Intake Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Fermented Products Enriched with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Broiler Chicken Nutrition and Fat Quality of Produced Meat

Broiler chicken meat is the preferred meat among the human population. Broiler meat contains high-quality protein and a low-fat content, alongside a desirable fatty acid profile. A frequent problem in human nutrition is an insufficient PUFA intake in the diet. One possible strategy to increase the dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in humans is to produce, and thereby enrich, broiler chicken meat with sufficient amounts of essential PUFA. A method to increase the proportion of essential fatty acids in chicken meat is by changing the fatty acid composition of the feed. Feed production via solid-state fermentation using lower filamentous fungi can be used to prepare valuable feed from cereal by-products enriched with important PUFA and pigments and can thus be included as a suitable feed ingredient in the diet of chickens. From previously published studies, it can be concluded that the application of 3–10% of the prepared fermented products to the diet of broiler chickens increased the proportion of essential fatty acids in the fat of the chicken meat and had a beneficial effect on the growth parameters of chickens.

A food-exchange model for achieving the recommended dietary intakes for saturated fat in Irish children: analysis from the cross-sectional National Children's Food Survey II.

To identify the main foods determining saturated fatty acid (SFA) intakes and model the impact of food exchanges to improve compliance with dietary fat recommendations in Irish children. Estimated food and nutrient intakes were obtained from a cross-sectional study, the National Children's Food Survey II. Participants were categorised into low, medium, and high SFA consumers, and the contribution of food categories to SFA intakes were compared. A food-exchange model was developed, whereby a selected range of high SFA foods were exchanged with lower SFA or unsaturated fat alternatives. Participants were randomly selected from primary schools throughout the Republic of Ireland. A representative sample of 600 Irish children (5-12 years). The main determinants of low and high SFA consumers were milk, cheese, and butter. These foods, including snack foods, and meat and meat products, were considered exchangeable foods within the model. Compared with baseline data, modelled intakes for total fat, SFA, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and trans-fat presented decreases of 3.2, 2.7, 1.6 and <0.1% of total energy (% TE), respectively. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), omega 6, omega 3 and alpha-linolenic acid showed increases of 1.0, 0.8, 0.2 and 0.1% TE, respectively. Compliance with total fat, MUFA and trans-fat recommendations remained adequate (100%). Adherence to SFA and PUFA recommendations improved from 18 to 63%, and 80 to 100%, respectively. The food-exchange model decreased SFA intakes and increased PUFA intakes, suggesting modest dietary changes to children's diets can effectively improve their overall dietary fat profile.

Association of aquatic food consumption, long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acid intake, and blood mercury levels with cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults

Background & aimsAquatic food is rich in nutrients which benefit the human brain and cognitive health; however, concerns about heavy metal accumulation in aquatic food remain. This study evaluated the associations between aquatic food consumption, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) intake, and blood mercury levels with cognition in middle-aged and older adults. MethodsThis cross-sectional study used baseline data from the Lifestyle and Healthy Aging of Chinese Square Dancer Study. Aquatic food consumption and LC n-3 PUFAs intake were obtained from a food frequency questionnaire. Blood mercury levels were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A composite z-score was developed to represent global cognition by averaging the z-scores for each cognitive domain. Participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were diagnosed according to Petersen’s criteria. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the association between the exposure factors and cognitive performance including cognitive scores and MCI. ResultsOf 2621 middle-aged and older adults, the mean (SD) age was 63.71 (5.15) years, and 85.73% were females. Compared with the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile for aquatic food consumption were associated with higher composite z-scores (β=0.156, 95% CI: 0.088–0.225) and lower MCI odds (OR=0.598, 95% CI: 0.425–0.841). A similar positive relationship between LC n-3 PUFAs intake and composite z-score and an inverse association between LC n-3 PUFAs intake and MCI were also observed. In addition, the participants in the highest quartile for blood mercury levels had higher composite z-scores than those in the lowest quartile. ConclusionsIn this cross-sectional study, higher aquatic food consumption, LC n-3 PUFAs intake, and blood mercury levels were related to better cognitive function. Further studies in Chinese populations are required to confirm these findings.

Patterns of perinatal polyunsaturated fatty acid status and associated dietary or candidate-genetic factors

Perinatal exposure to omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can be characterized through biomarkers in maternal or cord blood, or breast milk. Objectives were to describe perinatal PUFA status combining multiple biofluids, and to investigate how it was influenced by dietary intake during pregnancy and maternal FADS and ELOVL gene polymorphisms.This study involved 1,901 mother-child pairs from the EDEN cohort, with PUFA levels measured in maternal and cord erythrocytes, and colostrum. Maternal dietary PUFA intake during the last trimester was derived from a food frequency questionnaire. Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms in FADS and ELOVL genes were genotyped from maternal DNA. Principal component analysis incorporating PUFA levels from the three biofluids identified patterns of perinatal PUFA status. Spearman’s correlations explored associations between patterns and PUFA dietary intake, and linear regression models examined pattern associations with FADS or ELOVL haplotypes.Five patterns were retained: "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs"; "Omega-6 LC-PUFAs"; "Colostrum LC-PUFAs"; "Omega-6 precursor (LA) and DGLA"; "Omega-6 precursor and colostrum ALA". Maternal omega-3 LC-PUFA intakes were correlated with "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs" (r(DHA) = 0.33) and "Omega-6 LC-PUFAs" (r(DHA) = -0.19) patterns. Strong associations were found between FADS haplotypes and PUFA patterns except for "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs".Lack of genetic association with the "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs" pattern, highly correlated with maternal omega-3 LC-PUFA intake, emphasizes the importance of adequate omega-3 LC-PUFA intake during pregnancy and lactation. This study offers a more comprehensive assessment of perinatal PUFA status and its determinants.

Plasma pentraxin-3 levels and its role in childhood obesity-Is it anti-inflammatory? A matched group study.

Obesity has been associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) with anthropometric measurements, dietary content and physical activity level in children. A matched group study. This study was conducted with 91 children aged 6-17 years, divided into two groups: "non-obese group" (Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Score [BMI SDS] <95th percentile) and "obese group" (BMI SDS ≥95th percentile). Plasma PTX-3 levels. The mean age of 91 children included in the study was 12.34 ± 2.86 years. Plasma PTX-3 levels were significantly higher in obese children (p = .028). No significant correlation was found between BMI SDS and plasma PTX-3 values, but a weak positive correlation was found when physical activity level was controlled (r = .176, p = .049). In addition, it was found that fat mass was a partial mediator of plasma PTX-3 level, and an increase in the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue negatively affected plasma PTX-3 level. Plasma PTX-3 level showed a weak positive correlation (r = .223, p = .017) with physical activity score and dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, while a weak negative correlation with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. One unit increase in physical activity score or polyunsaturated fatty acid level caused 0.730 and 2.061 unit increases in plasma PTX-3 level, respectively; while one unit increase in dietary fat intake caused 0.413-unit decrease. There was an indirect relationship between the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue and PTX-3 level. The results of our study suggested that plasma PTX-3 was associated with lower levels of inflammation in children.

Influence of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake on Potential Lipid Metabolite Diagnostic Markers in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study.

Non-invasive diagnostics are crucial for the timely detection of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), significantly improving survival rates. Despite advancements, specific lipid markers for RCC remain unidentified. We aimed to discover and validate potent plasma markers and their association with dietary fats. Using lipid metabolite quantification, machine-learning algorithms, and marker validation, we identified RCC diagnostic markers in studies involving 60 RCC and 167 healthy controls (HC), as well as 27 RCC and 74 HC, by analyzing their correlation with dietary fats. RCC was associated with altered metabolism in amino acids, glycerophospholipids, and glutathione. We validated seven markers (l-tryptophan, various lysophosphatidylcholines [LysoPCs], decanoylcarnitine, and l-glutamic acid), achieving a 96.9% AUC, effectively distinguishing RCC from HC. Decreased decanoylcarnitine, due to reduced carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) activity, was identified as affecting RCC risk. High intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was negatively correlated with LysoPC (18:1) and LysoPC (18:2), influencing RCC risk. We validated seven potential markers for RCC diagnosis, highlighting the influence of high PUFA intake on LysoPC levels and its impact on RCC occurrence via CPT1 downregulation. These insights support the efficient and accurate diagnosis of RCC, thereby facilitating risk mitigation and improving patient outcomes.

Red Blood Cell Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Mortality Following Breast Cancer.

Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may impact mortality following breast cancer (BC); however, epidemiological studies have relied on self-reported assessment of PUFA intake. Herein, we examined the associations between red blood cell (RBC) PUFAs and mortality. This nested case-control study included 1,104 women from, the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study, a multi-site randomized controlled trial. Cases (n=290) were women who died from 1995-2006. Matched controls (n=814) were women who were alive at the end of follow-up. PUFAs were measured in baseline RBC samples and included four ω-3 and seven ω-6 PUFAs. We examined each PUFA individually and Principal Components Factor Analysis (PCFA)-derived scores in association with all-cause mortality (ACM) and BC-specific mortality (BCM) using conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In fully-adjusted models, ACM ORs were elevated among women with PUFAs >median (versus ≤median) for α-linolenic acid (ALA, OR=1.63, 95%CI=1.18-2.24) and for linolenic acid (LA, OR=1.56, 95%CI=1.16-2.09), and BCM ORs were elevated for ALA (OR=1.83, 95%CI=1.27-2.63), LA (OR=1.70, 95%CI=1.23-2.37), and γ-linolenic acid (GLA, OR=1.50; 95%CI=1.04-2.16). PCFA-Factor 1 [arachidonic acid/adrenic acid/docosapentaenoic acid] scores >median (versus ≤median) were associated with lower odds of ACM (OR=0.71; 95%CI=0.52-0.97) and BCM (OR=0.69; 95%CI=0.49-0.97), and PCFA-Factor 4 [ALA/GLA] scores >median (versus ≤median) were associated with increased odds of BCM (OR=1.47; 95%CI=1.04-2.09). RBC ALA, LA, and GLA may be prognostic indicators among BC survivors. These results are important for understanding the associations between a biomarker of PUFA intake and mortality among BC survivors.

Dietary intake of polish organic and conventional fruit growers and their life partners - a pilot study.

Diet is one of the elements that contribute to health and quality of life. There are significant discrepancies between the diets of people living in different regions, with different beliefs, or with different approaches to sustainability and ecology. There is a lack of research on dietary intake among organic and conventional fruit growers. The aim of our study was to examine the diets of orchardists and their immediate life partners in terms of meeting energy requirements, nutrient intake and fulfillment of dietary recommendations in this group. Fifty-three participants (28 in the organic group and 25 in the conventional group) took part in the study. Dietary data were obtained using the 3-day dietary record. Body mass and height were measured and BMI was calculated. Physical activity was estimated using a questionnaire method. The study group was aged 44 ± 8 years, with a body weight of 84 ± 16 kg and a height of 172 ± 9 cm. The mean BMI was 28 ± 4 kg/m2. Mean energy intake with diet was 2170 ± 606 kcal/day with needs of 3002 (1991-5144) kcal/day. A significant proportion of the study group did not fulfill their calcium and vitamin D requirements. In addition, a significant proportion of the conventional fruit growers did not cover their needs for potassium, magnesium and vitamins: E, C, and folate. Both groups had too high an intake of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, and too low an intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, the orchardists' diets mostly provided adequate amounts of nutrients, with inadequate intakes of calcium, vitamin D, cholesterol, and fatty acids. The diets of organic fruit growers were significantly richer in selected nutrients.

The relationship between different fatty acids intake and the depressive symptoms: A population-based study

BackgroundDepression is a common psychological disorder worldwide, affecting mental and physical health. Previous studies have explored the benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake in depressive symptoms; however, few studies have focused on the association between all types of fatty acids intake and depressive symptoms. Therefore, we explored the relationship between the intake of different fatty acids intake and the risk of depressive symptoms. MethodsThe study was based on the data from the 2005–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a large US-based database. We used a nutrient residual model and multi-nutrient density model for the analysis. We calculated the nutrient density and residual in men and women separately, and the fatty acids intake was divided into quartiles based on the sex distribution. The relationship between the depressive symptoms and the intake of different fatty acids was examined using logistic regression; furthermore, we explored the relationships separately in men and women. ResultsThe intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and PUFAs, particularly n-3 and n-6 PUFAs, were associated with reduced odds ratios for depressive symptoms. The inverse relationship between the intake of MUFAs, PUFAs, n-3, and n-6 PUFAs and depressive symptoms was stronger in women. The inverse relationship between total fatty acid (TFAs) intake and depressive symptoms existed only in a single model. In contrast, saturated fatty acid (SFAs) intake was not related to depressive symptoms. ConclusionConsuming MUFAs and PUFAs can counteract the depressive symptoms, especially in women.

Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and aberrant behaviors in Jordanian children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A pilot study

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between the daily intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and omega-6 PUFA, and aberrant symptoms in Jordanian children and adolescents. MethodA sample of 37 children and adolescents aged between, 3–18 y, (76% males) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were included in this study. Behavior and mental development were assessed using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) questionnaire. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA intake. Food items were analyzed using gas chromatography to measure their omega fatty acid content. A Chi-square test was conducted to determine the difference between autism rating scale items and omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA, and the ratio of omega-3 PUFA: omega-6 PUFA intake. ResultsOmega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA mean intakes were 0.31 ± 0.29 g/day and 5.15 ± 2.91 g/day, respectively. The results indicate that there is no significant difference in most autism scale items with omega-3 PUFA intake. Omega-6 PUFA was found to have a significant association with several scale items (p-value < 0.05). Moreover, we found that foods high in omega-3 PUFA (g/100 g) were walnuts (9.20), tuna (0.92), and sardine (0.90). Foods high in omega-6 PUFA were sunflower oil (63.3), corn oil (56.0), and soybean oil (53.0). ConclusionThe results indicated that omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA mean intake were found to be lower than the recommended values in children with autism. This information will be useful for healthcare providers to consider omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA when planning dietary meals for individuals with autism.

Gene and lncRNA Profiling of ω3/ω6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Exposed Human Visceral Adipocytes Uncovers Different Responses in Healthy Lean, Obese and Colorectal Cancer-Affected Individuals.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major life-threatening disease, being the third most common cancer and a leading cause of death worldwide. Enhanced adiposity, particularly visceral fat, is a major risk factor for CRC, and obesity-associated alterations in metabolic, inflammatory and immune profiles in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) strongly contribute to promoting or sustaining intestinal carcinogenesis. The role of diet and nutrition in obesity and CRC has been extensively demonstrated, and AT represents the main place where diet-induced signals are integrated. Among the factors introduced with diet and processed or enriched in AT, ω3/ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are endowed with pro- or anti-inflammatory properties and have been shown to exert either promoting or protective roles in CRC. In this study, we investigated the impact of ex vivo exposure to the ω3 and ω6 PUFAs docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids on VAT adipocyte whole transcription in healthy lean, obese and CRC-affected individuals. High-throughput sequencing of protein-coding and long non-coding RNAs allowed us to identify specific pathways and regulatory circuits controlled by PUFAs and highlighted an impaired responsiveness of obese and CRC-affected individuals as compared to the strong response observed in healthy lean subjects. This further supports the role of healthy diets and balanced ω3/ω6 PUFA intake in the primary prevention of obesity and cancer.

Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake across the life span for cardiovascular disease prevention in women.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major health concern for women. Historically there has been a misconception that men are at greater risk because CVD tends to occur earlier in life compared to women. Clinical guidelines for prevention of heart disease are currently the same for both sexes, but accumulating evidence demonstrates that risk profiles diverge. In fact, several CVD risk factors confer an even greater risk in women relative to men, including high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes and raised triglycerides. Furthermore, many female-specific CVD risk factors exist, including early menarche, pregnancy complications, polycystic ovary syndrome, reproductive hormonal treatments and menopause. Little is known about how diet interacts with CVD risk factors at various stages of a woman’s life. Long chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes are a key dietary factor that may impact risk of CVD throughout the life course differentially in men and women. Oestrogen enhances conversion of the plant n-3 PUFA, alpha-linolenic acid, to LCn-3 PUFA. Increasing the frequency of oily fish consumption or LCn-3 PUFA supplementation may be important for reducing coronary risk during the menopausal transition, during which time oestrogen levels decline and the increase in CVD risk factors is accelerated. Women are under-represented in the evidence base for CVD prevention following LC n-3 PUFA supplementation. Therefore it is not clear whether there are sex differences in response to treatment. Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence on optimal intakes of LC n-3 PUFA across the lifespan for CVD prevention in women.

Maternal and Offspring Fatty Acid Desaturase Variants, Prenatal DHA Supplementation, and Dietary n–6:n–3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Relation to Cardiometabolic Health in Mexican Children

BackgroundSingle-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes may modify dietary fatty acid requirements and influence cardiometabolic health (CMH). ObjectivesWe evaluated the role of selected variants in maternal and offspring FADS genes on offspring CMH at the age of 11 y and assessed interactions of genotype with diet quality and prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation. MethodsWe used data from offspring (n = 203) born to females who participated in a randomized controlled trial of DHA supplementation (400 mg/d) from midgestation to delivery. We generated a metabolic syndrome (MetS) score from body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose and identified 6 distinct haplotypes from 5 offspring FADS SNPs. Dietary n–6 (ω–6):n–3 fatty acid ratios were derived from 24-h recall data (n = 141). We used generalized linear models to test associations of offspring diet and FADS haplotypes with MetS score and interactions of maternal and offspring FADS SNP rs174602 with prenatal treatment group and dietary n–6:n–3 ratio on MetS score. ResultsAssociations between FADS haplotypes and MetS score were null. Offspring SNP rs174602 did not modify the association of prenatal DHA supplementation with MetS score. Among children with TT or TC genotype for SNP rs174602 (n = 88), those in the highest n–6:n–3 ratio tertile (>8.61) had higher MetS score relative to the lowest tertile [<6.67) (Δ= 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03, 0.69]. Among children with CC genotype (n = 53), those in the highest n–6:n–3 ratio tertile had a lower MetS score relative to the lowest tertile (Δ= –0.23; 95% CI: –0.61, 0.16). ConclusionsThere was evidence of an interaction of offspring FADS SNP rs174602 with current dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, but not with prenatal DHA supplementation, on MetS score. Further studies may help to determine the utility of targeted supplementation strategies and dietary recommendations based on genetic profile.

Epigenome-wide association study of dietary fatty acid intake

BackgroundDietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may have a protective effect on the development of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression and cancer, while a high intake of n-6 PUFA was often reported to be associated with inflammation-related traits. The effect of PUFAs on health outcomes might be mediated by DNA methylation (DNAm). The aim of our study is to identify the impact of PUFA intake on DNAm in the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) FF4 cohort and the Leiden Longevity Study (LLS).ResultsDNA methylation levels were measured in whole blood from the population-based KORA FF4 study (N = 1354) and LLS (N = 448), using the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip and Illumina HumanMethylation450 array, respectively. We assessed associations between DNAm and intake of eight and four PUFAs in KORA and LLS, respectively. Where possible, results were meta-analyzed.Below the Bonferroni correction threshold (p < 7.17 × 10–8), we identified two differentially methylated positions (DMPs) associated with PUFA intake in the KORA study. The DMP cg19937480, annotated to gene PRDX1, was positively associated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in model 1 (beta: 2.00 × 10–5, 95%CI: 1.28 × 10–5-2.73 × 10–5, P value: 6.98 × 10–8), while cg05041783, annotated to gene MARK2, was positively associated with docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in our fully adjusted model (beta: 9.80 × 10–5, 95%CI: 6.25 × 10–5-1.33 × 10–4, P value: 6.75 × 10–8). In the meta-analysis, we identified the CpG site (cg15951061), annotated to gene CDCA7L below Bonferroni correction (1.23 × 10–7) associated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) intake in model 1 (beta: 2.00 × 10–5, 95% CI: 1.27 × 10–5–2.73 × 10–5, P value = 5.99 × 10–8) and we confirmed the association of cg19937480 with DHA in both models 1 and 2 (beta: 2.07 × 10–5, 95% CI: 1.31 × 10–5–2.83 × 10–5, P value = 1.00 × 10–7 and beta: 2.19 × 10–5, 95% CI: 1.41 × 10–5–2.97 × 10–5, P value = 5.91 × 10–8 respectively).ConclusionsOur study identified three CpG sites associated with PUFA intake. The mechanisms of these sites remain largely unexplored, highlighting the novelty of our findings. Further research is essential to understand the links between CpG site methylation and PUFA outcomes.

Fish oil supplementation and risk of dementia among diabetic patients: a prospective study of 16,061 older patients

BackgroundAlthough n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may benefit cognitive performance, the association of n-3 PUFA intake with dementia risk under dysglycemia has not been examined. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between fish oil supplement use or fish consumption and dementia risk among older patients with diabetes. MethodA total of 16,061 diabetic patients aged over 60 years were followed up in the UK Biobank. Fish oil supplements use (yes or no) was collected by the touch screen questionnaire. The diagnosis of dementia was ascertained by the UK Biobank Outcome Adjudication Group. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. ResultsA total of 337 cases of dementia were confirmed after a mean duration of 7.7 years (123,486 person-years) of follow-up. Habitual use of fish oil supplements showed a 24% lower dementia risk among older diabetic patients [HRs (95% CIs): 0.76 (0.60−0.98) (P = 0.031)] compared with non-users. Such inverse association was not modified by the APOE ε4 genotype. However, the consumption of both oily fish (≥2 times/week) and non-oily fish (≥2 times/week) had no significant association with dementia risk (p-trend = 0.271 and p-trend = 0.065) compared with non-consumers. ConclusionIn summary, fish oil supplementation may play a protective role in cognitive function across all APOE genotypes, while non-oily fish and oily fish consumption have no protective association among older diabetic patients.

Optimal omegas - barriers and novel methods to narrow omega-3 gaps. A narrative review.

Dietary intakes of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3LC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid are central to development and health across the life course. O3LC-PUFAs have been linked to neurological development, maternal and child health and the etiology of certain non-communicable diseases including age-related cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. However, dietary inadequacies exist in the United Kingdom and on a wider global scale. One predominant dietary source of O3LC-PUFAs is fish and fish oils. However, growing concerns about overfishing, oceanic contaminants such as dioxins and microplastics and the trend towards plant-based diets appear to be acting as cumulative barriers to O3LC-PUFAs from these food sources. Microalgae are an alternative provider of O3LC-PUFA-rich oils. The delivery of these into food systems is gaining interest. The present narrative review aims to discuss the present barriers to obtaining suitable levels of O3LC-PUFAs for health and wellbeing. It then discusses potential ways forward focusing on innovative delivery methods to utilize O3LC-PUFA-rich oils including the use of fortification strategies, bioengineered plants, microencapsulation, and microalgae.

Dietary composition and its association with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease among Chinese adults: A cross-sectional study

Background and study aimsMetabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Diet plays a critical role in the prevention and treatment of MAFLD. Our hypothesis was that the intake of some macronutrients, vitamins, or mineral elements is associated with MAFLD. Patients and methodsPatients with MAFLD can be diagnosed based on the evidence of hepatic steatosis and if they meet any of the three additional criteria of overweight/obesity, diabetes mellitus, or metabolic dysregulation. Diets were recorded using photographs and diaries of meals for seven consecutive days. The consumed dietary composition was compared with the recommended intake according to the China Food Composition Tables (Standard Edition) version 2019 and the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes version 2013, and its association with MAFLD was assessed by logistical regression analyses. ResultsA total of 229 MAFLD patients and 148 healthy controls were included in this study. MAFLD patients, compared with that by non-MAFLD participants, consumed more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (p < 0.001), vitamin E (p < 0.001), and iron (p = 0.008). The intake of PUFAs (OR = 1.070, 95 % CI: 1.017–1.127, p = 0.009) and vitamin E (OR = 1.100, 95 % CI: 1.018–1.190, p = 0.016) was positively associated with MAFLD. In addition, the percentages of individuals who consumed PUFAs (p = 0.006), vitamin E (p < 0.001), or iron (p = 0.046) above the recommended intake were higher among the individuals with MAFLD. Daily intake of PUFAs > 11 % (OR = 2.328, 95 % CI: 1.290–4.201, p = 0.005) and vitamin E > 14 mg (OR = 2.189, 95 % CI: 1.153–4.158, p = 0.017) was positively correlated with MAFLD. ConclusionsPatients with MAFLD consumed more PUFAs, vitamin E, and iron in their daily diet. Excessive consumption of PUFAs and vitamin E might be independent risk factors for the incidence of MAFLD.

Role of dietary intake of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colorectal cancer risk in Iran.

High-fat diets have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, and the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been reported to vary based on the length of PUFAs. We explored the association between dietary omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs intake and CRC. We analyzed 865 CRC patients and 3206 controls from a case-control study of Iran (IROPICAN study). We used multivariate logistic regression models to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between PUFAs intake and CRC risk. Our results showed that gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 n-6, GLA), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA), a-linolenic acid (Cis-18:3n-3, ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) consumption was not associated with the risk of CRC. However, the OR of linoleic acid (18: 2n-6, LA) intake was 1.47 (95% CI 1.01-2.14, p = 0.04) for proximal colon and that of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3, DPA) intake was 1.33 (95% CI 1.05-1.69, p = 0.01) for rectum. This study indicates a high level of LA is associated with an increased risk of proximal colon cancer, and DPA intake was positively associated with rectum cancer risk. Furthermore, our study noted a high intake of n-6 (from vegetable oils) compared to n-3 PUFAs (from fish and seafood) in this population. Public awareness and government support is needed to increase fish and seafood production and consumption in Iran.

Association between n-3 PUFA and lung function: results from the NHANES 2007-2012 and Mendelian randomisation study.

This study aimed to investigate the association between n-3 PUFA and lung function. First, a cross-sectional study was conducted based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012 data. n-3 PUFA intake was obtained from 24-h dietary recalls. A multivariable linear regression model was used to assess the observational associations of n-3 PUFA intake with lung function. Subsequently, a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) was performed to estimate the potential causal effect of n-3 PUFA on lung function. Genetic instrumental variables were extracted from published genome-wide association studies. Summary statistics about n-3 PUFA was from UK Biobank. Inverse variance weighted was the primary analysis approach. The observational study did not demonstrate a significant association between n-3 PUFA intake and most lung function measures; however, a notable exception was observed with significant findings in the highest quartile for forced vital capacity (FVC) and % predicted FVC. The MR results also showed no causal effect of circulating n-3 PUFA concentration on lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), β = 0·01301, se = 0·01932, P = 0·5006; FVC, β = -0·001894, se = 0·01704, P = 0·9115; FEV1:FVC, β = 0·03118, se = 0·01743, P = 0·07359). These findings indicate the need for further investigation into the impact of higher n-3 PUFA consumption on lung health.

P147 IBD relevant pathways are upregulated in Paneth cells in a murine model of dietary induced intestinal inflammation

Abstract Background Dietary constituents are believed to play a role in the development of Crohn’s disease (CD) (1). Recently we were able to demonstrate, that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), induce a CD like enteritis phenotype in genetically susceptible mice (2,3). Furthermore, we could show, that PUFA intake correlated negatively with disease course in CD patients (3). In this project we tried to untangle the role of Paneth cells (PC) in the development of PUFA induced enteritis. Methods scRNA sequencing was performed on cells isolated from mice lacking one allele of Gpx4 (GPX4+/-IEC) in their intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) after feeding them a PUFA enriched western style diet (PUFA-WD). Furthermore, mice lacking both alleles of Gpx4 in their PC (GPX4ΔPC) where fed a PUFA-WD for four weeks and enteritis was assessed based on a histological enteritis score and immunhistochemical stainings. Results scRNAseq of murine intestinal cells revealed an upregulation of IBD relevant pathways (such as JAK or TNFα) in Gpx4 deficient IECs and PC. GPX4ΔPC mice developed a CD like enteritis phenotype, characterized by a mucosal and submucosal infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and other leucocytes, after only four weeks of PUFA enriched diet, indicating that GPX4 dependent intestinal inflammation is controlled by PC. Conclusion The upregulation of IBD relevant pathways in our model of dietary induced intestinal inflammation renders this model a valuable tool to investigate mechanistical understanding in the role of dietary components in IBD. Our results further link PC metabolism to the development of intestinal inflammation.