mg/Kg body weight for CON, LOW, MED and HIGH groups, respectively. The diet was made isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Estrus was synchronized by two PG regimen at 11 days apart with first PG on day 25 of supplementation. Experimental does were observed from second PG till day 17 post-estrus. Ovarian ultrasound revealed that the follicular attributes were comparable among the groups; however, the diameter of CL on day 5 post-estrus was significantly larger in the MED group. Fish oil supplementation even at the lowest dose significantly decreased the serum estradiol (E2) and basal as well as oxytocin (OXT) induced PGFM during the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle (P < 0.05). Further, the MED group showed a significant decrease in the serum E2 on day 17 post-estrus as compared to LOW group. A significant increase in the progesterone (P4) on day 14 post-estrus was recorded in the MED group. Neither the effect of treatment nor time was significant either on day 16 or 17 post-estrus with respect to PGEM following OXT challenge (P > 0.05). It is concluded that the dietary fish oil inhibited OXT induced PGF2α release and decreased E2 during the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle in the doe, which will have a favourable effect on the maternal recognition of pregnancy. In addition, MED level (156 mg/Kg body weight) increased the CL size and circulating P4 during the luteal phase.

Effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich fish oil on the endometrial prostaglandin production in the doe (Capra hircus)

Recently, we showed that dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFA rich fish oil (FO) decreased the metabolites of serum prostaglandin (PG) F2α and E2 during the window of pregnancy recognition in the doe. In this study, we investigated its effect on the changes on endometrial PG production in vitro. Cycling does (n = 12) of Rohilkhand region were divided into two equal groups and fed a concentrate diet supplemented with either FO containing 26% n-3 PUFA (TRT; n = 6) or palm oil (CON; n = 6) @ 0.6 mL/kg body weight for 57 days. Estrus was synchronized by two injections of PGF2α analogue viz, on day 25 and 36 of supplementation and laparo-hysterotomy was performed to obtain endometrial tissue on day 16 of the synchronized estrus. Endometrial explant culture was done using a defined medium.The basal PG production was assayed at 6 and 12 h. Endometrial explant was stimulated with oxytocin (OXT) and/or recombinant ovine interferon tau (roIFN-τ) and PGs were assayed at 3 and 12 h post-treatment. The relative expression of genes related to PG metabolism in the endometrium was done by Quantitative Real Time PCR technique (qRT-PCR). There was a significant (P < 0.05) decline in the basal production of PGF2α and PGE2 in the TRT as compared to the CON group. The cultured endometrial tissue produced PGF2α in a time- dependent fashion in both the groups (P < 0.05). Neither OXT nor roIFN-τ had a significant (P > 0.05) effect on the PGF2α and PGE2 production in the TRT group. Similarly, the PG production in the OXT and roIFN-τ was comparable with the control in TRT. Expression of mRNA for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and PGF synthase (PGFS) was lower (P < 0.05) whereas, PGE synthase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors such as PPAR-γ and δ was increased (P < 0.05) in n-3 PUFA fed doe. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of FO decreased the endometrial production of PGF2α and PGE2 by downregulating the COX-2, cPLA2 and PGFS transcripts in the doe. The findings suggest that n-3 PUFA influence embryo survival by modulating the endometrial PG.

Effect of dietary supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich fish oil on reproductive performance of the goat (Capra hircus)

Dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFA decreases the luteolytic PGF2α and improves the pregnancy rate in the dairy cow. However, its effect in the goat is not known. Accordingly, we studied the effect of supplementation of n-3 PUFA rich Fish oil (FO) on different reproductive events in the goat. Cycling goats (n = 30) were divided into two equal groups and fed an isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet supplemented with either FO (TRT; n = 15) or palm oil (PO) (CON; n = 15) @ 0.6 mL/kg body weight for 72 days during the breeding season. Estrus synchronization was done on day 25 and 36 of supplementation using two PG regimen and the goats in estrus were bred. Mean interval from PGF2α administration to the onset of estrus was 12 h longer (P < 0.05) in the TRT group than that of CON. The number of preovulatory follicles (POF) and ovulation rate was significantly higher in FO supplemented goats (P < 0.05) by 39.64 and 41.35%, respectively. Though the corpus luteum diameter was significantly higher (P < 0.05) on day 5, 8 and 11 post-breeding in the TRT group, mean serum progesterone (P4) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Mean concentration of serum estradiol (E2) was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the FO supplemented group during day 0–60 post-breeding which could be due to significantly low serum cholesterol (P < 0.01). Though the serum concentration of PGF2α metabolite (PGFM) and PGE2 metabolite (PGEM) in the pregnant goats was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the TRT group on day 16 and 17 post-breeding, the ratio of PGEM to PGFM remained unaffected suggesting a favourable effect of FO supplementation on the early pregnancy. The number of embryos, twinning rate and kidding rate were high in FO supplemented group though it was non-significant. However, gestation length, birth weight of kids and neonatal behaviour were comparable between the groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of n-3 PUFA rich FO significantly increased the number of POF and ovulation rate with numerical increase in the kidding rate. Further, it decreased the serum E2 and PGFM during the critical window of pregnancy recognition in the doe.

Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich fish oil supplementation on serum biochemical profile in goat

The present study was designed to determine the effect of different levels of n-3 PUFA rich fish oil supplementation on serum biochemical profiles in goat. Goats (20) were divided into 4 equal groups (n,5) and supplemented with one of the 4 levels of EPA and DHA enriched fish oil to provide 0 mg (Control; CG); 78 mg/kg BW (T1); 156 mg/kg BW (T2); and 312 mg/kg BW (T3) doses. The diets in all the groups were made isocaloric by adding palm oil. There was a treatment and day interaction for serum cholesterol concentration. Serum cholesterol in fish oil supplemented groups decreased with the increase in dose and indicated potential effect of n-3 PUFA rich fish oil on reducing the circulatory cholesterol concentration. There was a treatment and day interaction for serum triglycerides concentration at probability of 10%. The mean triglycerides concentration was lower in T2 and T3 on day 20 of supplementation than T1. Further, no effect of supplementation could be observed on serum NEFA concentration on different days of sampling. However, serum BHBA concentration had a treatment and day interaction. The mean concentration was lower in T3 than CG on day 38 of supplementation. The finding suggested that n-3 PUFA supplementation influenced serum biochemical profiles and dose-dependent effect was observed on reducing blood cholesterol concentration.

Apple flavonols and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid–rich fish oil lowers blood C-reactive protein in rats with hypercholesterolemia and acute inflammation

Both quercetin glycosides and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are well established for their individual health benefits in ameliorating metabolic disease. However, their combined effects are not well documented. It was hypothesized that the beneficial properties of quercetin glycosides can be enhanced when provided in combination with n-3 PUFA. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of apple flavonols (AF) and fish oil (FO), alone and in combination, on proinflammatory biomarkers and lipid profiles in rats fed a high-fat diet. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 12) and fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. One of the 5 groups of rats was used as the high-fat control. The other 4 groups of rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally, 5 hours before euthanization. One of these 4 groups was used as the hypercholerolemic and inflammatory control (high-fat with lipopolysaccharide [HFL]), and the other 3 received AF (HFL + 25 mg/kg per day AF), FO (HFL + 1 g/kg per day FO), or the combination (HFL + AF + FO). Compared to the HFL group, the AF, FO, and AF + FO groups showed lower serum concentrations of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The AF, FO, and AF + FO also had lowered serum triacylglycerol and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, but higher HDL-C levels relative to the HFL group. An additive effect was observed on serum CRP in the AF + FO group as compared with the AF or FO groups. The results demonstrated that AF and FO inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediators and showed an improved efficacy to lower serum CRP when administered in combination, and they significantly improved blood lipid profiles in rats with diet-induced hyperlipidemia and LPS-induced acute inflammation.

Abstract B52: Evaluation of role of apoptosis and cell cycle analysis in chemopreventive action of fish oil and celecoxib in the initiation phase of experimental mammary carcinogenesis

Abstract Aim: Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzymes plays an important role in the progression and metastasis of cancer. COX −2 inhibition by non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is a useful approach for cancer prevention but has side effects. On the other hand, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) also have a cancer chemopreventive effect mediated by COX-2 inhibition. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the chemopreventive effect of combined dosage of n-3 PUFA rich fish oil and celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor in the initiation phase of experimental mammary carcinogenesis. Study Design: Female Wistar rats were distributed into six groups: group-1 (vehicle treated), group-2 (DMBA treated), group-3 (20mg/kg body weight celecoxib), group-4 (0.5 ml fish oil), group-5 (20 mg/kg body weight celecoxib+0.5 ml fish oil) and group-6 (20 mg/kg body weight celecoxib+0.5 ml fish oil). The treatment was given for seven days and on 8th day animals in all groups except group 1 and 5 received an oral dose of 15mg of DMBA (7, 12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene) and sacrificed after 90 days. Histopathology was done for morphological examination of the tissue specimens. Apoptosis was measured by using M30 cytodeath monoclonal antibody and Caspase-3 activity and cell cycle analysis by propidium iodide (PI) staining was performed in isolated mammary epithelial cells. Results: In the animals treated with DMBA, the mammary tissue showed the features of ductal hyperplasia. Treatment with combination dosages of celecoxib+fish oil+DMBA resulted in a histological profile similar to the normal mammary tissue while obstruction in duct and lobule as well as hyperplastic changes were observed in the mammary tissue of celecoxib or fish oil treated animals. Group 2 animals showed a significant increase in apoptosis with M-30 cytoDEATH and caspase-3 activity. In addition, an increase in cell population in S and G2/M phase with a concomitant decrease in G1 phase cells was observed in carcinogen treated animals. In comparison to DMBA treated animals, a decrease in percentage apoptotic cells was observed in celecoxib or/and fish oil pretreated groups followed by DMBA with the least reduction in combinatorial regimen treated animals. There was no significant difference in the Caspase-3 activity in the DMBA treated animals and celecoxib + fish oil + DMBA treated animals. In the animals treated with combination dosage of celecoxib + fish oil + DMBA, there was a significant increase in apoptosis as compared to animals treated with celecoxib and fish oil alone. The apoptosis in the groups was also significantly increased with respect to control animals (group 1). Conclusion: Though both celecoxib and fish oil showed chemopreventive potential in experimental mammary carcinogenesis, better efficacy was observed with the combinatorial treatment and their synergistic effect may be mediated by the apoptotic pathway. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):B52.

Nutrient stimulation of epidermal growth in developing Artemia

The ability of dietary components to support growth of the epidermal cells was examined in fourth-instar brine shrimp larvae. Larvae fed Encapsulon particles increased in thoracic length by 12% and segment 1 width by 9%. Addition of Artemate, a polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich fish oil extract, to the Encapsulon particles further enhanced larval growth. Equivalent growth was obtained when Artemate was added to albumin or casein and when eicosapentaenoic acid was added to albumin. No growth occurred in larvae fed diets of single polyamino acids, oleic or linoleic acids, or starch. Growth equivalent to that achieved with Encapsulon particles was obtained with Artemate or EPA alone. Tests using fluorescent casein and beads to trace food uptake showed that nutrients entered the gut lumen within 5 min and the haemocoel within 1 h. Fluorescent fatty acids were incorporated into the membranes of the epidermal cells within the first 2 h after feeding. Epidermal cells of larvae fed diets enriched with PUFAs grew in height during the G1a period (late instar III and early instar IV), suggesting that early cell growth may trigger commitment to replication or expansion of the apical surface.

DIETARY FISH OIL AND VITAMIN E INFLUENCES TISSUE GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM589

Polyunsaturated fatty acid rich fish oil (FO) diet enhances the susceptibility of certain tissues to oxidative lipid damage. Vitamin E (VE) is a major chain breaking lipophilic antioxidant that functions to protect against lipid peroxidation. In biological systems, aqueous and lipid phase antioxidants work in synergy in the form of a antioxidant chain reaction. The key physiological antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH) plays a critical role in regenerating other critical antioxidants e.g., VE and ascorbate. We investigated the effect of 8 wk intragastric FO (1 g/kg b.w; equivalent amount of soya oil, SO, was fed to placebo treated controls) and VE(750 IU/kg b.w) supplementation on the tissue glutathione system of rats(n=12-14/group) at rest or subjected to exhaustive treadmill run induced oxidative stress. VE supplementation increased VE contents in skeletal muscles, heart, lung and liver. In liver, VE incorporation was higher(P<0.001) in FO and VE co-supplemented group (FOVE) compared to SOVE. At rest, red gastrocnemius muscle (RG) total glutathione (TGSH) content and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity were higher (P<0.05) in FOVE compared to SOVE. Also, hepatic GST and glutathione reductase activities were higher (P<0.001) in FOVE compared to SOVE. Exercise lowered (P<0.01) muscle and liver TGSH level˙s, this effect was less pronounced (P<0.05) in FOVE vs. SOVE. Exercise increased GST activity in liver and RG only in SOVE group(P<0.01). Dietary FO and VE results in tissue specific alterations in glutathione system. Compared to VE alone, FOVE enhanced VE availability in liver and enhanced RG TGSH content perhaps by sparing the consumption of GSH.

Fish oil supplementation inhibits the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and adhesion molecules on human monocytes

To test the hypothesis that fish oil supplementation can inhibit the expression of functionally associated molecules on the surface of human blood monocytes, we randomly assigned 12 healthy adults to receive either an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich fish oil supplement for 21 d or to receive no supplement. The percentage of monocytes expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules (HLA-DR, -DP, and -DQ), intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and leukocyte-function-associated antigen-1, and the intensity of expression of each molecule were quantified before and after the study period. Monocytes were examined immediately after blood sampling and again after incubation in serum-free culture medium for 24 h in the presence of interferon-gamma to up-regulate expression of MHC class II molecules by the monocytes. The intensity of expression of all the monocyte surface molecules examined was significantly reduced after fish oil supplementation (P < 0.025), although there was no change in the percentage of monocytes expressing each molecule. After incubation with interferon-gamma, there was a similar inhibition of surface molecule expression (with the exception of HLA-DQ) by monocytes from the fish oil-supplemented group, and there was a reduction in the percentage of monocytes expressing both HLA-DR and -DP molecules (P < 0.025). No significant changes were observed in the reference group. Dietary supplementation with fish oil can inhibit the expression of surface molecules involved in the function of human antigen-presenting cells, a potential mechanism by which n-3 fatty acids may suppress cell-mediated immune responses.