Combination Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Adjunctive use of omega-3 fatty acids in combination with low-dose aspirin in periodontitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Periodontitis is one of the most common dental diseases with a range of treatment approaches, including pathogenetically reasonable use of various host immune modulators. One such approach is the use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in combination with low-dose aspirin. This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the standard treatment alone and adjunctive use of omega-3 PUFAs in combination with low-dose aspirin with or without standard treatment in patients with periodontitis. A systematic review of the literature was performed using MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Central and Google Scholar databases. Selection criteria included the following: randomized controlled trials in subjects with periodontitis in the age group above 18 years old, with follow-up periods ranging from 6 weeks to 6 months. The meta-analysis was performed using standard methodological procedures according to Cochrane recommendations, including assessment of risk-of-bias and level of evidence (GRADE). Meta-analysis was performed for such clinical outcomes as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP) and bleeding index (BI) based on data from seven randomized clinical trials conducted between 2010 and 2020. It was shown that adjunctive use of omega-3 PUFAs in combination with low-dose aspirin results in significant clinical improvement in PD, CAL and GI during both short and prolonged follow-up periods. The use of omega-3 PUFAs and low-dose aspirin in periodontitis patients may be promising as an adjunct therapy, however, due to a limited number of patients and significant heterogeneity, further studies need to be conducted.

Подход к профилактике и лечению неалкогольной жировой болезни печени у детей с ожирением с позиции современных международных рекомендаций

Актуальность. Статья посвящена проблеме профилактики развития и терапии неалкогольной жировой болезни печени (НАЖБП) у детей с ожирением по алиментарно-конституциональному типу. Цель: изучение эффективности и безопасности использования препаратов омега-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (ПНЖК) с витамином Е и мультипробиотического комплекса, обогащенного витаминами, для профилактики развития и прогрессирования стеатогепатоза. Материалы и методы. Под наблюдением находились 55 детей с избыточной массой тела. Всем пациентам была назначена медикаментозная терапия с использованием препарата омега-3 ПНЖК Рейтоил и комплексного пробиотика Бревелак (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, Lactococcus lactis ssp. Lactis R1058, Bifidobacterium longum R0175, Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011, Bifidobacterium breve R0070, Streptococcus thermophilus R0083, Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, Lactobacillus casei R0215, Lactobacillus plantarum R1012) на фоне модификации образа жизни. Результаты. Течение НАЖБП у детей в большинстве случаев не имеет характерной клинической симптоматики и выраженного синдрома цитолиза. Структурно-функциональные изменения в печени при НАЖБП могут вызывать метаболические нарушения с формированием выраженной атерогенной дислипидемии. Трехмесячный курс терапии НАЖБП препаратами омега-3 ПНЖК Рейтоил в сочетании с использованием комплексного пробиотического препарата Бревелак показал достоверное снижение активности печеночных цитолитических ферментов и улучшение показателя липидного спектра крови. Выводы. Назначение препаратов омега-3 ПНЖК в сочетании с комплексом штаммов пробиотических культур с доказанной клинической эффективностью при НАЖБП на фоне модификации образа жизни способствует эффективной профилактике и лечению данной патологии у детей.

Autophagy as one of the most important strategies for the treatment of tuberculosis; Mini-review

Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell division, which could spread or invade various tissues. There are more than 200 types of cancer, including breast, skin, lung, colon, and prostate cancer, and lymphoma, the symptoms and indications of which vary depending on the type of tissues. Cancer has several treatments with different applications. For instance, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery or their combination are common treatment modalities for cancer. However, a complete cure for cancer has not been achieved yet. On the other hand, novel drugs for cancer treatment are not efficient due to the ability of cancer cells to develop resistance against chemotherapeutic agents. Recently, natural compounds have been reported to improve the efficiency of cancer treatment. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are natural compounds that could be used as dietary supplements in cancer patients. PUFAs are classified into two main categories, including n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. According to the literature, n-3 PUFAs exert protective effects against cancer through the induction of apoptotic pathways and suppressing cell proliferation, while n-6 PUFAs cause tumor formation by inducing cell growth and proliferation. Using PUFAs in combination with chemotherapeutic agents is considered to be an effective approach to the treatment of cancer patients through increasing cancer cell death. This review aimed to discuss the interactive effects of the structure and function of PUFAs on cancer and cell processes through various signaling pathways.

Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cancer and Their Use in Cancer Treatment

Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell division, which could spread or invade various tissues. There are more than 200 types of cancer, including breast, skin, lung, colon, and prostate cancer, and lymphoma, the symptoms and indications of which vary depending on the type of tissues. Cancer has several treatments with different applications. For instance, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery or their combination are common treatment modalities for cancer. However, a complete cure for cancer has not been achieved yet. On the other hand, novel drugs for cancer treatment are not efficient due to the ability of cancer cells to develop resistance against chemotherapeutic agents. Recently, natural compounds have been reported to improve the efficiency of cancer treatment. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are natural compounds that could be used as dietary supplements in cancer patients. PUFAs are classified into two main categories, including n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. According to the literature, n-3 PUFAs exert protective effects against cancer through the induction of apoptotic pathways and suppressing cell proliferation, while n-6 PUFAs cause tumor formation by inducing cell growth and proliferation. Using PUFAs in combination with chemotherapeutic agents is considered to be an effective approach to the treatment of cancer patients through increasing cancer cell death. This review aimed to discuss the interactive effects of the structure and function of PUFAs on cancer and cell processes through various signaling pathways.

Nootropic and Adaptogenic Effect of Combined Use of Cortexin with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Concentrate under Experimental Dislipidemia

Background.We studied the effect of combined application of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate, based on seals fat, with parenteral administration of brain cortex polypeptide preparation on cognitive-research reactions and adaptation of rats under experimental hyperlipidemia. The composition of the myelin sheaths of neurons is represented by a protein-lipid complex, which is a part of the cell membrane, the imbalance of which leads to a number of neurological diseases.The aim of the study was to confirm experimentally that the combined use of drugs, based on essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and polypeptides, would influence more effectively on neurometabolic processes in neurons, compared to their application separately.Materials and methods.Wistar rats were used. They were on a special atherogenic diet to build the model of hypercholesterolemia. The pharmacological effects of drugs were evaluated in the Open Field and Morris Water Maze tests.Results.The study found that in rats, who received a combination of polyunsaturated fatty acids concentrate with Cortexin injections, and undergoing atherogenic diet, the overall motor activity increased significantly in the Open field test, at the same time the number of acts of defecation and grooming decreased. The Morris Water Maze test results indicated an increase in the level of spatial memory and orientation, which shows a high level of adaptability and adaptation to new conditions, a decrease in the level of anxiety.Conclusions.The results demonstrated a more pronounced and prolonged nootropic and adaptogenic action of the complex use in comparison with the use of the studied agents as monotherapy.

Differential action of polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids on bleomycin-induced cytotoxicity to neuroblastoma cells and lymphocytes.

IntroductionThis study was conducted to examine whether bleomycin-induced growth inhibitory action on human neuroblastoma cells (IMR-32) is influenced by anti-inflammatory metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): lipoxin A4 (LXA4), resolvin D1 and protectin D1 in vitro.Material and methodsThe in vitro study was conducted using monolayer cultures of exponentially growing IMR-32 cells. The effects of various PUFAs and eicosanoids and anti-inflammatory metabolites of PUFAs such as lipoxin A4 (LXA4), resolvin D1 and protectin D1 on the growth of IMR-32 cells and human lymphocytes in vitro were investigated. The potential of PUFAs, eicosanoids and LXA4, resolvin D1 and protectin D1 to modify the growth inhibitory effects of bleomycin was also studied in IMR-32 cells and human lymphocytes.ResultsPUFAs inhibited the growth of IMR-32 cells (EPA > DHA = AA > GLA = ALA > DGLA = LA) significantly (p < 0.001) while prostaglandins were found to be not effective. Bleomycin-induced growth inhibitory action on IMR-32 cells was augmented by PUFAs and its metabolites (p < 0.05). PUFAs and LXA4 did not inhibit the growth of human lymphocytes and bleomycin-induced growth inhibitory action was also not enhanced by these bioactive lipids.ConclusionsBioactive lipids have differential action on normal human lymphocytes and tumor cells in vitro. The apparent lack of effect of PUFAs in combination with bleomycin on the growth of human lymphocytes in comparison to their growth inhibitory action on IMR-32 cells suggests that PUFAs can be used in combination with bleomycin to target tumor cells with little concern over this combination’s effect on the growth of human lymphocytes. Further studies are warranted to evaluate these differential effects under in vivo conditions.

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of minocycline and/or omega-3 fatty acids added to treatment as usual for at-risk mental states (NAYAB): study protocol

BackgroundThe at-risk mental state (ARMS) describes individuals at high risk of developing schizophrenia or psychosis. The use of antipsychotics in this population is not supported, because most individuals with ARMS are unlikely to develop psychosis. Anti-inflammatory treatments and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may have some beneficial effects in the treatment of ARMS. There have been no controlled clinical trials in which researchers have investigated the use of minocycline for ARMS and no trials involving PUFAs in combination with other proposed treatments. There is a need to find effective, tolerable and inexpensive interventions for individuals with ARMS that are available in high-, low- and middle-income countries.Methods/designA 6-month intervention study of minocycline and/or omega-3 fatty acids added to treatment as usual (TAU) in patients with ARMS will be conducted in Pakistan using a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind factorial design. A total of 320 consenting patients with capacity will be recruited from the community, general practitioner clinics and psychiatric units. Allowing for a 25% dropout rate, we will recruit 59 completing participants into each study arm, and in total 236 will complete the study. We will determine whether the addition of minocycline and/or omega-3 fatty acids to TAU attenuates the rate of transition from ARMS to first-episode psychosis and improves symptoms and/or level of functioning in ARMS. We will also investigate whether any candidate risk factors, such as negative symptoms, influence treatment response in the ARMS group. The primary efficacy endpoint is conversion to psychotic disorder at 12 months after study entry. Analysis will be done according to the intention to treat principle using analysis of variance, chi-square tests and adjusted ORs to assess between-group differences. Cox regression analysis will be used to evaluate potential between-group differences in time to onset of psychosis.DiscussionThe outcomes of this trial will provide evidence of the potential benefits of minocycline and PUFAs in the treatment of ARMS. Both minocycline and PUFAs are inexpensive, are readily available in low-/middle-income countries such as Pakistan, and if proven, may be safe and effective for treating individuals with ARMS.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02569307. Registered on 3 October 2015.

Dietary PUFA Increase Apoptosis in Stomach of Patients with Dyspeptic Symptoms and Infected with H. pylori

Drug-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori and poor treatment response are the main reasons for the failure in eradicating it in patients. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PUFA in combination with standard triple therapy on apoptosis in H. pylori infected subjects with dyspeptic symptoms. This study was a double-blind clinical trial in which 34 H. pylori infected subjects with dyspeptic symptoms were randomly divided into two groups of 17 patients. The control group received standard triple therapy (amoxicillin, clarithromycin and omeprazole) and the experimental group received the standard therapy and PUFA for two weeks. Gene expression levels of caspase-3, BCL-2 and Bad proteins were studied with real-time PCR, while protein levels were quantified in frozen sections and using immunohistochemistry. Compared with the control group, a significant increase (p<0.01) was observed in the expression of caspase-3 and Bad genes and a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the expression of Bcl-2 gene. The protein level of active caspase-3 and Bad protein was significantly increased and the level of Bcl-2 protein was significantly decreased (p<0.05). The results of this study show that oral administration of PUFA in combination with the standard triple therapy increased apoptosis in H. pylori-infected patients with dyspeptic symptoms. This increase in apoptosis may partly reduce drug resistance in these patients. Our results suggest inclusion of a dietary PUFA containing fatty acid supplement may improve treatment of patients that are refractory to the standard triple therapy.

Effect of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Young People at Ultrahigh Risk for Psychotic Disorders

A promising treatment to prevent onset and improve outcomes in patients at ultrahigh risk for psychosis is dietary supplementation with long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). To determine whether treatment with ω-3 PUFAs in combination with a high-quality psychosocial intervention (cognitive behavioral case management [CBCM]) is more effective than placebo plus CBCM. NEURAPRO, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, was conducted from March 1, 2010, to September 30, 2014, in 10 specialized early psychosis treatment services in Australia, Asia, and Europe. The primary analysis used the intention-to-treat approach. A daily dose of 1.4 g of ω-3 PUFAs or placebo (paraffin oil), plus 20 or fewer sessions of CBCM over the 6-month study period. The primary outcome was transition to psychosis status at 6 months. The secondary outcomes were general levels of psychopathology and functioning, as assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) (range, 24-168), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) (range, 0-125), Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) (range, 0-60), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) (range, 0-44), Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) (range, 0-100), and the Global Functioning: Social and Role scale (range, 0-10). For SOFAS and Global Functioning: Social and Role scale, higher scores were better; for other measures, lower scores were better. In this study of 304 adults at ultrahigh risk for psychotic disorders, 153 (50.3%) received ω-3 PUFAs and 151 (49.7%) received placebo. In all, 139 (45.7%) were male; mean (SD) age was 19.1 (4.6) years. The Kaplan-Meier-estimated 6-month transition rates were 5.1% (95% CI, 1.3%-8.7%) in the control group and 6.7% (95% CI, 2.3%-10.8%) in the ω-3 PUFA group. At 12 months, the rates were 11.2% (95% CI, 5.5%-16.7%) in the control group and 11.5% (95% CI, 5.8%-16.9%) in the ω-3 PUFA group. No significant difference was observed between the transition rates of both groups (hazard ratio, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.55-2.23; P = .76, stratified log-rank test). This trial clearly failed to replicate the findings of the original single-center trial. The most likely explanation is that ω-3 PUFAs lack efficacy under these conditions. However, the lower-than-expected transition rate may have prevented a test of the main hypothesis. Given the substantial symptomatic and functional improvement in both groups, the other treatments received (ie, CBCM and antidepressants) likely produced a ceiling effect beyond which ω-3 PUFAs, even if effective, could not be shown to confer additional benefits. Nevertheless, the main conclusion is that ω-3 PUFAs are not effective under conditions where good quality, evidence-based psychosocial treatment is available. anzctr.org.au Identifier: 12608000475347.

Chemoprotective epigenetic mechanisms in a colorectal cancer model: Modulation by n-3 PUFA in combination with fermentable fiber.

Colorectal cancer is the third major cause of cancer-related mortality in both men and women worldwide. The beneficial role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in preventing colon cancer is substantiated by experimental, epidemiological, and clinical data. From a mechanistic perspective, n-3 PUFA are pleiotropic and multifaceted with respect to their molecular mechanisms of action. For example, this class of dietary lipid uniquely modulates membrane and nuclear receptors, sensors/ion channels, and membrane structure/cytoskeletal function, thereby regulating signaling processes that influence patterns of gene expression and cell phenotype. In addition, n-3 PUFA can synergize with other potential chemoprotective agents known to reprogram the chromatin landscape, such as the fermentable fiber product, butyrate. Nutri-epigenomics is an emerging field of research that is focused on the interaction between nutrition and epigenetics. Epigenetics refers to a group of heterogeneous processes that regulate transcription without changing the DNA coding sequence, ranging from DNA methylation, to histone tail modifications and transcription factor activity. One implication of the nutri-epigenome is that it may be possible to reprogram epigenetic marks that are associated with increased disease risk by nutritional or lifestyle interventions. This review will focus on the nutri-epigenomic role of n-3 PUFA, particularly DHA, as well as the combinatorial effects of n-3 PUFA and fermentable fiber in relation to colon cancer.

Antineoplastic Effects of N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Combination With Drugs and Radiotherapy: Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies

Many data support the beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of several chronic pathologies including cancer. Different molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain their effects, including alterations in arachidonic acid oxidative metabolism and metabolic conversion of n-3 PUFAs to novel discovered bioactive derivatives; modification of oxidative stress; changes in cell membrane fluidity and structure and altered metabolism and function of membrane proteins. Considerable knowledge has been recently gathered on the possible beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs administered in combination with different antineoplastic drugs and radiotherapy against melanoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, and colon, breast, prostate, and lung cancer. The efficacy of these combinations has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, and clinical trials have also been conducted. The aim of this review is to analyze all the n-3 PUFA combinations investigated so far, their efficacy, and the possible molecular mechanisms involved. It would be highly auspicable that the detailed analysis of the literature in this field could further support the common use of n-3 PUFAs in combination with other chemopreventive agents and warrant more clinical investigations designed to test the effectiveness of n-3 PUFA treatments coupled with conventional antineoplastic therapies.

Haemolytic activity within the species Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae)

Strong haemolytic activity was observed for extracts of 15 Fibrocapsa japonica strains collected from different global regions. The EC 50 values ranged between 0.4 × 10 4 and 1.9 × 10 4 F. japonica cells ml −1. The relationship between the haemolytic activity observed in the cell extracts and the amount and nature of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was investigated. Between 7% and 89% of the haemolytic activity could be attributed to the amount and toxicity of the PUFAs C18:4n3 (OTA), C20:5n3 (EPA), and C20:4n6 (AA). However, the higher the haemolytic activity of a strain the more it appeared to be caused by haemolytic compounds other than the PUFA's. The EC 50 of the extracts with the highest haemolytic activity strongly depended on light intensity and was in line with observations made on Chattonella marina. In the cell extracts of the strains studied brevetoxins were always below detection limits. For strains where 20–35% of the haemolytic activity was not caused by PUFAs, the concentration of these compounds was close to LC 50 values reported for fish. Overall the haemolytic activity of the F. japonica strains was in the range of known harmful microalgae. Therefore, PUFAs in combination with potent light dependent haemolytic compounds could be a major cause of ichthyotoxicity observed during F. japonica blooms.

The effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation of ewes on neonatal lamb vigour, lamb growth and colostrum parameters

The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) are the most abundant fatty acids in the brain and are vital for its correct development and for that of the nervous system (Huang and Craig-Schmidt, 1996). Ruminant diets are low in DHA and its precursor alpha-linolenic acid. In addition, dietary PUFAs are substantially hydrogenated in the rumen. Consequently, it may be argued that the diets of pregnant and lactating ewes may be deficient in DHA and that a response to supplementation may be observed. Studies involving the supplementation of pregnant ewes with supraoptimal levels of vitamin E have shown that lambs born to supplemented dams are more vigorous immediately after birth and have higher liveweight gains (Merrell, 1998). The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary long-chain PUFA in combination with vitamin E supplementation of ewes on ewe and lamb performance.

Randomized controlled trial of gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in peripheral arterial disease

epidemiological studies suggest polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to perform a randomized controlled trial of gamma-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids in patients with lower limb atherosclerosis. Main outcome measures were: cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations; haemostatic and rheological variables; the ankle brachial pressure index; walking distance; and cardiovascular events and death. 120 men and women with stable intermittent claudication were randomized to 2 years treatment with either a combination of gamma-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids, or placebo. 39 (65.0 cent) of those taking fatty acids and 36 (60.0 cent) of those taking placebo completed the trial. Lipid concentrations did not differ significantly during the trial. In those taking fatty acids, haematocrit was significantly higher than in the placebo group after 6 months (46.1 cent compared with 44.6 cent, P </= 0.01), and systolic blood pressure was significantly lower after 2 years (150|mmHg compared with 161.8|mmHg, </= 0.05). There was no difference in walking distance, but there was a small reduction in non-fatal coronary events in the fatty acid group (10 cent compared with 15 cent, P > 0.05). a combination of polyunsaturated fatty acids produced a statistically significant reduction in systolic blood pressure, but no other significant benefits on risk factors. The trend towards fewer coronary events in those taking fatty acids warrants further investigation.

Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the drug sensitivity of human tumour cell lines resistant to either cisplatin or doxorubicin

Growth of cells in vitro in the presence of fatty acids can alter the membrane composition and hence fluidity and permeability. Exposure of both doxorubicin (2780AD) and cisplatin (2780CP) resistant human ovarian cell lines to non-toxic concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) either before or during exposure to the cytotoxic drug did not modulate drug sensitivity. However, the fatty acids were toxic in their own right. Whilst the ovarian cell lines 2780AD and 2780CP showed a small degree of cross resistance to both fatty acids the doxorubicin resistant breast cell line MCF7/Adr was slightly more sensitive than MCF7. When the interactions between the polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytotoxic drugs were analysed by the isobologram method the toxicities were shown to be additive. The combination of polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytotoxic drugs may have clinical potential provided that the normal tissue toxicities of the two treatments are not additive.