Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Group Research Articles

A placebo-controlled, double-blind study evaluating the effect of orally administered polyunsaturated fatty acids on the oclacitinib dose for atopic dogs.

Supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enables dose reduction of prednisolone and ciclosporin in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). To determine if oral administration of PUFA reduces the dose of oclacitinib in cAD. Twenty-two client-owned dogs with cAD receiving oclacitinib. Dogs received a fish oil product (PUFA) or paraffin oil (placebo) for 16 weeks. Owners adjusted the oclacitinib dose according to daily pruritus assessments. On Day (D)0, D56 and D112, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, fourth iteration (CADESI-04), pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), quality-of-life score (QoL), Global Assessment (GA), quality-of-coat (QoC) and adverse events were recorded. Mean daily oclacitinib dose was significantly reduced in the PUFA group from 0.51 ± 0.20 mg/kg/24 h (D0) to 0.19 ± 0.14 mg/kg/24 h (D85-112; p < 0.00001) and not in the placebo group (D0: 0.70 ± 0.33 mg/kg/24 h; D85-112: 0.53 ± 0.35 mg/kg/24 h, p = 0.5422). CADESI-04 did not change over time or differ between groups. PVAS was significantly lower in the PUFA group (2.8 ± 1.5) compared to placebo (4.2 ± 1.6) at D112 (p = 0.0375). QoL and QoC improved only in the PUFA group (QoL: D0: 20 ± 7, D112: 12 ± 5, p = 0.0057; QoC: D0: 0 ± 0.5, D112: 1 ± 0.5, p = 0.0410). GA on D112 was higher in the PUFA group (p = 0.008). No adverse events were observed. Oral supplementation of PUFA allowed dose reduction of oclacitinib and improved PVAS, QoL, QoC and GA. The use of PUFA is recommended and was safe in the atopic study dogs receiving oclacitinib.

Cognitive protection and brain entropy changes from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplement in late-life depression: A 52-week randomized controlled trial

BackgroundLate-life depression (LLD) is associated with risk of dementia, yet intervention of LLD provides an opportunity to attenuate subsequent cognitive decline. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) supplement is a potential intervention due to their beneficial effect in depressive symptoms and cognitive function. To explore the underlying neural mechanism, we used resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) before and after omega-3 PUFAs supplement in older adults with LLD. MethodsA 52-week double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. We used multi-scale sample entropy to analyze rs-fMRI data. Comprehensive cognitive tests and inflammatory markers were collected to correlate with brain entropy changes. ResultsA total of 20 patients completed the trial with 11 under omega-3 PUFAs and nine under placebo. While no significant global cognitive improvement was observed, a marginal enhancement in processing speed was noted in the omega-3 PUFAs group. Importantly, participants receiving omega-3 PUFAs exhibited decreased brain entropy in left posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG), multiple visual areas, the orbital part of the right middle frontal gyrus, and the left Rolandic operculum. The brain entropy changes of the PCG in the omega-3 PUFAs group correlated with improvement of language function and attenuation of interleukin-6 levels. LimitationsSample size is small with only marginal clinical effect. ConclusionThese findings suggest that omega-3 PUFAs supplement may mitigate cognitive decline in LLD through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and modulation of brain entropy. Larger clinical trials are warranted to validate the potential therapeutic implications of omega-3 PUFAs for deterring cognitive decline in patients with late-life depression.

Omega-3 PUFA and the fitness and cognition of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans under different environmental conditions

Many invertebrate species possess the metabolic ability to synthesize long-chain ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) de novo. Due to their diverse effects on membrane architecture, neuroplasticity, growth and reproduction, PUFA have a high potential to positively influence the fitness of an organism. But how and when do these supposed advantages actually come into play? Other species, that are often closely related, pass natural selection without this special metabolic ability. The ω3-PUFA rich model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda) and its mutant fat-1(wa9), lacking these PUFA, are a suitable test system. We analyzed potential impairments in reproduction and growth in a soil assay. Further, chemotaxis after aversive olfactory, associative learning and integration of a second sensory signal were assessed on agar plates. Moreover, we analyzed the phospholipid pattern of both C. elegans strains and further free-living nematodes species at different temperatures. While the phenotypic effects were rather small under standard conditions, lowering the temperature to 15 or even 10 °C or reducing the soil moisture, led to significant limitations, with the investigated parameters for neuroplasticity being most impaired. The ω3-PUFA free C. elegans mutant strain fat-1 did not adapt the fatty acid composition of its phospholipids to a decreasing temperature, while ω3-PUFA containing nematodes proportionally increased this PUFA group. In contrats, other ω3-PUFA free nematode species produced significantly more ω6-PUFA. Thus, the ability to synthesize long-chain ω3-PUFA de novo likely is fundamental for an increase in neuroplasticity and an efficient way for regulating membrane fluidity to maintain their functionality.

Omega-3 fatty acid supplements and risk of atrial fibrillation and ‘micro-atrial fibrillation’: A secondary analysis from the OMEMI trial

Recent randomized clinical trials have raised concerns regarding potential off target adverse effects from supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on atrial fibrillation (AF) risk. We aimed to assess risk and potential mediators of AF and 'micro-AF' from n-3 PUFA in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients. In the OMEMI trial, 70-82 y. o. patients with a recent MI were randomized to 1.8g/day of eicosapentaenoic-/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) or placebo (corn oil) for two years. New-onset AF and 'micro-AF' was recorded by clinical detection and by screening with Zenicor thumb-ECG (adjudicated by blinded investigators). Serum EPA and DHA were measured at baseline and study end. At baseline, 759 of 1014 (75%) patients had no AF history. These patients were aged 75±4 years and 71% were male. During follow-up, 43 patients developed new-onset AF (39 clinically-detected and 4 by thumb-ECG screening). In addition, 27 patients had episodes of micro-AF, yielding a total of 70 patients with new-onset AF or 'micro-AF'. In the n-3 PUFA group 46 (11.9%) had AF/'micro-AF' (28 AF, 18 'micro-AF') and in the placebo group 24 (6.5%) had AF/micro-AF (15 AF, 9 micro-AF); HR 1.90 (95%CI 1.16-3.11), P=0.011. Changes in serum EPA (but not DHA) mediated the effect from n-3 PUFA on AF risk, explaining 65% of the association. Supplementation of n-3 PUFA post MI increases the risk of 'micro-AF' and AF, and increases in EPA seems to be an important mediator of the treatment effect from n-3 PUFA on the risk of AF. OMEMI Study; ClinicalTrails.gov identifier: NCT0184194.

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake, air pollution, and the risk of lung cancer: A prospective study in UK biobank

BackgroundEpidemiological evidence on the association between specific types of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake and lung cancer risk is limited. However, whether dietary-specific PUFAs intake can modify the association between air pollutants and incident lung cancer remains unknown. MethodsCox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic spline regression were used to evaluate the associations of omega-3 PUFAs, omega-6 PUFAs and the ratio of omega-6 PUFAs to omega-3 PUFAs intake with lung cancer risk. Furthermore, we evaluated the associations between air pollutants and incident lung cancer, and whether dietary-specific PUFAs intake would modify the relationship using stratification analyses. ResultsThis study found significant associations between the risk of lung cancer and omega-3 PUFAs intake (hazard ratio [HR], 0.82; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.73–0.93; per 1 g/d), and omega-6 PUFAs intake (HR, 0.98; 95 % CI, 0.96–0.99; per 1 g/d). We did not observe an association between the omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs intake ratio and incident lung cancer. With regard to air pollution, omega-3 PUFAs intake attenuated the positive relationship between nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollution and lung cancer risk, and an increased incidence of lung cancer was found only in the low omega-3 PUFAs intake group (p < 0.05). Surprisingly, PUFAs intake (regardless of omega-3 PUFAs, omega-6 PUFAs, or in total) reinforced the pro-carcinogenic effects of PM2.5 on lung cancer, and a positive association between PM2.5 pollutants and incident lung cancer was observed only in the high PUFAs groups (p < 0.05). ConclusionsHigher dietary omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs intake was associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer in the study population. As omega-3 PUFAs have different modification effects on NOX and PM2.5 air pollution related lung cancer incidence, precautions should be taken when using omega-3 PUFAs as health-promoting dietary supplements, especially in high PM2.5 burden regions.

Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake on Eosinophil Airway Inflammation in University Athletes.

Though athletes have a high risk of respiratory disorders, effective prevention has not yet to be identified. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have some practical anti-inflammatory effects in allergy, and therefore may reduce airway inflammation in athletes. This study aimed to assess whether n-3 PUFA intake affects airway inflammation in university athletes. Twenty-three males were divided into three groups: 1) the eosinophilic airway inflammation group (I_PUFA group; fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO ≥ 25 ppb, n = 10); 2) the non-eosinophilic airway inflammation group (N_PUFA group; FeNO < 25 ppb, exhaled carbon dioxide (eCO) ≥ 3.6 ppm, n = 5); and 3) the control group (FeNO < 25 ppb, eCO < 3.6 ppm, n = 8). Participants took supplements containing 260 mg of docosapentaenoic acid and 600 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) daily for 3 weeks. Baseline measurements of FeNO, respiratory impedance, respiratory function, dietary intake (food frequency questionnaires), and blood tests were performed. FeNO and respiratory impedance were measured weekly, and the rest were measured after 3 weeks. There was a significant decrease in FeNO levels from baseline at 2 and 3 weeks in the I_PUFA group (54.7 ± 8.5 ppb vs. 45.1 ± 9.1 and 45.4 ± 7.7 ppb; mean ± standard error (SE), P < 0.05). After 3 weeks, FeNO levels remained unchanged in the N_PUFA and control groups, and respiratory impedance and function remained unchanged in all groups. Blood EPA levels significantly increased in the I_PUFA and N_PUFA groups (I_PUFA, 27.7 ± 16.9 vs. 52.1 ± 12.3 µg/mL; N_PUFA, 20.8 ± 8.7 vs. 70.4 ± 36.1 µg/mL; mean ± standard deviation (SD), P < 0.05). No changes were observed in dietary intake over the 3 weeks. n-3 PUFA supplementation for 3 weeks reduced airway inflammation in athletes with FeNO levels ≥ 25 ppb.

Dietary Supplementation with Different ω-6 to ω-3 Fatty Acid Ratios Affects the Sustainability of Performance, Egg Quality, Fatty Acid Profile, Immunity and Egg Health Indices of Laying Hens

The supplementation of different ω-6/ω-3 ratio to the diets of the laying hens has been studied to evaluate the effects on performance, egg quality, egg health indices, egg fatty acid profiles, and immune response. One-hundred and twenty, 50-weeks-old hens were divided into three groups fed diets with different ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at ratio: 16.7:1, 9.3:1, and 5.5:1, respectively. Each group contained eight replicates of five hens. Hens fed the diet with the highest ω-6/ω-3 ratio had significantly increased weight gain compared to those fed the 5.5:1 and 9.3:1 ω-6/ω-3 ratios. In contrast, hens fed the 9.3:1 ω-6/ω-3 ratios laid significantly more eggs, had increased egg mass, greater livability, and a better FCR than the control group. However, hens fed a ratio of 5.5:1 ω-6/ω-3 PUFA showed improved thrombogenic, atherogenic, hypocholesteremia, and hypocholesteremia/hypercholesteremia indices. In conclusion, laying hens of the 9.3:1 ω-6/ω-3 PUFA group showed improved laying performance, while a ratio of 5.5:1 enriched the ω-3 PUFA in eggs and boosted the immune response of hens.

Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and micro-AF in the OMEMI trial

Abstract Background Findings from recent clinical outcome trials have raised concerns regarding potential off target adverse effects from supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on atrial fibrillation (AF) risk. Purpose We aimed to assess AF and “micro-AF” in elderly patients with myocardial infarction (MI), randomized to n-3 PUFA or placebo. Methods In the OMEMI trial, 70–82 years old patients with a recent MI were randomized to 1.8g/day of eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) or placebo (corn oil) for two years. New-onset AF was recorded by clinical detection and by screening, also for “micro-AF” (episodes of ≥3 consecutive irregular supraventricular ectopic beats), by two weeks Zenicor thumb ECG (adjudicated by investigators blinded to treatment allocation). Serum phospholipid content of EPA and DHA was determined by gas chromatography at baseline and study end. Results Of 1014 patients in the OMEMI trial, 759 (75%) had no history of AF at baseline. These patients were aged 75±4 years and 542 (71%) were male. During the two year follow-up 43 patients developed new-onset AF (39 clinically-detected and 4 by thumb-ECG screening). In addition, 27 patients had episodes of micro-AF, yielding a total of 70 patients with new-onset AF or micro-AF. In the n-3 PUFA group 46 (11.9%) had AF/micro-AF (28 AF and 18 micro-AF) while in the placebo group 24 (6.5%) had AF/micro-AF (15 AF and 9 micro-AF); HR 1.90 (95% CI 1.16–3.11, P=0.011; Figure 1, panel A). In both treatment arms combined, EPA increased with a mean of 60% in no-AF, 80% in micro-AF and 110% in AF (P=0.003 for linear trend; Figure 1, panel B). In patients randomized to n-3 PUFA, EPA increased with a mean of 120% in no-AF, 130% in micro-AF and 180% in clinical-AF (P=0.04 for linear trend). There were no significant associations between changes in DHA and new-onset AF. Conclusion Supplementation with 1.8 g of n-3 PUFA to post MI patients increased the risk of micro-AF and AF, and there seemed to be a graded association between increases in serum EPA and the risk of micro-AF and AF. Changes in serum DHA was not related to the risk of AF/micro-AF. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Особливості обміну омега-3/омега-6 жирних кислот у дітей з епілептичними енцефалопатіями та розладами аутистичного спектра

Purpose - to study the level of the serum fatty acids in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD); to compare omega-6/omega-3 ratio depending of the clinical manifestation epileptic encephalopathy (EE) and ASD and electroencephalography data (EEG). Materials and methods. The study examined 101 children aged 2-6 years (mean age 4.02±0.95 years) with clinical manifestations ASD, who had been treated in a neuropsychiatric unit of the SI «Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology named after academician O.M. Lukyanova of the NAMS of Ukraine». According to the clinical features of epileptic encephalopathies and ASD, EEG monitoring data formed three groups: the group 1 - 35 children with clinical manifestations of ASD but without epileptic seizures and epileptiform changes in the EEG; the group 2 - 32 children with cognitive disintegration, clinical manifestations of ASD in which parents and health professionals did not note or noted a single history of epileptic seizures, but with epileptiform changes in the EEG; the group 3 - 34 children with clinical manifestations of ASD in which parents or health professionals have noted epileptic seizures and epileptiform changes in the EEG. In all children the level of blood fatty acids was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Results. Indicators of fatty acid concentration indicate that the serum of children showed a significantly low level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and saturation of omega-6 po PUFA in all groups of children. The level of concentration of the main metabolites of essential fatty acids reflects the imbalance due to deficiency of essential linolenic acid and its metabolite - docosapentaenoic acid, especially in children with ASD and epileptiform changes in the EEG (group 2), (p&lt;0.01). Among the omega-6 PUFA found a high content of essential linoleic acid and its metabolite - arachidonic acid, which causes the total excess of this group of PUFA, more pronounced in the groups 1 and 2. The level of index of unsaturated fatty acids in children from the group 1 was 10.1, in children from the group 2 - 9.8, and in the group 3 - 9.3. The obtained results of the assessment of the unsaturation index reflect the lower level of index of unsaturated fatty acids in children of the group 3 who have manifestations of ASD and epileptic seizures compared to other groups (p&lt;0.05, r=0.99). Conclusions. The data is a reliable evidence that children with ASD, epileptic seizures and epileptiform changes in the EEG have higher levels of omega-6 PUFA and arachidonic acid and omega-3 and docosahexaenoic acid deficiency. The most pronounced imbalance in both the ratio of omega-6 / omega-3 and arachidonic acid / docosahexaenoic acid in the group of children with ASD and epileptiform changes in the EEG. These results may support the theory of changes in the properties of the phospholipid membrane and ion channels of nerve cells and require further study using electron microscopy. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of all participating institutions. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors. Keywords: autism spectrum disorders, epileptic seizures, essential fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid unsaturation index.

Comparative Lipidome and Transcriptome Provide Novel Insight Into Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Metabolism of the Sea Urchin

The sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius is one of the most economically important echinoids harvested from northeast Pacific Ocean coastal waters. The gonads of sea urchins have high nutritional value and are primarily a candidate source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). PUFAs are essential for human health, and the biological synthesis and industry production of PUFA have attracted more and more attention from the scientific community. Moreover, PUFAs are important necessary nutrients that determine not only the nutritional value of sea urchins but guarantee their normal growth and reproduction. In this study, we divided 178 sea urchins into three groups (high, medium, and low concentration PUFA groups) according to the concentration of PUFAs, and conducted integrative lipidomics and transcriptomics analyses of different PUFA abundances of S. intermedius to determine the critical genes related to PUFA metabolism in sea urchin gonads. Illumina sequencing generated 894,295,712 clean reads (133.28 Gb) in 18 cDNA libraries. Among all of the unigenes, nine up- and seven down-regulated unigenes were found in a comparison of the “high vs low” concentration PUFA groups of gonads. Interestingly, we found that tudor domain-containing protein 3 (TDRD3) was up-regulated in the high concentration PUFA group, and this gene was significantly related to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the correlation analysis (p&amp;lt;0.05), and may be used as a candidate marker for EPA biosynthesis and metabolism in the sea urchin. The lipidome and transcriptome information will provide a basic resource for further studies designed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of PUFA metabolism in marine invertebrates, and act as a valuable resource for the practical applications and regulation of the sea urchin aquaculture industry in the future.

Effects of EN combined with PN enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immune related indicators and early rehabilitation of patients with gastric cancer: A randomized controlled trial

Patients who undergo gastrectomy often have a high risk of postoperative complications. This study aimed to investigate the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on immune function, the inflammatory response, nutritional status, and rehabilitation of patients with gastric cancer. A total of 120 patients with gastric cancer who underwent elective radical gastrectomy in the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University from September 2019 to December 2020 were randomly divided into the n-3 PUFAs group (n=60) and control group (n=60). Patients in N-3 PUFAs group were treated with enteral nutrition (EN) combined with parenteral nutrition (PN) enriched with n-3 PUFAs from postoperative Day 1 to Day 5, whereas patients in the control group were administered EN combined with PN without n-3 PUFAs. Immune parameters (lymphocyte count [LYM], CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+), inflammatory indicators (white blood cell [WBC], C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin 6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α]), nutrition parameters (hemoglobin [Hb], total protein [TP], albumin [Alb], prealbumin [PAB], transferrin [TRF]), the incidence of postoperative complications and rehabilitation parameters were compared between the two groups. The immune parameters (LYM, CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+) and nutritional parameters (TP, Alb, PAB) of the n-3 PUFAs group were significantly increased compared with the control group, and inflammatory indicators (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α) were lower compared with the control group. The rate of postoperative complications in the n-3 PUFAs group (7%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (20%), and the time to first aerofluxus and defecation were earlier in the n-3 PUFAs group. No differences in postoperative length of stay, unplanned 30-day readmission or reoperation after surgery were noted. The study shows that n-3 PUFAs contribute to the recovery of immune function, inflammatory response, and early rehabilitations of patients with gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy. N-3 PUFAs were safe and effective in promoting the rehabilitation of patients with gastrectomy in our study. More high-quality and large sample studies are needed. Registration number of Clinical Trial: ChiCTR1900028381.

Fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols in the flesh of the thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) living in Tunisian geothermal water and seawater: A comparative study

This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of rearing conditions on the composition of different phospholipid (PLs) classes and triacylglycerols (TAG) of the thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus), a muscle originating from seawater and geothermal water. The major fatty acids in the examined lipid classes of the two fish groups were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1n-9), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3). The analyses demonstrated that the fatty acid profiles of the PL classes in the seawater fish group were characterized by the predominance of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). By contrast, in geothermal fish, the distribution of PUFA series proportions differed between the phospholipid fractions. It was found PUFA n-3 was particularly abundant in PS and PI, while the n-6 series dominated the PC and PE PUFA group. Nonetheless, it was found that neutral lipid fatty acids were characterized by saturated fatty acids (SFA) followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the seawater fish and by PUFA in the geothermal fish. The results presented here give useful information on the role of lipid classes in the physiological adaptation of C. labrosus which can serve for the optiminzation of these aquaculture systems.

Proinflammatory State in the Odontogenesis of Fetuses Exposed to Different Types of Fatty Acids during Pregnancy

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to analyze the possible changes caused by the maternal ingestion of different types of fatty acids during pregnancy in the proinflammatory state in the odontogenesis of the fetuses. Subject and Methods: Twenty-four jaws (n = 6 per group) of Wistar rats were collected on the 20th day of intrauterine life. Mothers were separated on the first day of pregnancy into 4 groups according to diet, as described below: control group (C) – diet with soy oil as a source of fat; saturated fatty acid group (S) – diet with lard in saturated fatty acids; trans-fatty acid group (T) – diet with vegetable fat, rich in trans-saturated fatty acids; and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) group – diet with fish oil, rich in PUFAs. Results: Microscopic analysis showed no alterations in tissue development of the teeth between the groups with different lipid diets (T, S, and PUFA) when compared to the control group (C); immunohistochemical analysis for the expression of JAK2, STAT3, P-STAT3, SOCS3, and IL-6 showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) compared to the control group. However, there were changes (p < 0.05) between the T group and the PUFA group in the expression of JAK2. Conclusion: Thus, lipid consumption in the maternal diet remains a topic to be explored in embryonic development, despite not causing morphological changes to the tooth germ of rats.

Does the Endothelium of Competitive Athletes Benefit from Consumption of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Enriched Hen Eggs?

The present study aimed to determine the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched hen eggs on microvascular vasodilation, microvascular responsiveness to a stress challenge and markers of oxidative stress in competitive athletes. Competitive athletes (n=23) were divided to a control group (n=9), who consumed three regular hens’ eggs daily (249 mg n-3 PUFAs/d), and n-3 PUFAs group (n=14), who consumed three n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs daily (1,053 g n-3 PUFAs/d) for 3 weeks. Endothelium-dependent responses [post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) and acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID)] and endothelium-independent responses [sodium nitroprusside-induced dilation (SNPID)] of skin microvascular blood flow were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry in pre- and post-acute exhausting exercise (AEE) sessions. Blood pressure, serum lipid, free fatty acids profiles, and biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured before and after each dietary protocol. Consumption of serum n-3 PUFAs significantly decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio and enhanced PORH and AChID, but did not affect SNPID at rest. Furthermore, serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased in the n-3 PUFAs group but remained unchanged in the control group. In both groups, PORH, AChID, and SNP were significantly reduced post-AEE compared with pre-AEE, both before and after consumption of each diet. Only AChID responsiveness to AEE (ΔAChID) significantly increased following consumption of n-3 PUFAs. Overall, n-3 PUFAs supplementation as n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs enhanced microvascular endothelial function at rest and may contribute to adaptation to AEE in competitive athletes.

Effects of feeding rumen-protected linseed fat to postpartum dairy cows on plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations and metabolic and reproductive parameters

High-yielding dairy cows experience a negative energy balance and inflammatory status during the transition period. Fat supplementation increases diet energy density, and plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been proposed to improve immune function. This study tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with a rumen-protected and n-3 PUFA-enriched fat could ameliorate both the energetic deficit and immune status of postpartum high-yielding dairy cows, improving overall health and reproductive efficiency. At 11 d in milk (DIM), cows were randomly allocated to groups (1) n-3 PUFA (n = 29), supplemented with encapsulated linseed oil supplying additional up to 64 g/d (mean 25 ± 4 g/d) of α-linolenic acid (ALA), or (2) control (n = 31), supplemented with hydrogenated palm oil without ALA content. Fat supplements of the n-3 PUFA and control groups were available through an automated, off-parlor feeding system, and intake depended on the cow's feeding behavior. Plasma ALA concentrations were higher in n-3 PUFA than control cows, following a linear relation with supplement ingestion, resulting in a lower n-6/n-3 ratio in plasma. Metabolic parameters (body condition score and glucose and β-hydroxybutyric acid blood concentrations) were unaffected, but milk yield improved with increased intake of fat supplements. Plasma total adiponectin concentrations were negatively correlated with ingestion of n-3 PUFA-enriched fat supplement, following a linear relation with intake. Conception rate to first AI increased with higher intake of both fats, but a decrease of calving-to-conception interval occurred only in n-3 PUFA cows. Postpartum ovarian activity and endometrial inflammatory status at 45 DIM were unaffected. In conclusion, this study evinced a positive linear relation between rumen-protected linseed fat intake and plasma n-3 PUFA concentrations, which modulated adiponectin expression and improved reproductive parameters.

Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Enriched Hen Egg Consumption on the Inflammatory Biomarkers and Microvascular Function in Patients with Acute and Chronic Coronary Syndrome—A Randomized Study

Simple SummaryThere is a strong potential of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) consumption to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent adverse outcomes in existing cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to test the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation in the form of enriched hen eggs on serum lipid and free fatty acid profiles, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, and microvascular reactivity in patients with acute and chronic coronary artery disease. Consumption of three n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs for three weeks had a favorable effect on serum free fatty acid profile (a lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio) and mild anti-inflammatory effects but did not significantly affect microvascular reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Because consumption of both regular and n-3 PUFA eggs had no negative effects on any of the measured biological and functional vascular parameters, the results of the present study indicate that eggs can be safely consumed in the daily diet of patients with coronary artery disease.This study aimed to test the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched hen egg consumption on serum lipid and free fatty acid profiles, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, and microvascular reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Forty CAD patients participated in this study. Of those, 20 patients had acute CAD (Ac-CAD), and 20 patients had chronic CAD (Ch-CAD). The control group (N = 20) consumed three regular hen eggs/daily (249 mg n-3 PUFAs/day), and the n-3 PUFAs group (N = 20) consumed three n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs/daily (1053 g n-3 PUFAs/day) for 3 weeks. Serum n-3 PUFA concentration significantly increased (in all CAD patients), while LDL cholesterol and IL-6 (in Ac-CAD patients), and hsCRP and IL-1a (in all CAD patients) significantly decreased in the n-3 PUFAs group. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity significantly decreased, and forearm skin microvascular reactivity in response to vascular occlusion (postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH)) remained unchanged in both the n-3 PUFAs and control groups in total CAD, Ac-CAD, and Ch-CAD patients. Potentially, n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs can change the free fatty acid profile to a more favorable lower n6/n3 ratio, and to exhibit mild anti-inflammatory effects but not to affect microvascular reactivity in CAD patients.

B-PO03-147 OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS REDUCES POST-OPERATIVE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC SURGERY

Preoperative and post-operative omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation (both oral/enteral or parenteral) is an attractive therapeutic option for patients undergoing cardiac surgery surgery due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-arrhythmic properties. We aimed to demonstrate if PUFA supplementation prevents post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. A systemic literature search was performed (until November 9, 2020) using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify trials (both randomized and prospective) evaluating PUFA supplementation post-cardiac surgery for POAF prevention. Mantel-Haenszel risk ratio (RR) with the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random-effects model was used to summarize data between the two groups. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. We included a total of 4,930 participants (2,270 in the PUFA group and 2,660 in the placebo group) enrolled in 22 clinical trials. Patients in the placebo group were older compared to the PFA group (64.9±2.80 vs 64.6±1.75 years). There was a significant reduction in the incidence of POAF in PUFA group as compared to the placebo (27.04% vs 36.20%, RR 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57-0.84; p<0.001, respectively). The test of heterogeneity (I2) was 56%. Number needed to treat was 11. Perioperative supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly prevents the occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Effects of different doses of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on gut microbiota and immunity.

BackgroundOmega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play beneficial roles in metabolism and health. Little is known about the effects of different doses of omega-3 PUFAs on gut microbiota.ObjectiveIn this study, we focus on the effects of different doses of omega-3 PUFAs on gut microbiota and immunity.DesignBALB/c mice was first treated with ceftriaxone sodium for 7 days, and then they received saline or different doses of omega-3 PUFAs (30, 60 and 90 mg omega-3 PUFAs) via daily gavage for 21 days. Alterations of cecum microbiota; the tight junction proteins, zonula occludens 3 (ZO3) and occludin, in the ileal wall; serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and Tumour Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) ; mucus SIgA levels were measured.ResultsCompared with the ceftriaxone sodium administration group, significant increases in bacterial richness and diversity were observed in the 60- and 90-mg omega-3 PUFA groups, while only a slight increase was observed in the 30-mg omega-3 PUFA group. A higher percentage of several genera, including Lactobacillus, Helicobacter, and Ruminococcus, and a lower percentage of Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Prevotella were observed in the 60- and 90-mg omega-3 PUFA groups when compared with those in the 30-mg group. The expression of ZO3 and occludin proteins increased in 60- and 90-mg omega-3 PUFA groups compared with the natural recovery group. The mucus SIgA and serum IL-10 levels were increased, and serum levels of LPS, IL-1β, and TNF-α were decreased in the 60- and 90-mg omega-3 PUFA groups when compared with those in the ceftriaxone sodium-treated group.ConclusionDifferent doses of omega-3 PUFAs have different therapeutic effects on the intestinal microbiota. The 60- and 90-mg omega-3 PUFA supplementation had better recovery effects on the gut microbiota and immunity than those of the 30 mg omega-3 PUFAs supplementation.

Effects of Dietary n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Cancerogenesis.

The dietary recommendation encourages reducing saturated fatty acids (SFA) in diet and replacing them with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) n–3 (omega–3) and n–6 (omega–6) to decrease the risk of metabolic disturbances. Consequently, excessive n–6 PUFAs content and high n–6/n–3 ratio are found in Western-type diet. The importance of a dietary n–6/n–3 ratio to prevent chronic diseases is linked with anti-inflammatory functions of linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n–3) and longer-chain n–3 PUFAs. Thus, this review provides an overview of the role of oxylipins derived from n–3 PUFAs and oxylipins formed from n–6 PUFAs on inflammation. Evidence of PUFAs’ role in carcinogenesis was also discussed. In vitro studies, animal cancer models and epidemiological studies demonstrate that these two PUFA groups have different effects on the cell growth, proliferation and progression of neoplastic lesions.

The effect of oral omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on muscle maintenance and quality of life in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation has been proposed as a potential therapy for cancer-related malnutrition, which affects up to 70% of patients with cancer. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effects of oral omega-3 PUFA supplementation on muscle maintenance, quality of life, body weight and treatment-related toxicities in patients with cancer. Randomised controlled trials in patients with cancer aged ≥18 years were retrieved from 5 electronic databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL (via EBSCOhost), and Web of Science, from database inception until 31st of December 2019. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Trials supplementing ≥600mg/d omega-3 PUFA (oral capsules, pure fish oil or oral nutritional supplements) compared with a control intervention for ≥3 weeks were included. Meta-analyses were performed in RevMan to determine the mean differences (MD) in muscle mass, quality of life and body weight, and odds ratio (OR) for the incidence of treatment-related toxicities between omega-3 PUFA and control groups with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and I2 for heterogeneity. We included 31 publications in patients with various types of cancers and degrees of malnutrition. The Cochrane risk of bias tool graded most trials as 'unclear' or 'high' risk of bias. Meta-analyses showed no significant difference between omega-3 PUFA supplements and control intervention on muscle mass, quality of life and body weight. Oral omega-3 PUFA supplements reduced the likelihood of developing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (OR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.10-0.40; p<0.001; I2=0%). This systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that oral omega-3 PUFA supplementation does not improve muscle maintenance, quality of life or body weight in patients with cancer, but may reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Well-designed large-scale randomised controlled trials in homogenous patient cohorts are required to confirm these findings.